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    DEMAND FORECASTINGPART 1

    Minggu 4

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    Before making an investment decision, must

    answer these question:

    What should be the size or amount capitalrequired?

    How large should be the size of workforce?

    What should be the size of the order and safetystock?

    What should be the capacity of the plant?

    NEED FORECAST

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    DEFINITION FORECASTING

    (American Marketing Association)

    An estimate of sales in physical units for a specifiedfuture period under proposed marketing plan or program

    and under the assumed set of economic and other

    forces outside the organisation for which the forecast is

    made

    Forecasting is an estimateof future eventachieved by systematically combining and casting in

    predetermined way data about the past.

    Forecasting is based on the historical data and its

    requires statistical and management science techniques.

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    Need for Demand Forecasting

    Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales

    Projected demand for the future assists in decision making with

    respect to investment in plant and machinery, market planning

    and programs.

    To schedule the production activity to ensure optimum utilisation

    of plants capacity

    To prepare material planning to take up replenishment action to

    make the materials available at right quantity and right time

    To provide an information about the relationship between

    demand for different products

    To provide a future trend which is very much essential for product

    design and development

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    Forecasting Approaches

    Qualitative Methods

    Incorporate such factors as the decision makers intuition, emotions,

    personal experiences, and value system in reaching a forecast.

    Quantitative Methods

    It use a variety of mathematical models that rely in historical data or

    associative variables to forecast demand.

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    Individual Opinion:Opini peramalan berasal dari pribadi(Individu) pakar/expert dalam bidangnya

    yaitu :

    - Konsultan : Ilmiah / non Ilmiah

    - Manajer pemasaran / produksi

    - Individu yang banyak bergerak padamasalah tersebut.

    Group Opinion :Opini peramalan diperoleh dari beberapa

    orang dengan mencoba merata-ratakanhasil peramalan yang lebih obyektif

    (rasional)

    Qualitative Forecasting

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    MACAM-MACAM GROUP OPINION:

    Riset Pasar Berguna bila ada kekurangan data historik atau data tidak reliabel.

    Tahapan dalam riset pasar:

    Memastikan informasi yang dicari

    Memastikan sumber-sumber informasi

    Menetapkan cara pengadaan atau pengumpulan data

    Mengembangkan uji pendahuluan peralatan pengukuran

    Menformulasikan sampel

    Mendapatkan informasi

    Melakukan tabulasi dan analisa data

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    Metode Delphi

    Teknik yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan konsensus pendapat dari

    kelompok ahli kemudian mengumpulkan dan menformulasikan daftar

    pertanyaan baru dan dibagikan kepada kelompok.

    Analogi historik

    Peramalan dilakukan dengan menggunakan pengalaman historik

    produk sejenis.

    Konsensus Panel

    Gagasan yang didiskusikan secara terbuka oleh kelompok untuk

    menghasilkan ramalan yang lebih baik daripada dilakukan seseorang.Partisipan terdiri dari: eksekutif, orang penjualan, para ahli dan

    langganan

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    Quantitative Forecasting

    Time Series Analysis

    Identifies the historical pattern of demand for the product

    or project and extrapolates this demand into the future.

    Past data is arranged in a chronological order as a

    dependent variable and time as an independent variable

    Causal Methods

    Identifies the factors which cause the variation of demand

    and tries to establish a relationship between the demandand these factorsnot only depend on time variable.

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    Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh:

    - harga produk

    - saluran distribusi

    - promosi

    - pendapatan- jumlah penduduk, dll

    dt = f (faktor penyebab demand)

    Pada metode ini diperlukan : - identifikasi variabel yang relevan- mencari fungsi yang cocok

    Kebaikan : - mempunyai ketepatan hasil yang tinggi

    - dapat digunakan untuk peramalan jangka panjang

    Kelemahan : - tidak praktis, membutuhkan banyak jenis data

    - waktu lama

    - mahal

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    Forecasting :upaya memperkecil resiko yang mungkin

    timbul akibat pengambilan keputusan dalam

    suatu perencanaan produksiNamun, upaya memperkecil resiko dibatasi

    oleh biaya

    Biaya totalBiaya peramalan

    resiko

    Biaya

    Upaya

    peramalan

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    Metode

    peramalan

    Model

    kualitatif

    Model

    kuantitatif

    Time

    series

    kausal

    smoothing

    regresi

    ekonometri

    Regresi

    multivariate

    Moving

    average

    Exponential

    smoothing

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    Faktor-faktor yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam pemilihan

    metode peramalan :

    - tujuan peramalan- jangkauan peramalan

    - tingkat ketelitian

    - ketersediaan data

    - bentuk pola data

    - biayaHal-hal yang harus dilakukan :

    - definisikan tujuan peramalan

    - buat diagram pencar

    - pilih beberapa metode peramalan- hitung ramalan dan kesalahannya

    - pilih metode dengan kesalahan terkecil

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    JENIS POLA DATA :

    - Konstan

    - Trend (linier )

    - Musiman (seasional)

    - Cyclic (siklis)

    Fungsi peramalan:

    - Konstan : dt = a

    - Trend (linier) : dt = a + bt

    - Kwadratis : dt = a + bt + ct2

    - Eksponential : dt = a.ebt

    - Cyclic (siklis) : dt = a + b sin cos

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    Kriteria Performansi peramalan :

    1. Mean square error (MSE)

    Xt = data aktual pada periode t

    Ft= data ramalan pada periode t

    n = banyaknya periode

    2. Presentase kesalahan ( PEt )

    3. Mean Absolute Percentage error (MAPE)

    n

    t

    t

    ndtXMSE

    1

    2

    '

    %100.

    '

    t

    ttt

    X

    dtXPe

    n

    t

    t

    n

    PEMAPE

    1

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    4. Standar Error Of Estimate (SEE)

    f = derajat bebas

    1 = untuk data konstan

    2 = untuk data linier

    3 = untuk data kwadratis

    Contoh :

    Dari12 bulan terakhir ini dicatat penjualan produk x sbb

    Bagaimana ramalan permintaan produk x untuk 12 bula

    mendatang ?

    Bulan J F M A M J J A S O N D

    Penjualan 30 20 45 35 30 60 40 50 45 65 50 35

    n

    t

    t

    fn

    dtXSEE

    1

    2'

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    dt = f(t)

    Konstan :

    a = 30 + 20 + . + 50 + 35 = 42

    12

    dt = 42

    n

    dt

    a

    andt

    adt

    n

    t

    n

    t

    n

    t

    n

    t

    1

    1

    1 1

    .

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    dt = y(t) Ramalan (dt) e = dt dt e2= (dt-dt)2

    1. 302. 20

    3. 45

    4. 35

    5. 30

    6. 60

    7. 40

    8. 50

    9. 45

    10. 6511. 50

    12. 35

    4242

    42

    42

    42

    42

    42

    42

    42

    4242

    42

    -12-22

    3

    -7

    -12

    18

    -2

    8

    3

    238

    - 7

    144484

    9

    49

    144

    324

    4

    64

    9

    52964

    49

    Jumlah 1873

    MENCARI SEE :

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    n

    t fn

    dtdt

    1

    2)'(

    SEE

    05,1327,170

    112

    1873

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    TRENDdt = a + bt

    2

    11

    2

    1 1 1

    .

    ..

    n

    t

    n

    t

    n

    t

    n

    t

    n

    t

    ttN

    ttytytN

    b

    2

    1 1

    2

    1 1 1

    .

    ..

    n

    t

    n

    t

    n

    t

    n

    t

    n

    t

    ttN

    tdtdttN

    b

    atau

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    N

    t

    bN

    dt

    a

    n

    t

    n

    t

    11

    btdta

    N

    t

    b

    N

    dt

    a

    n

    t

    n

    t

    11

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    T dt = y(t) t.dt t2 dt dt-dt (dt-dt)2

    1.

    2.

    3.4.

    5.

    6.

    7.8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    30

    20

    4535

    30

    60

    4050

    45

    65

    50

    35

    30

    40

    135140

    150

    360

    280400

    405

    650

    550

    420

    1

    4

    916

    25

    36

    4964

    81

    100

    121

    144

    31

    33

    3537

    39

    41

    4345

    47

    49

    51

    53

    -1

    -13

    10-2

    -9

    19

    -35

    -2

    16

    -1

    -18

    1

    169

    1004

    81

    361

    925

    4

    256

    1

    324

    = 78

    = 6,5

    505

    = 423560 650 = 1335

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    b = 12.(3560)505.78

    12(650)(78.78)

    = 3330 = 1,94

    1716

    = 421,94 (6,5)

    = 4212,61

    = 29,39 dt = 29,39 + 1,94t ~ dt = 29 + 2t

    55,11

    5,133212

    1335

    1

    SEE

    SEE

    fn

    dtdt

    SEE

    n

    t

    i

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    Untuk regresi konstan : dt= 42

    SEE = 13,05

    Untuk regresi linier : dt

    = 29 + 2tSEE = 11,55