3º ESO.- Topic 7, Renaissance, Reformation and Counter reformation

8/14/2019 3 ESO.- Topic 7, Renaissance, Reformation and Counter reformation

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3 ESOTopic Seven:

Renaissance andReformation


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The Renaissance

During the middle ages much of thegreat advancements made by the

Greeks and the Romans had been

forgotten due to the decline of living

conditions in Western Europe. People

went from living comfortable lives with

good jobs and educations, to living invery poor conditions, where there was

constant disorder, war, poverty, and

hunger. This time period is known as

the Dark Ages

The Dark Ages lasted for hundreds of years, as many generations of individuals

lived and died in these terrible conditions. Then in the middle A.D. 1300s thingsslowly began to improve. People began again to discover the arts, and

technologies of the Romans and Greeks, making life a little easier. With call this

period of time the Renaissance. The Renaissance began around A.D. 1350 in Italy,

and continued until about A.D. 1600.


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The Renaissance In Italy

The Italian Peninsula had been home to the Roman Empire for centuries. It hadbeen the world center of culture, power, business, and technology. The ideas that

evolved and were developed in this region would have a lasting impact for

thousands of years.

Their location along important

trade routes brought the peoples

of the Italian Peninsula into closecontact with many cultures

throughout the world.

After the fall of the Roman

Empire, the Byzantine Empire

became the most powerful nation

in the region. Byzantine scholars

had preserved much of the

technology and culture of both

the Romans as well as the Greeks.
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During the middle ages, many

people in Europe lived in terrible

conditions. They believed that

life was supposed to be difficult,

and that they should not expect

to have any comforts. As the

Italians learned about the old

Roman and Greek ways, theybegan to believe, as the ancients

had, that life should be rich, and

as comfortable as possible.

The practice of studying ancient works by the Romans and Greeks became

known as humanism. Those who studied these classical works became known as

humanists. These humanists became popular throughout Italy in the mid A.D.

1300s.

They believed that a person should seek talents and skills, and that they should

work to increase their standard of living, and the standards of living around

them.


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Florence

The city-state of Florence in Italy was the location where the Italian

Renaissance began. This city was ruled by a wealthy family known as theMedici family. The Medicis were effective leaders.

Florence became one of the

wealthiest cities in all of

Western Europe. The MediciFamily were avid supporters

of the humanities. They

donated money to help

support the development of

the arts in their city. They

were an important reasonwhy the humanist movement

grew in strength and

popularity.


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Michelangelo Buonarroti

Michelangelo was born near Florence, Italy in

1475. He died at the age of 89 years old in 1564.

Although his first love was sculpture, he was also

a incredible painter, artist and architect of the

Renaissance period.
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His most famous painting was

the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel,where he painted many scenes

from the Bible. It took him four

years to complete his painting.


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His most famous sculpture was David. The

statue shows David ready to fight the giant

Goliath. This statue is made out of marble.

Michelangelo has depicted David before the

battle. Davis is tense, but not so much in a

physical as in a mental sense. The slingshot he

carries over his shoulder is almost invisible,

emphasizing that David's victory was one of

cleverness, not sheer force.


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In 1546, Michelangelo was appointed

architect ofSts Peter Basilica in the Vatican,

and designed its dome.

He also sculpted Moses which

Michelangelo felt that was his most life-

like creation. Legend has it that upon its

completion he struck the right knee

commanding, Now speak!" as he felt

that life was the only thing left inside the

marble. There is a scar on the knee

thought to be the mark of Michelangelo's

hammer.


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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo (1452 1519) was a Florentine artist,

one of the great masters of the High

Renaissance, who was also celebrated as a

painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and

scientist. His profound love of knowledge and

research was the keynote of both his artistic

and scientific endeavors.

His innovations in the field of painting

influenced the course of art for more than acentury after his death, and his scientific

studiesparticularly in the fields of

anatomy, optics, and hydraulics

anticipated many of the developments of

modern science.


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Although Leonardo produced a

relatively small number of paintings,

he was nevertheless an

extraordinarily innovative andinfluential artist.

The Giaconda Leonardo's most

famous work, is as well known for its

mastery of technical innovations as

for the mysteriousness of its

legendary smiling subject. This workis a consummate example of two

techniquessfumato and

chiaroscuro. Sfumato is characterized

by subtle transitions between color

areas, creating a delicately

atmospheric haze or smoky effect; it

is especially evident in the enigmatic

smile. Chiaroscuro is the technique of

modeling and defining forms through

contrasts of light and shadow.


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Leonardo's many extant drawings, which

reveal his brilliant draftsmanship and his

mastery of the anatomy of humans, animalsand plant life may be found in the principal

European collections.


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As a scientist Leonardo towered

above all his contemporaries. His

scientific theories, like his artistic

innovations, were based on careful

observation and precise

documentation. Leonardo actually

anticipated many discoveries of

modern times.

In anatomy he studied the circulation of

blood and the action of the eye. He

made discoveries in meteorology and

geology, learned the effect of the moon

on the tides, and surmised the nature of

fossil shells. He invented a large number

of ingenious machines. His flying

devices, although not practicable,

embodied sound principles of

aerodynamics.


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Raphael Sanzi

Raphael was an Italian painter and

architect of the Italian Renaissance.Raphael is best known for his

Madonnas and for his large figure

compositions in the Vatican in Rome.

The decoration of the Stanza della

Segnatura was perhaps Raphael's

greatest work. The four main fresco

walls in the Stanza are occupied by

the Disputa, Parnassus, Cardinal

Virtues and School of Athens.

The School of Athens (above) is a complex allegory of philosophy, showing Platoand Aristotle surrounded by philosophers, past and present, in a splendid

architectural setting; it illustrates the historical continuity of Platonic thought. The

School of Athens is perhaps the most famous of all Raphael's frescoes, and one of

the culminating artworks of the High Renaissance. The general effect of the fresco

is one of majestic calm, clarity, and equilibrium.


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Venice

By the late A.D. 1500s the

center of the Renaissance inItaly began to shift from Rome

to the more wealthy city-state

of Venice. Venice was located

in the Mediterranean Sea

among hundreds of tiny islands

on the northeast edge of theItalian Peninsula. Its location

made it ideal for trade.

Many in Venice grew wealthy, which allowed

them to afford the finer pleasures of art, and

the humanities. Their money attracted the

attention of many of the artists, writers, and

scholars in Rome. There was more money in

Venice than in Rome, and as a result, it waseasier for a humanist to make a living in

Venice.

Venice quickly became world famous for the

high quality of art and literature that they

were producing.


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The Northern Renaissance

By the late A.D. 1400s the Renaissance wasin full swing in the Italian Peninsula. As a

result of the Renaissance, the Italian

economy had grown stronger, and the living

standards of those in the region had been

greatly improved. As other people in

Western Europe visited Italy they becamefascinated with their ways of life, their

culture, art, literary works, and customs.

In A.D. 1494 the French invaded Italy. They brought a number of Italian

artists and scholars back to France. Among them was an artist by the name

of Leonardo Da Vinci.

Soon many other monarchies including the English, Spanish, Germany, andeven as far away as the Netherlands were actively employing humanists in

their courts to help improve life. They adopted many of the beliefs of the

humanists in Italy, but also modified them to suit their own needs and

circumstances.

Erasmus of Rotterdam


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The English Renaissance

One of the last places to be reached by the Renaissance was the English

countryside.

England was locked in a bloody civil war

known as the War of The Roses. In the late

A.D. 1400s this civil war was ended, and

the Tudor family began to rule the nation.

The newly enthroned king Henry VIIinvited Italian humanists to join his court,

and teach his people. The Renaissance in

England focused much more on literary

works than in other areas. One of the

most famous playwrights during this time

period was a man named WilliamShakespeare. Shakespeare wrote

immensely popular plays that were

attended by thousands of people.


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The Spanish Renaissance

The Renaissance in Spainemerged from the Italian

Renaissance and spread out to

Spain during the 15th and 16th

centuries. The year 1492, during

the reign of the Catholic Kings, is

commonly accepted as the

beginning of the influence of the

Renaissance in Spain.

This new focus in art, literature and science, inspired by Classical antiquity

and especially the Greco-Roman tradition, receives the transcendentalimpulse in this year by various successive historical events, as the

unification of the longed-for Christian kingdom (with the definitive taking

of Granada and the successive expulsions of thousands of Muslim and

Jewish believers) or the official discovery of the America.


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Spanish Humanists

Bartolom de las Casas (1474-

1566) defended that force doesnot have to be used against the

native people. Francisco de

Vitoria (1483-1546), professor of

Salamanca, was among the first

in establishing the basic concepts

of the modern human rights.

Among the most important

artists in the Spanish

Renaissance, there are important

writers, as Jorge Manrique,

Garcilaso de la Vega, Fray Luis de

Leon and the Spanish mystics

San Juan de la Cruz and Santa

Teresa de Jess.

The Spanish humanist Miguel Servet

(1511 1553) was the first European todescribe the function of blood

circulation. His interests included many

sciences: mathematics, astronomy and

meteorology, geography, human

anatomy, medicine and pharmacology.

He is renowned in the history of

several of these fields, particularly

medicine and theology. He participated

in the Protestant Reformation.

Condemned by Catholics and

Protestants alike, he was arrested and

burnt at the stake as a heretic by order

of the Protestant Geneva governing

council.


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The most important painter in Spanish Renaissance was El Greco (1541 1614)

who was born in Crete. His style reflects elements of Mannerism and of the

Venetian Renaissance. In 1577, he moved to Toledo, where he lived andworked until his death.El Greco's style, which was not appreciated until the 20th century, is regarded

as a precursor of both Expressionism and Cubism. He is best known for

tortuously elongated figures and often fantastic or phantasmagorical

pigmentation.

Spanish Renaissance Art

Entierro del Conde OrgazCaballero con la mano en el pecho Entierro del Conde Orgaz


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The Palacio del Infantado, in Guadalajara, is a good example of this mix of

gothic, mudejar and mendocino style influences.

As decades passed, the Gothic influence disappeared and the research of an

orthodox classicism reached high levels. From the mid 16th century, under sucharchitects as Pedro Machuca, Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera there

was a much closer adherence to the art of ancient Greece and Rome. A new

style emerged with the work of Juan Bautista de Toledo, and Juan de Herrera in

the Escorial: the Herrerian style, extremely sober and naked.

Spanish renaissance architecture

In Spain there was a specifically Spanish

Renaissance, that brought the influence of

South Italian architecture, mixed with Gothic

tradition and local idiosyncrasy. The new

style is called Plateresque, because of the

extremely decorated facades, that brought

to the mind the decorative motifs of theintricately detailed work of silversmiths, the

Plateros.


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Hostal de los Reyes Catlicos en Santiago (by Enrique Egas)

El Escorial (by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera)

University of Alcal de Henares,

by Rodrigo Gil de Hontan

University of Salamanca


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As the Renaissance spread throughout Europe the standard of living amongEuropeans greatly improved. As this happened, more people could afford to

have their children receive a formal education. With more people being able to

read and write, the number of individuals who read the bible increased.

The Reformation

Many began to criticize the Catholic Church

for its abuses. There were many people who

felt that the practices and teachings of theChurch were not consistent with the

teachings found in the scriptures. The result

was what historians call the Protestant

Reformation.

The protestant reformation gathered

support, beginning with the efforts of aGerman monk born in A.D. 1483. This

monks name was Martin Luther.


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Martin Luther

Martin Luther dedicated his life to learning and

teaching theology. The more he studied, the morehe felt that the Catholic Church had gone astray.

He collected a list of 95 different points of doctrine

where he felt that the Church was incorrect.

On October 31st, 1517 Martin wrote these 95

points of doctrine on a placard, which he nailed to

the door of the Catholic Church in Wittenberg,

Germany. These 95 points of doctrine were copied

and sent throughout Germany, resulting in the

Catholic Church loosing out on the collection of

money that they collected in exchange for

indulgences. The sale of indulgences was one of

the 95 practices that Martin Luther disagreed with.

This practice allowed people to buy forgiveness for

their sins.


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As the money from the sale of indulgences greatly declined, Pope Leo X grew

upset, and sent convoys to Martin Luther in an attempt to get him to recant

his disagreement. Martin Luther refused to do so stating that he had anobligation to God to do what he felt was right.

By A.D. 1520 the

Catholic Church had had

enough. They declared

Martin Luther a heretic.

A crime punishable bydeath. Luther escaped

and went into hiding,

where he translated the

Bible into German.

Martin Luther founded a

new religion known asLutheranism.


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As Lutheranism gained influence in Germany religious leaders in the

neighboring country of Switzerland began a reformation of their own.

Unlike Martin Luther, however, these leaders wanted to establish a religioustheocracy, or a government, based on their new religion. The first of these

leaders was a man named Zwingli. Zwingli established his theocracy in the city

of Zurich. His government successfully ruled the city for six years. Then in A.D.

1531 a Catholic army of 8,000 soldiers conquered and overthrew them.

In the mid A.D. 1500s another religious leader by the

name of John Calvin began working to bring aboutreform in the Catholic Church. By A.D. 1541 John

Calvin had managed to setup his theocracy in Geneva.

The city government forced all citizens to attend

church several times a week, and had very strict rules

about what people could and could not do.

According to this doctrine, certain people werepredestined to heaven, while others were

predestined to hell. They believed that an individual

could do nothing to change their predestination:

calvinism.


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The Church of England

The protestant movement arrived in England after the Pope would not grant

King Henry VIII Tudor the right to divorce his wife Catherine.After being denied the right to

divorce, King Henry VIII convinced

Parliament to declare the Church in

England separate from that of the

Catholic Church, and to place himself

at the head of the Church. It would

be name the Anglican Church.

After becoming the head of the newly

formed church, King Henry VIII

granted his divorce. He married Anne

Boleyn. After she failed to produce a

male heir, King Henry VIII had her

executed on charges of treason. He

would marry four more times, and

would have only one son, who would

rule as King Edward VI.


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Queen Mary attempted to use

fear and death to bring the

Catholic Church back into

England. After putting many

people to death, she became

known as Bloody Mary.

Queen Mary was overthrown by

her half-sister Elizabeth I. Queen

Elizabeth was protestant, and

helped to strengthen the Church

of England. She brought all the

people together by making theChurch of England more like the

Catholic Church, while still

maintaining it as a separate

church.

Edward would only rule for a short time, and would die in A.D. 1553. Following

his death Henrys Catholic daughter came to the throne. Her name was Mary.


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The Counter Reformation

In Spain and Italy, where Spanishpower posed a significant block to

Protestantism, the internal reform of

the Catholic Church was pushed

forward by the foundation of many

new religious Orders devoted to

charitable and evangelical work in thelay world, as well as by the Society of

Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius

Loyola in 1534, during the reign of

Charles V.


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Although the pronouncements of

the Council of Trent were not

immediately translated into

actions, the Council signaled that

the Catholic Church was to become

an evangelical movement, seeking

to win converts both among

heretics in Europe and the

pagans of the overseas world.

Crucial in this process was the

growing identification between the

Catholic Church and absolute

monarchs.

Within the Catholic Church, the resistance to Protestantism was a priority.

The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563, prohibited reunion with

protestants, and a series decrees aimed at reforming the clergy and church

organization was issued.


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In France a resurgence of

Catholic piety and

fundamentalism eventually put

a limit to any further expansion

of Protestantism. In 1685

around 200,000 Protestants

(Huguenots) were forced to

convert to Catholicism.

In the Netherlands a Calvinist

minority seized power in 1572

but had to fight a prolonged

war with Spain which was to

last until 1648.

In Germany the Peace of Augsburg (1555) began to break down. Some princes

converted to Calvinism in defiance of the Peace, and the spread of Catholicevangelism created enormous tension in Europe, culminating in the start of the

Thirty Years War (1618-1648).

By the end of the war in 1648, when the Treaty of Wesphalia recognized a new

order in Europe, Catholicism had been re-established in France, Poland,

Hungary and Bohemia.

3º ESO.- Topic 7, Renaissance, Reformation and Counter reformation

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