4 - Completeness and Coherence - No Answers
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Transcript of 4 - Completeness and Coherence - No Answers
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Session 4
Completeness
Coherence
Non-Verbal Communication
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Completeness
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Definition of completeness
From the Latin completus, past participle of complere (to fill up); com- + plere (to fill).
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How to ensure completeness in communication
Plan before writing.Remember your purpose for
writing.Check for details.Put yourself in the reader’s shoes.Review for the five W’s.
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Completeness in Facts and Figures
You need to provide supporting evidence whenever you writeWhoWhatWhereWhenWhy
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Tips for Writing Letters
All requests should:Be specific and brief;Be reasonable; andProvide complete, accurate information.
If you want your reader to act promptly, your letter must encourage him or her to do so.
Make your inquiry easy to answer.
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Request Letter
Dear Sir or Madam:
Please send us information about your office copiers so that we will know whether one would be suited to our type of business.
Yours truly,Fred Chan
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Sample Good Letter
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Coherence
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Definition of Coherence
From the Latin cohaerēre, equivalent to co- + haerēre (to stick, cling)
Refers to how something sticks togetherIn writing, refers to how well a
paragraph's ideas or sentences stick together, and how well the language fits together
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Coherence
Coherence in communication is being organized in ideas.
Ideas should be well-defined and arranged according to a definite plan to achieve unity of purpose.
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Rules for Coherence
Stay focusedRefrain from mentioning facts and trivia that
are not necessary.Don’t elaborate on facts YOU find
interesting.Focus on the READERS’ interests.
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Keep your message simple (KISS) and straightforward to ensure that the person receiving it understands exactly why you’ve written it.
Tell a story – have a beginning, middle, and end.
Rules for Coherence
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Analyzing the Audience
Know your audience. Your readers’ background will affect how they interpret and reacts to your document.
To get your point across effectively, consider the following:• Your audience’s level of responsibility;• Your audience’s membership in your
organization; and• Your audience’s attitudes toward and
familiarity with the subject you address.
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Analyzing the Audience
Where your document will be read -- inside the company or outside, in the Philippines or abroad -- is important when choosing your words. • Please respond before Labor Day. • Call me during office hours.
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Analyzing the Audience
When your audience reads your document can impact the response you get from it.
As you write, remind readers why you’re writing to them now. Has something significant happened that might affect their situation?
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Organization Patterns
InductiveIntroductionBodySummary
ConclusionsRecommendations
DeductiveSummary
ConclusionsRecommendations
IntroductionBody
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Organizing Ideas
ChronologicalGeographical/spaceCause-to-effectClassificationProblem-solutionComparison or contrastGeneral to specific/Specific to general
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Organizational Patterns
Direct —> indirectConcept —> application of the concept,
examplesData —> conclusionsProblem, question —> solution, answerMost important —> least important
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Direct vs. Indirect Pattern
When you expect the audience to be pleased, mildly interested or at worst, neutral Direct
When you expect the audience to be uninterested, unwilling, displeased or perhaps even hostile Indirect
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Advantages of the Direct Method
Saves the readers’ timeSets a proper frame of mindPrevents frustration
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Typical business messages that follow the direct pattern
Routine requests and responsesOrders and acknowledgements Non-sensitive memosE-mail messagesInformal reportsInformal oral presentations
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Advantages of the Indirect Method
Respects the feelings of the audienceEncourages a fair hearingMinimizes negative reactions
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Typical business messages that follow the indirect pattern
Letters and memos that refuse requests, deny claims, and disapprove credit
Persuasive requests Sales lettersSensitive messagesSome reports and oral presentations
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Stick to the pointThe ideas have a clear and
logical relation to each other.
Put details, examples or incidents in logical order
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Coherence in a Paragraph
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Use the inverted pyramid technique
Broad, General Statements
More Specific Statements
Examples and
Quotes
General
Specific
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Coherent Paragraph
In a coherent paragraph, each sentence relates clearly to the topic sentence or controlling idea.
If a paragraph is coherent, each sentence flows smoothly into the next without obvious shifts or jumps.
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Coherent Paragraph
Thesis: Working at the local coffee shop was my favorite job.
I. Pleasant environment
A. Friendly customers
B. ________________
II. Good schedule
A. Short shifts
B. ________________
III. Good pay
A. Generous tips
B. ________________
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Coherent Paragraph
A coherent paragraph also highlights the ties between old information and new information to make the structure of ideas or arguments clear to the reader.
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The Topic Sentence
The topic of a paragraph is stated in one sentence. This is called the topic sentence.The key issue is developed throughout the
remainder of the paragraph.The topic sentence is usually the first
sentence of a paragraph, but not necessarily.
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Every sentence in a paragraph should support the main idea expressed in the topic sentence.
main idea
sentence sentence
sentence
sentence
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The Topic Sentence
Topic sentences are particularly useful for writers who have difficulty developing focused, unified paragraphs.
Topic sentences help writers to develop a main idea or claim for their paragraphs, and, perhaps more importantly, to stay focused and to keep paragraphs manageable.
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The Topic Sentence
If the topic sentence is too long or wordy, it may be more efficient to use lists or bulleted points.
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concludingsentence
The rest of the paragraph consists of sentences that develop or explain the main idea.
Through the centuries, rats have managed to survive all our efforts to destroy them. We have poisoned them and trapped them. We have fumigated, flooded, and burned them. We have tried germ warfare. Some rats even survived atomic bomb tests conducted on Entwetok atoll in the Pacific after World War II. In spite of all our efforts, these enemies of ours continue to prove that they are the most indestructible of pests.
main idea
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Techniques to Establish Coherence
Repeat key words or phrases.
Create parallel structures. Be consistent in point of
view, verb tense, and number.
Use transition words or phrases between sentences and between paragraphs.
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Repeated Keywords or Phrases
A keyword or phrase in one paragraph or the last sentence of the paragraph is picked up in the first sentence of the following paragraph.
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Consistency and Repetition
Particularly in paragraphs in which you define or identify an important idea or theory, be consistent in how you refer to it. This consistency and repetition will bind the paragraph together and help your reader understand your definition or description.
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"I Have a Dream"
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out thetrue meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons offormer slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a statesweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nationwhere they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today.
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Transitional Words
Using transitional words and phrases helps papers read more smoothly.
Transitions indicate relations, whether from sentence to sentence or from paragraph to paragraph.
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Examples of Transitional Words
Addition: also, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover,
again Consequence:
accordingly, as a result, consequently, hence, otherwise, so then, therefore, thus, thereupon
Summarizing: after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and
large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally
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Examples of Transitional Words
Generalizing: as a rule, as usual, for the most part, generally,
generally speaking, ordinarily, usually Restatement:
in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently
Contrast and Comparison: contrast, by the same token, conversely, instead,
likewise, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, similarly, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast
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Examples of Transitional Words
Sequence: at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at
the same time, for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion
Diversion: by the way, incidentally
Illustration: for example, for instance, for one thing
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Examples of Transitional Words
Similarity: likewise, similarly, moreover
Direction:here, there, over there, beyond, nearly,
opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distance
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Oral Communication
Self-confidence Stage fright
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"Self-confidence is the first requisite to great undertakings."
Dr. Samuel Johnson, 18th century writer
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Lasting self-confidence comes from a sense of control. When you feel in control of yourself and
your life, you feel confident enough to do and say the things that are consistent with your highest values.
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The many ways most of us are called on to perform regularly
Passing an exam Making a sale Interviewing for a job Making a presentation
at work Performing in a recital
or competition Attending a social
event
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Fear of Public Speaking
Public speaking is said to be the NUMBER ONE fear reported in surveys of American adults, topping such fears as the fear of flying, financial problems, and even death!
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Public speaking produces anxiety in most people.
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Physical Symptoms of Stage Fright Trembling, twitching,
feeling shaky Pounding heart Muscle tension or
soreness Sweating Clammy hands
or feet Nausea, vomiting or
diarrhea Watery eyes
Red face Quivering lips Dizziness or
lightheadedness Difficulty breathing Trouble swallowing Flushes or chills Ringing in the ears Distorted vision Voice distortion Uncontrolled
movements
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Be aware of stage fright’s psychological aspects
Fear is normalA degree of nervousness
helps to pump up necessary adrenaline. Look at the nervousness as a challenge.
Be rationalA presentation is short, and
not a life-or-death situation.
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Dealing with Stage Fright
Prepare.Pace yourself and breathe
normally.Interact with the audience.Concentrate on the message. Channel your nervous energy.Communicate confidence.Don’t memorize your speech.
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Tips on controlling nervous jitters
Realize that people want you to succeed.
Relax. Take a deep breath. When
you get nervous, you breathe shallowly. If you concentrate on breathing deeply, you’ll get enough air to speak and ease your panic.
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Tips on controlling nervous jitters
Use good posture. We have more power and energy
when we stand erect with weight balanced equally on our feet.
Concentrate on the message, not on how you are coming across.
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Tips on controlling nervous jitters
Use eye contact. This will help your audience know that you are speaking to them, not at them.
Do not apologize.Forget perfection.