4-2: Introduction to Cells. Cell Diversity (cont.) Shape – The shape of the cell reflects the...
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Transcript of 4-2: Introduction to Cells. Cell Diversity (cont.) Shape – The shape of the cell reflects the...
Cell Diversity (cont.)
• Shape– The shape of the cell reflects the function of the
cell (“form follows function”)• Examples:– Nerve cells have extensions on them to help
transmit + receive impulses– Skin cells are flat to help cover the body surface– Blood cells can change shape to move through
openings in blood vessels
Cell Diversity– Remember: Not all cells are alike!
• Size– Most cells are only visible with a microscope• 10 to 50 µm in diameter
– Cells are limited to their size by the ratio between their outer surface area-to-volume• If cell is too big, rate at which molecules travel through
slows down A LOT!– Nutrients or wastes
– Volume increases faster than surface area
Basic Parts of a Cell• No matter how different cells are, they
share 3 things in common:–Outer boundary– Inner substance–Control region
Outer Boundary• Plasma Membrane– Aka Cell Membrane• Covers a cells surface• Acts as a barrier between the inside + outside of cell –
allows things to enter or leave
Inner Substance• Cytoplasm– Located between the plasma membrane + nucleus– Includes fluid, cytoskeleton, and various
organelles– Cytosol – part of cytoplasm that includes
molecules + small particles, such as ribosomes• Proteins make up 20% of cytosol
Control Center• Nucleus– Membrane bound organelle that contains a cell’s
DNA• Has its own protein skeleton – nuclear matrix
2 Basic Types of Cells• Prokaryotes– Organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus +
membrane-bound organelles– DNA located in nucleoid– Divided into two Domains• Bacteria• Archaea
2 Basic Types of Cells• Eukaryotes– Organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles– Also contain organelles• Intracellular bodies that perform specific functions for
the cell• Most organelles are surrounded by a membrane
Cellular Organization• Over time, individual cells formed groups that
functioned together• Colonies– Colonial organism• Collection of genetically identical cells that live together
in a connected group– Not truly multicellular due to lack of coordinated
activities– Example: Volvox