3º ESO

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3º ESO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 - THE PLANET EARTH -

Rotation: The Earth rotates constantly on its axis in a west-to-east direction. It takes nearly 24 hours to make one complete rotation. The main consequence of rotation is the succession of days and nights.

When the Earth rotates on its axis, the Sun only illuminates one part of its surface – where it is daytime. The opposite side, which is not receiving the Sun´s rays, is dark – on that side it is night-time.

Revolution: It is the west-to-east orbit of the Earth around the Sun. It takes 365 days and 6 hours to

complete one revolution. A calender year is 365 days, so the extra hours accumulate and every four years we add one day to the month of February. The year with 366 days is called a leap year. The inclination of the Earth´s axis means the Sun´s rays strike the Earth with more or less intensity for longer or shorter periods of time. This causes the seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.

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Solstice: times of the year when the Sun is directly over one of the tropics. With the Sun over the nearest

tropic, the longer day and shortest night result in that hemisphere. Over the furthest tropic, the shortest day and longest night occur. Equinox: times of the year when the day and night are the same length on the entire planet because the

Sun is over the Equator. Parallels: are lines drawn east-west around the Earth. Parallel 0º is the Equator. The other lines are

numbered from 0º to 90º to the north and to the south. Other important parallels are the Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle.

Meridians: are north-south semi-circles drawn from pole to pole. The prime meridian or 0º is the

Greenwich meridian, which is the reference for all the other meridians. These are numbered from 0º to 180º, both to the east and to the west of Greenwich.

Latitude: is the distance between any point on the Earth´s surface and the parallel 0º. It is measured in

degress. It can be north or south. Its maximum value is 90º, which corresponds to the poles.

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Longitude: is the distance between any point on the Earth´s surface and the 0º meridian (Greenwich). It is

also measured in degrees. It can be east or west. Its maximum value is 180º. Time zones: In order to establish an official time in every country, the Earth´s sphere (360º) is divided into

24 equal sections of 15º (24x15º=360º). These sections are called time zones and each one equals one hour. The time we use as a reference is called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). As we move east from the Greenwich meridian, clocks move forward the same number of hours as time zones travelled. If we move west from the Greenwich meridian, clocks go back the same number of hours as time zones travelled. Activities

1. Fill in the blanks below with the words given: atmosphere – geoid – planet – temperature

The Earth is also called the blue ................... The Earth´s shape is a ......................., and its ...................is moderate. The .................... is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth. 2. Complete the sentence with the corresponding words. The Earth moves in two different ways:.................................. and ........................................ ................................ refers to the Earth spinning on an imaginary straight line called axis in a west-to-east direction. The two points where the axis meets the Earth´s surface are called the ........................... . .......................... refers to the movement of the Earth around the Sun. 3. Join with arrows the terms with the corresponding definitions. TIME ZONES semicircles which go from one pole to the other PARALLES imaginary circles which divide the Earth in two equal parts LONGITUDE distance measured in degrees between any point on the Earth´s surface and

the Greenwich Meridian MERIDIANS section of the Earth measured by two meridians of 15º which show the same

hour LATITUDE imaginary circles parallel to the Equator EQUATOR distance measured in degrees between any point on the Earth´s surface and

the Equator 4. True or False?:

a) Solar radiation increases from the Equator to the poles b) The temperature does not depend on the inclination of the solar rays c) All the points on the same meridian have the same hour d) The Earth is divided into 24 time zones e) Parallels run from 0º to 180º east and west f) The Earth moves around the Sun describing a circular orbit g) The seasons are caused by the rotation of the Earth h) During the solstices, days and nights have the same duration. i) On June 21

st the solar rays reach the Earth´s surface at a perpendicular angle on the Tropic

of Cancer.

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5. Mark the North Pole, South Pole, Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle, Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Prime Meridian, Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, Eastern Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere:

6. Complete the diagram with the poisitions of the Earth revolving around the Sun. What principal effect

results from this revolution movement?

7. Investigate: Explain the main contributions of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo in the field of

Geography.

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8. Complete the following chart:

ROTATION REVOLUTION

Definition

Duration

Consequences

9. True or false?

a) The principal effect of rotation is the succession of seasons b) To find out what time is it in a particular place it is necesary to know the latitude c) The meridians are perpendicular to the parallels d) During the equinoxes, days and nights have the same duration e) The revolution movement determines the different climate zones of the Earth f) On June 21st the solar rays reach perpendicular to the Tropic of Cancer

10. Give the geographical coordinates of the places marked on the map below.

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11. Find the letter that corresponds to the following coordinates:

12. Estimate what time is it with the help of the following time zone map:

o It is 20h in Madrid, what time is it in Mexico? o It is noon in Madrid, what time would be on any location placed on 75º E? o Imagine you have to travel from Spain to Tokyo (Japan). You leave at 16:00, what time will

you arrive at your destination?

20º South, 20º East ________ 20º South, 130º East_______ 20º North, 80º East _________

50º South, 70º West________ 10º South, 40º West________ 0º, 70º West ______________40º North, 100º West_______ 20º North, 0º______________ 50ºNorth,20ºEast__________

50º North, 120º East _______

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J


50º º West________ 10º South, 40º West________ 0º, 70º West ______________40º North, 100º West_______ 20º North, 0º______________ 50ºNorth,20ºEast__________

50º North, 120º East _______

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B

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50º South, 70º West________ 10º South, 40º West________ 0º, 70º West ______________40º North, 100º West_______ 20º North, 0º______________ 50ºNorth,20ºEast__________

50º North, 120º East _______

A

B

C

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J

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50º º West________ 10º South, 40º West________ 0º, 70º West ______________40º North, 100º West_______ 20º North, 0º______________ 50ºNorth,20ºEast__________

50º North, 120º East _______

A

B

C

D

E

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G

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J

A

B

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J

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13. Complete the following chart regarding the different types of cartographic projection. Cylindrical projection planar projection conical projection

TYPES OF PROJECTIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

14. Observe the following map. What type of projection does it represent? Would you use it if you had to make a trip around the world?

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UNIT 2 - THE RELIEF – The Earth´s relief is the result of the internal forces of the Earth (plate movements, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc) and the external agents (wind, rain, temperatures, rivers, groundwater, lakes, ice, ... and human beings). The internal forces are responsible for the origin and the elevation of topography and external agents cause the erosion and modeling of the Earth´s relief.

The main forms of continental relief are:

• Mountains. A mountain is a land mass that rises high above the area around it. There are ranges of mountains that are higher and larger than others. The largest ranges of mountains are called ridges.

• Plains. Plains are large flat tracts of land.

• Plateaux. Plateaux are large areas of high land. They are high well above sea level. They are higher

than plains.

• Valleys. They are sunken land and are surrounded by mountains or ridges. In valleys rivers may flow.

COASTAL RELIEF: The coast is abroad area of land that borders the sea. Among the different types of coast relief we have to find beaches, gulfs, cliffs, lagoons, islands, archipelagos, isthmus, peninsula.

Mountain

Mountain range

Plateau

Plain Depression

Valleyy

Hill

Ridge

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OCEANIC RELIEF

• Continental shelf: soft, sloping extensions of the continent with a depth of up to 200 m below sea

level.

• Continental slope: zone with steep slopes that separates the continental shelf from the ocean basin.

• Ocean basin: vast underwater plain with a depth of between 3600 m and 5500 m.

• Ocean ridge: big mountain ranges formed on the bottom of the ocean by the release of materials

from the Earth´s mantle.

• Ocean trench: deep underwater depression formed when an ocean plate sinks below a continental

plate. CONTINENTAL WATERS are: rivers, glaciers, groundwaters, lakes and inner seas.

• A river is a natural stream of water that flows in a channel. This flow is the amount of water that the

river carries. Rivers are fled by overland runoff, groundwater seepage, and meltwater released along the edges of snowfields and glaciers. Direct precipitation only provides very small amounts of water. The mounth is where the river flows into the sea. It can be:

o A delta: Low-lying plain composed of stream-borne sediments deposited by a river at its

mouth. o An estuary: A flow of water in a channel like a small river.

• A glacier is a large mass of ice that forms on land through the recrystallization of snow and that

moves forward under its own weight.

• Groundwater are water that occurs below the surface of the Earth.

• Lakes are standing water that occupy an inland basin.

Delta of River Nile

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Activities

1. Complete the images with the word that corresponds from the lists below:

Mountain Depression Plain Hill Plateau Mountain range Valley

Peninsula Archipelago Gulf Cliff Lagoon Cape Delta Estuary Isthmus

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2. With the help of an atlas, locate the world´s most important rivers:

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UNIT 3 - THE ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth and makes life possible in the planet.

Weather and climate:

• Weather is a result of atmospheric conditions at a certain place and time. Meteorology is the

study of atmospheric phenomena.

• Climate is the result of average atmospheric conditions in a certain region over a long period of time. Climatology is the science of climate, the study of climatic elements and the factors that

affect it. Elements of the climate: 1. Temperature is the amount of heat in the atmosphere. We measure it with the thermometer and is

expressed in degrees centigrade (ºC).

2. Precipitation is water from the atmosphere that falls onto the Earth´s surface in the form of rain, snow,

sleet or hail. A rain gauge or pluviometer measures the precipitation in square metres (L/m3) or in

millimetres (mm). The amount of precipitation depends on factors like altitude, latitude and proximity to the sea.

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3. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure that the atmosphere´s weight exerts on the Earth´s surface. We

measure it with a barometer in millibars (mbar). Normal pressure at sea level is 1013 mbar.

• High pressure areas, or anticyclones, are areas where pressure is more than 1013 mbar. They

are shown on maps by circular isobars, where pressure increases towards the centre, which is marked by the letter H. Anticyclones produce stable weather conditions. The air is cool and

therefore heavier, so it descends. The air is also dry, so there is no precipitation.

Winter Summer

Pressure High High

Temperature Very cold Very warm

Clouds/Rainfall No No

Wind Calm Calm

Other weather conditions Frost/fog Heat waves/drought

• Low pressure areas, or depressions are areas where pressure is below 1013 mbar. They are

shown on maps by circular isobars, where the pression decreases towards the centre, marked by the letter L Depressions produce unstable weather conditions, with a lot of cloud and

precipitation. The air is warm and humid. It is lighter so it rises; as it rises, the air cools and can produce rain.

o How does a depression form:

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4. Wind is the air that moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure to balance the

differences in atmospheric pressure across the planet. We measure wind speed with a wind gauge (anemometer) in metres per second (m/s) or kilometres per hour (km/hour). A weather vane shows the direction of the wind. Activities

1. Look at the weather map and locate the anticyclones and depressions. What kind of weather does

each produce? What is a front? What is the difference between a cold and a warm front? Identify them on the weather map below.

Pressure-gradient force: Closely-spaced isobars = strong winds Widely spaced isobars = light winds

These are isobars, they denote equal points of pressure. They never cross.

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CLIMATES: The Earth has different climates:

HOT CLIMATES

TYPE OF CLIMATE

TEMPERATURES PRECIPITATIONS VEGETATION

EQUATORIAL

Temperatures are high throughout the year (around 26 °C in January and 24 °C in July) Low temperature range from 3 to 5 ºC

Abundant throughout the year, + 1.500 mm annually. There is no dry season.

Rainforest. Dense forest of evergreen trees

TROPICAL

Average temperatures + 18ºC Low temperature range from 5 to 10 ºC

There are two seasons humid/dry (750-1.500 mm annually)

Savannah. Very tall grass in the rainy season, which dries

up in the dry season. Steppes (short thinly scattered grass) in the areas where the

dry season lasts longer.

DESERT Temperature range + 10 ºC

Temperatures very high (+25ºC)

Precipitation is very rare. (less than 250 mm annually)

Short, widely spaced grass, thorny shrubs, cactI. In the oases there are palm trees.

TEMPERATE CLIMATES

TYPE OF CLIMATE

TEMPERATURES PRECIPITATIONS VEGETATION

MARITIME Moderate throughout the year, mild in winter, cool in summer. Temparature range 10ºC

Abundant throughout the year. (+ 1.000 mm annually)

Deciduous forest (beeches, oaks, lime trees, etc) that lose their leaves in autumn and winter. Moors in non-forested areas and grasslands.

CONTINENTAL Very contrasting temperatures (cold winters, and hot summers ) Temperature range + 20ºC

Between 300-1000 mm annually, mainly in summer

Coniferous forest (taiga) with trees like pines and firs, grasslands and steppes.

MEDITERRANEAN

Temperatures are mild in winter and hot in summer.

Summers are very dry. Precipitation more abundant in spring and fall (300-1.000 mm)

Maditerranean forest (holm oaks and cork oaks) and scrubland. Also pines.

COLD CLIMATES

TYPE OF CLIMATE TEMPERATURES PRECIPITATIONS VEGETATION

POLAR

Very cold throughout the year (not exceeding 0ºC)

Precipitation is very rare (less than 250 mm a year)

Tundra, moss, lichen and dwarf shrubs

ALPINE Temperature falls with altitude. Winters cold, summers cool

Precipitation increases with altitude (+ 1000 mm annually)

Varies with altitude

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MAKE THE CLIMATE DIAGRAM

A climate diagram is a graph that reflects the climate in a place. Instructions:

• First draw the months on the x-axis

• Then draw two y-axis on either side of the x-axis: - put temperature on the right y- axis and make every 1 cm represent 10°C. - put precipitation on the left y-axis and make every 1 cm

represent 20 mm of rainfall.

• Mark points based on the temperature data and connect the data together with one red line.

• Mark the precipitation data by drawing 12 separated blue columns.

NOW INTERPRETATE A CLIMATE DIAGRAM: In the exam you may be asked to look at the information in a graph and describe the area's climate.

Look for patterns in the temperature data: o Is the temperature the same all year round? What is the average annual temperature? o Which season is the warmest? Is it cold, (less than 10ºC), warm (10 to 20°C), hot (20 to

30°C) or very hot (above 30°C)? o Which season is the coldest? Is it warm (10 to 20ºC), mild (0 to 10°C), cold (-10 to 0°C)

or very cold (below -10°C)? o What is the range of temperature? (Subtract the minimum temperature from the

maximum temperature).

Look for patterns in the rainfall data: o Does the rainfall occur all year round? o What is the pattern of the rainfall? Check which season(s) is/are the driest or wettest of

the year. o What is the total annual rainfall? Add each month's total together to get the annual total.

Then put the rainfall and temperature information together - what does it tell you about this area? Describe the patterns in temperature and rainfall, including how they relate to each other. You now have a description of the climate.

Temperatures are represented with the red line and can be read in this axis

Precipitation in August is 5 mm. We can say the climate in this place is very dry.

Rainfall is represented with blue columns and can be read in this axis

Where do we find temperatures? Where do we find rainfall?

Example to read the rainfall in August.

Example to read the temperatures in August.

dryness

Temperature in August is 27ºC. This month is the hottests month of the year.

When the line of temperature is above the columns of rainfall, it marks a period of dryness, as it is shown in this graph.

Temperatures are represented with the red line and can be read in this axis

Precipitation in August is 5 mm. We can say the climate in this place is very dry.

Rainfall is represented with blue columns and can be read in this axis

Where do we find temperatures? Where do we find rainfall?

Example to read the rainfall in August.

Example to read the temperatures in August.

dryness

Temperature in August is 27ºC. This month is the hottests month of the year.

When the line of temperature is above the columns of rainfall, it marks a period of dryness, as it is shown in this graph.

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DRAWING CLIMATE GRAPHS WITH EXCEL

Key definition:

• A climate graph measures rainfall and temperature over 12 months in a given place.

• Rainfall is shown as a series of bars; temperature as a line.

In this exercise we will learn how to draw a climate graph using Excel, a spreadsheet program. A climate graph consists of a bar graph to show rainfall and a line graph to show temperature.

• Click on Microsoft Excel in All Programs to open a blank spreadsheet.

• You will see the familiar table with rows running across the page and columns running up and down the page. Each box is known as a cell.

• In the first column, add the months of the year: just use the first letter of each month (except for July), and take a new cell for each one.

• In the second column, add the figures for rainfall for each month from the table below.

• In the third column, add in the figures for temperature for each month from the table below.

Month

J

F

M

A

M

J

JL

A

S

O

N

D

Rainfall

234

165

155

150

134

139

175

188

231

253

216

253

Temperature

3

3

5

7

10

13

14

14

12

9

6

4

7. Your completed spreadsheet should now look like this.

Note: You can enter data in the spreadsheet vertically, as above, or horizontally. In this example you could use the first three rows or the first three columns.

• With your cursor, highlight the three columns containing data.

• Now select Chart from the Insert menu (or click on the Chart Wizard symbol) – see the screenshot above for where to find these commands.

• Select Custom Types from the new window which opens, then scroll down and select Line–Column on 2 Axes.

• Click Next and Next again to move to this screen:

Chart Wizard

Insert Menu

Highlight data

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• Click on Titles and add Dunoon’s Climate to the Chart Title box. Also add the words Months, Rainfall (mm) and Temperature (degrees C) to the three boxes shown in the screenshot below.

• Click on Legend and clear the tick in the Show Legend box; then click on Data Table and tick Show data table. Your graph should now look like the one below: if it does, click on Next.

Data Table

Titles

Legend

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14. Now click on As new sheet and Finish to show your (nearly) finished graph.

• If you have got this far – well done – you are now an expert graph drawer! To be a Super expert you can now try the following improvements to your graph: (TOP TIP: place your cursor arrow exactly over the feature you want to change and click on it – then figure it out for yourself!!!)

a) Change the colour of your temperature line to RED

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b) Change the weight of the line – make it thicker c) Change the colour of the rainfall bars to BLUE d) Close the gap between the bars to zero. b) Change Format of axis: Scale (Precipitations have to be double than temperature)

Further work:

• Now try to turn these climate statistics from around the world into climate graphs. You will then have

the challenge of working as a class group and decide which graphs match which places on a world

map.

Rainfall and Temperature statistics

1. Windhoek, Namibia

Located at about 22.57°S 17.10°E. Height about 1728m above sea level.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

°C 23.3 22.1 21.0 18.9 15.9 13.2 13.2 15.8 19.2 21.6 22.5 23.4 19.2


mm 78.1 80.3 78.7 37.7 6.6 1.2 0.7 0.9 2.8 11.8 26.9 41.7 365.1

2. Jakarta, Indonesia

Located at about 6.18°S 106.80°E.


°C 25.8 25.9 26.3 26.8 26.9 26.6 26.3 26.5 26.9 26.9 26.6 26.2 26.5

http://www.worldclimate.com/worldclimate/define.htm - mep


mm 341.6 301.8 209.8 134.6 108.1 90.2 59.0 47.7 68.8 106.4 139.1 207.6 1821.0

3. Oslo, Norway

Located at about 59.03°N 10.50°E. Height about 6m above sea level.


°C -0.1 0.0 1.3 4.8 10.9 15.0 17.1 16.3 13.0 9.6 5.0 1.8 8.2


mm 55.1 37.1 71.4 37.4 40.8 49.7 58.5 69.1 65.6 90.2 69.3 52.2 704.9

4. Cape Town, South Africa

Located at about 33.97°S 18.60°E. Height about 42m above sea level.


°C 21.0 21.2 20.0 17.4 15.1 13.3 12.5 13.0 14.3 16.2 18.2 19.9 16.8

mm 15.9 15.2 21.6 49.5 91.7 105.4 91.2 82.6 54.3 39.6 24.2 19.3 612.5

5. Tunis, Tunisia

Located at about 36.83°N 10.19°E. Height about 3m above sea level.


°C 10.4 10.8 12.8 15.2 18.3 22.6 25.5 26.3 23.9 19.5 14.8 11.7 17.7


mm 61.6 52.4 45.6 38.4 22.2 10.4 3.3 7.2 32.0 54.9 53.5 62.9 446.1

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6. Tomsk, Rusia

Located at about 56.43°N 84.90°E.


°C -18.8 -16.5 -9.9 -0.2 8.4 15.3 18.2 15.2 9.1 0.7 -10.5 -17.0 -0.5


mm 26.9 17.9 21.9 25.6 44.8 61.1 73.6 67.9 44.2 47.7 46.0 34.0 512.6

7. Kiev, Ukrania

Located at about 50.40°N 30.40°E.


°C -5.6 -4.7 0.3 8.1 15.3 18.8 20.4 19.0 14.0 8.0 1.2 -3.1 7.6



Mm 37.7 34.4 38.9 44.8 51.8 69.1 77.1 64.4 46.7 43.3 45.4 43.5 598.3

8. Christchurch, New Zealand

Located at about 43.50°S 172.50°E. Height about 8m above sea level. http://www.worldclimate.com/worldclimate/define.htm - met


°C 17.3 16.9 15.4 12.2 9.2 6.4 6.0 7.6 9.7 12.4 13.7 16.1 11.9



mm 47.6 37.2 60.5 60.1 81.3 49.7 64.9 44.7 38.6 35.2 45.6 46.2 612.1

9. Berlin, Germany

Located at about 52.47°N 13.40°E. Height about 50m above sea level.http://www.worldclimate.com/worldclimate/define.htm - met


°C -0.9 0.5 3.5 8.4 13.5 17.1 18.5 17.9 14.2 9.0 3.9 0.9 8.9



mm 42.4 33.2 34.5 39.7 52.6 75.5 57.4 60.4 47.6 39.1 46.8 51.1 580.7

10. Coppermine, Canada

Located at about 67.80°N 115.10°W. Height about 0m above sea level.http://www.worldclimate.com/worldclimate/define.htm - met


°C -29.0 -29.7 -26.4 -17.3 -5.6 3.9 9.6 8.4 2.6 -6.9 -20.1 -26.0 -11.3



mm 11.7 8.4 12.5 14.4 13.9 18.4 31.9 40.9 29.9 27.7 15.9 12.0 238.5

11. Roma, Italy http://www.worldclimate.com/worldclimate/define.htm - met


°C 7.2 8.3 10.5 13.7 17.8 21.7 24.4 24.1 20.9 16.6 11.7 8.4 15.4

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Mm 80.0 70.9 68.6 66.8 51.5 34.1 16.3 24.4 69.2 113.3 110.7 97.1 802.9

12. Harare, Zimbabwe

Located at about 17.82°S 31.02°E. Height about 1471m above sea level.http://www.worldclimate.com/worldclimate/define.htm - met


°C 20.2 20.0 19.6 18.4 15.8 13.4 13.5 15.7 18.8 21.1 20.8 20.3 18.1



mm 190.4 176.7 106.8 32.5 10.1 2.8 1.2 2.3 6.6 31.8 93.1 173.1 830.5

13. Manaus, Brazil

Located at about 3.13°S 60.00°W.


°C 26.0 26.0 25.9 26.0 26.2 26.3 26.5 27.2 27.5 27.5 27.1 26.6 26.6


mm 263.9 262.0 297.9 282.7 203.7 103.1 66.9 45.6 63.0 111.1 161.0 219.8 2087.5

14. In Salah, Algeria

Located at about 27.20°N 2.40°E. http://www.worldclimate.com/worldclimate/define.htm - met


°C 14.3 16.8 20.9 25.2 30.5 35.7 36.8 36.5 33.0 26.8 20.2 14.0 26.1



Mm 1.6 3.4 1.2 2.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.5 1.6 1.2 3.0 15.8

15. London, UK



°C 4.2 4.6 6.1 8.7 12.1 15.3 17.2 16.7 14.2 10.4 6.8 4.9 10.1



mm 48.0 38.9 39.9 42.2 47.3 52.1 59.5 57.2 55.4 62.0 59.0 52.9 615.0

16. Vancouver, Canada



°C 2.7 4.4 6.1 8.9 12.3 15.1 17.3 17.1 14.3 10.0 5.9 3.7 9.8



Mm 145.7 121.4 102.3 69.2 55.8 47.1 31.3 37.0 59.6 116.3 154.6 171.5 1106.6

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UNIT 4 -LANDSCAPES IN SPAIN.

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Cantabrian watershed:

•Rivers are short because their sources are in mountains near

the coast.

•Flow is abundant because of regular precipitation.

•High rate of erosion

Atlantic watershed:

•Rivers in Galicia, like Miño,

Sil, have regular flow and

large flow.

•Remaining rivers are long,

with many tributaries

•Irregular flow due to scarce

precipitation

Mediterranean watershed:

•Except the Ebro, rivers are short and

with irregular flow.

•Volume of water decreases a lot in

summer, but increase with torrential

rains espacially in autumn.

Cantabrian watershed:

•Rivers are short because their sources are in mountains near

the coast.

•Flow is abundant because of regular precipitation.

•High rate of erosion

Atlantic watershed:

•Rivers in Galicia, like Miño,

Sil, have regular flow and

large flow.

•Remaining rivers are long,

with many tributaries

•Irregular flow due to scarce

precipitation

Mediterranean watershed:

•Except the Ebro, rivers are short and

with irregular flow.

•Volume of water decreases a lot in

summer, but increase with torrential

rains espacially in autumn.

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Alpine climate

Winter Summer Rainfall Vegetation

Cold Cool Abundant, often snow

Depends on altitude. From base to peak: trees, scrubland, grasslands

Maritime climate


Mild Cool Regular, abundant all year

Deciduous forest (beeches, oaks, chestnuts, elms, etc) moors and grasslands

Mediterranean coastal climate


Mild Hot Scarce Mediterranean forest (holm oaks, cork oaks and pines) Bushes

Sub-Tropical climate


Warm Warm Irregular, scarce

In arid areas, bushes and prickly leaves. In higher wetter areas, laurisilva forests

Mediterranean inland climate


Cold Hot scarce Holm oaks and bushes

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North South

Can

tab

rian

Se

a

Mediterr

an

ean

Sea

North South

Can

tab

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Se

a

Mediterr

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ean

Sea

Activities

1. Look at the diagram below. It shows the topographic profile of the Iberian Peninsula from the

Cantabrian to the Mediterranean Sea. Analyse it and then answer the following questions: o Name from north to south the reliefs corresponding to the letters A to E o Give the name of the rivers which are enumerated from 1 to 4.

2. Name the relief which is crossed by the line from point A to point B.

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3. Look at the climate charts, analyze them and answer the questions :

a) What is the average annual temperature? Is it high or low? b) Which month has the lowest temperature? Which month has the highest temperature? c) What is the total annual rainfall? d) In which month does it rain most and in which does it rain least? e) Is there a dry season? f) Based on the information provided, explain the climate shown on each graph. g) In which parts of Spain can you find them: inland or coastal?

3º ESO

Documents

Transcript of 3º ESO