3GPP 5G Standardization Status
Transcript of 3GPP 5G Standardization Status
3GPP 5G Standardization Status RF and mm-Wave Challenges of New Radio
Dominique Brunel – Technical Director, Standardization
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
Outline
5G Definitions and Time Plan:
ITU, 3GPP, IEEE
Higher Data Rates, Why and How?
3GPP 5G Specification Status
LTE and NR: Similarities and Differences
Operation, Spectrum, Modulation, Waveforms
Impacts on Architecture, Technology and Design
mm-Wave T/R module
Power Amplifier performance
Conclusions
Annex: Glossary and Definitions
Page 2
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5G DEFINITION AND TIME PLAN
Page 3
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Which 5G?
Lots of acronyms, a lot of 5G buzz…
…But what is this all about? Page 4
LTE NR
5G
NG
5G?
Sub-6GHz
mm-Wave
SA NSA
Dual Connectivity
Shared Uplink
eMBB
uRLLC
mMTC
FDD
TDD
ITU
3GPP IEEE
other
Massive MIMO
Beam-Forming
Phase1
Phase2
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
International Telecommunication Union
5G Definition: IMT2020
Page 5
Use Cases Headline Numbers
Beyond mobile phones
and data rates which
was 4G Focus:
Connecting
People and Things
Peak Data Rate
20Gbps
User Data Rate
100Mbps
Higher Density
& Mobility
Lower Latency
eMBB drives most
parameters
Latency is key to
uRLLC
Density is key to
mMTC
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3GPP Timeline to provide candidate
technology for IMT2020
Page 6
Based on 3GPP 12-15 Month Release Schedule, using
both 5G/NR rel.15 and LTE Advanced Pro rel.13/14
RAN Study in 2016:
– RAN1: mm-Wave channels,
waveforms, coding, numerology
– RAN4: mm-Wave coexistence
study delivered to ITU
– Core network evolution
Accelerated Rel15 Plan: First
Spec Delivery December 2017!
– Priority to eMBB use case
– Priority to NSA operation
– Both sub-6GHz and mm-Wave
– Early deployments (Phase1)
10x1week meetings per year
1500+delegates with WW footprint
The Standardization Powerhouse
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
What about IEEE Technology?
IEEE has Relevant Technology for 5G: – IEEE 802.11ac/ax (sub-6GHz broadband multi-user access)
– IEEE 802.11ad/ay (mm-Wave short range point to point )
– IEEE 802.11p (V2V), IEEE 802.11. ah (IoT, but low market traction)
– mm-Wave unlicensed spectrum has been allocated (lots!)
But… – Limited resources to tackle the complete scope
– Needs to attach to a core network as seamless connectivity is the goal
Approached 3GPP to: – Have IEEE technologies interfaces supported by 3GPP core network
including 5G evolution
– Have a common submission to ITU including 3GPP and IEEE
technologies
Page 7
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
HIGHER DATA RATES,
WHY AND HOW?
Page 8
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
Why Higher Data Rates?
Page 9
Who Needs 10Gbps Data Rate? – Latest LTE data rates are >1Gbps in DL (using 256QAM, 4x4 MIMO
and Carrier Aggregation)
– Peak data rate will be distributed across users in one cell
– There is 100x ratio between peak and cell edge data rates so 10Gbps
peak means 100Mbps in mobility conditions
– Higher user density with good average throughput
Data Rate is Downlink (Download) Dominated:
Even if you can get good
video streaming with a few
tens of Mbps the “buffering
wheel” has become the
“dropped call” frustration
for smartphones
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
Downlink Data Rates
Uplink Data Rates
Higher Data Rate: Which Recipe?
Page 10
Beyond headline peak data rates, the key is what is available across the cell
Depends on the level of accessible: – MIMO order (numbers of antennas)
– Modulation order: QPSK to 256QAM
– Bandwidth (Carrier Aggregation)
Highest MIMO or modulation orders only available close to the base station
BW is the only way to increase data rate at cell edge today…
…but the phone has limited power capability
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
Higher Data Rates: Limitations
Limited output power capability of the phone means larger bandwidth is not increasing data rate at cell edge – Power is spread over a larger bandwidth so SNR at base station
reduces
Some UL data rate is needed for Ack/Nack – ~5% of DL data rate is needed => 100Mbps DL at cell edge requires
5Mbps UL
Even downlink data rate at cell edge is limited by UL capability
Recently 3dB higher power class (HPUE) has been introduced for TDD systems to improve coverage
Only other option:
Antenna gain with beam forming: 3D and MU-MIMO
Cell densification: small cells
Page 11
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3GPP 5G SPECIFICATION STATUS
Page 12
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3GPP Features By Release
Each release provides new set
of features, but market
introduction follows its own pace
Introduction of mm-Wave in a
phone will require significant
innovation on the radio and the
network side
Page 13
Sub-6GHz provides evolutionary
path from LTE to 5G/NR
(New Radio)
mm-Wave learning curve via fixed
wireless use cases:
last mile / backhaul / point to point
Accelerated
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Data Rates: Where Are We Now With LTE?
Page 14
Category Combination
Best DL Data Rate [MBPs/features]
Best UL Data Rate [MBPs/features]
DL UL (64/256QAM)
Data rate
DL CC / MIMO / Modulation
64 QAM
256 QAM
UL CC SISO
9 5, 16 450 3 / 2x2 / 64QAM 75 100 1
10 13, 18 450 3 / 2x2 / 64QAM 150 200 2
11 5, 16 600 3+ / 4x4 / 256QAM 75 100 1
12 13, 15, 18, 20 600 3+ / 4x4 / 256QAM 225 300 2 to 3
16 3, 5, 7, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20
1000 5 / 4x4 / 256 QAM 75 150 225
100 200 300
1 2 3
18 1200 4+ / 4x4 / 256QAM
19 1600 3+ / 4x4 / 256QAM
* Maximum 5CC CA combinations specified today: bold combination possible only
DL 3CC/4x4/256QAM => 600Mbps
UL 2CC/SISO/64QAM => 150Mbps
Advanced LTE phones
and networks today:
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LTE and NR Similarities and Differences: Use Cases and Operation
Page 15
uRLLC and mMTC early deployments already covered with LTE
LTE rel. 14 implements early steps of eMBB
NR provides evolutionary step with <6GHz and revolutionary step at mm-Waves addressing all use cases
eMBB still the driving use case with a clear business model
Different NR operating modes to ease transition
Use cases \ System 3GPP LTE rel. 14 Comment
Spectrum 0.6-6GHz 2.3-5GHz 24.25-40GHz first deployments <6GHz for mobile and >24GHz for fixed wireless
enhenced Mobile
BroadBand (eMBB)
DL/UL 256 QAM
100MHz DL
60MHz UL
HPUE, 4x4 MINO
1Gbps DL/100Mbps UL
Up to 400MHz
bandwidth U/DL
MU-MIMO
Up to 1GHz
bandwidth U/DL
Beam forming
Priority set in Release 15 as this is the
driving use case with clear business model
Features are carefully designed to support
future use cases.
ultra-Reliable Low
Latency
Communication
(uRLLC)
V2V/V2X, sTTI
Mixed numerology
shorter CP
Symbol level
switching
Beam mangement
and latency?
Early use cases supported by LTE release 14
Further improvement with <6GHz
mm-Wave for point to point (Backhaul/last mile)
When beam management mature >24GHz
massive Machine
Type
Communication
(mMTC)
Cat NB1 "NB-IoT/C-IoT"
(10-100kbps)
Cat M1 (1Mbps)
Cat1 1Rx (10Mbps)
Early use cases very well supported by LTE
release 14 from few bytes to Mbps.
Future use cases for 5G mostly related to eMBB
support in transportation
3GPP NR rel. 15
Spatial multiplexing for higher density
>100Mbps connected car
Gbps to buses, subways, trains….
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
LTE and NR Similarities and Differences: Air Interface Details
Page 16
The slide with a complex table: lets see in details in next slides
Parameter \ System 3GPP LTE rel. 14 Comment
Spectrum 0.6-6GHz 2.3-5GHz 24.25-40GHz Use of wider spectrum at mm-Waves and >2.3GHz TDD
Duplex methodsFDD (mostly <2.3GHz)
TDD (mostly >2.3GHz)
mostly TDD >2.3GHz
UL sharing <2GHzTDD
TDD spectrum is priority as larger bandwidths are available and
DL/UL reciprocity helps for massive MIMO and beamforming
DL Waveforms CP-OFDM
UL Waveforms SC-FDMA
single
15kHz 15/30/60KHz 60/120/240kHz
FFT sizes 2K higher aggregated bandwidth capability
DL Modulations QPSK+16/64/256QAM QPSK+16/64/256QAM QPSK+16/64QAM
UL Modulations QPSK+16/64/256QAMQPSK+16/64/256QAM
+ filtered PI/2 BPSK?
QPSK+16/64QAM
+ filtered PI/2 BPSK
DL MIMO4x4 with active antennas
at base station (sectors+tilt)
4x4 with beam
forming/MU-MIMO at
base station
UL MIMO 2x2 MIMO (not used) 2x2 MIMO
Channel Bandwidth 20MHz 100MHz 400MHzwith higher spectrum usage of 95-98% vs 90% for LTE
large bandwidth as only option for higher data rates
Aggregation options
Intra-band contiguous
Intra-band non-contiguous
Inter-band
Dual Connectivity
low frequency anchor band needed for roaming and beam
management
continuous aggregation (no gap between carriers)
DL aggregated BW up to 100MHz up to 400MHz >1GHz
UL aggregated BW up to 60MHz up to 400MHz? >1GHz?
3GPP NR rel. 15
filtered CP-OFDM
filtered CP-OFDM
low PAPR DFTS-OFDM
multiple and mixedNumerology (sub-carrier spacing)
large aggregated BW to make use of large shunks of spectrum
newly avaliable >24GHz and 3-5GHz spectrum
bandwidth in UL may not be useful
fi ltered OFDM for higher spectrum usage but more importantly for
mixed numerology (NOMA):
=> results in higher PAPR
=> symetrical DL/UL allow relaying, pear-to-pear
=> addition of low PAPR waveform for UL especially for mm-Wave
higher modulation order use at higher frequencies is l imited by
available SNR
=> use of 256QAM (and 64QAM?) questionable at mm-Wave
=> addition of PI/2 BPSK in UL
multiple numerologies allows higher doppler robustness
(500km/H train) and reduced symbol length (latency)
Beam forming +
Polarisation (256+ antenna array at BS and
up to 16 antenna array at UE)
Beam forming is needed to combat path loss and cell edge
limitations:
=> beam forming and MU-MIMO <6GHz at BS
=> beam forming at both UE and BS with rank2 MIMO
Dual connectivity LTE anchor+NR Data: NSA
NR only: SA (mostly for point to point)
Intra-band continuous
Inter-band
2/4/8K
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NR Operation: Non Stand Alone
Page 17
NSA = Dual LTE + NR connectivity and LTE core network – LTE data + control anchor DL and UL connection
– NR data + control DL and UL connection
– NR can be sub-6GHz or mm-Wave
– LTE anchor connection to manage discovery, mobility, coverage
– Helps Beam Management for Beam Forming on BS <6GHz and UE+BS >24GHz
NSA is key to enable 5G/NR in mobile phones with smooth evolution
Priority operating mode for specification development
LTE umbrella cell
NR small cells
UE
DL UL
DL
UL
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NR Operation: Stand Alone
Page 18
SA = NR connectivity and NG (New Gen.) core network – Ultimate goal to obtain all 5G benefits, especially latency
– Slower deployment – Can’t leverage existing LTE network
– Very challenging beam management for mm-Wave mobility
Early implementation with mm-Wave fixed wireless – Last mile connection / Backhaul
Then Easily “Tracked” UEs – Metro, Train, Cars…
NR small cell UE
DL
UL
Mobility Case
• Discovery
• Handovers
• Beam management
mm-Wave fixed
wireless case:
• Beam set-up
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NR Operation: UL Sharing
Page 19
UL Sharing = NR connectivity + control plane via LTE UL – LTE control anchor connection
– NR data + control connection
– NR can be Sub-6GHz or mm-Wave
Halfway between NSA and SA
Makes use of available LTE UL resources
LTE umbrella cell
NR small cells
UE
UL
DL
UL
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5G Spectrum: <6GHz and >24GHz
Page 20
Only TDD spectrum with WW footprint at 3.5GHz and 24-29GHz
Few 100MHz (2.5 to 5GHz) to few GHz bandwidths (above 24GHz)
Maximum channel bandwidth of 100MHz for sub-6GHz and 400MHz at mm-Wave compared to 20MHz for LTE
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5G Spectrum: Deployment
As a first step, 2.3GHz to 6GHz TDD spectrum is the only option to provide operators with up to 100MHz channel bandwidth and small cell deployment in dense areas.
Lower FDD spectrum <2GHz can be used as LTE anchor control plane and roaming. Also for IoT.
The mm-Wave spectrum will be hard to apply to mobile phone at the start due to complex beam management
Used for point to point communication first – Backhaul, last mile, self backhaul
When mature, mm-Wave will bring the extra bandwidth needed for the insatiable data consumption demand of smartphones users
Page 21
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
>24GHz: How to Make Cellular Work?
Beam forming at Base Station (BS) and User Equipment (UE) to combat significant path loss: – At 28GHz: 90dB path loss over 30m! (omnidirectional)
– Beam forming gain = 10*Log(number of antennas in array)
– BS: 64 antenna = 18dB gain, 256 antennas = 24dB gain
– UE: 4 antennas = 6dB gain, 16 antennas = 12dB gain
Antenna phase arrays is the only way for cellular operation at mm-Wave
Small cells with 200-300m radius
Quasi Line of Sight (LOS) operation: – Direct or Reflected path
– Subject to blockage (more than blocking)
Beam management is essential
Including mobility
Page 22
Head, hand, finger blockage
LOS
Blockage by environment
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>24GHz: Phone Architecture
Page 23
Based on linear or square arrays of
antennas: patch, dipole, with dual
polarization….
Need distributed antenna arrays for the UE:
mm-Wave T/R module close to the antenna
Centralized BB/IF transceiver close to the
MoDem
BB/IF TRX
Multiple arrays are needed to
beam-form in all directions
(but not simultaneously)
Transmit / Receive phase arrays with
beam-forming/steering capability
MoDem
mmW TR module
mmW TR module
mm
W T
R m
od
ule
mm
W TR
mo
du
le
Active beam
Diversity beam
po
ssible
be
am
possible beam
4x4 antenna array beam
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Technology and Design >24GHz
At mm-Wave frequencies any trace loss is prohibitive (PCB/Package/IC)
Antenna, package and PA, switch and LNA need to be intimately integrated
Power splitting, phase shifting and LO distribution is also a source of power consumption and performance loss
All T/R paths with phase shifting and up/down conversion must be integrated on one IC
With multiple paths the distributed PA have lower power requirement allowing IC integration
Chosen IC technology needs to provide: – High Fmax for PA and LNA (with high voltage capability for PA)
– Low back end capacitive and resistive loss and low substrate loss (high density digital back end is not good)
– With capability for relatively dense digital for fast controls and calibrations
Page 24
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>24GHz: IC Technology options
Ft is not enough for PA
and LNA
Need Fmax at least 5x
operating frequency
Fmax needs to include
access metallization to
transistor!
>150GHz Fmax for
28GHz
>300GHz Fmax for
70GHz
SOI CMOS and
BiCMOS offer good
options
Page 25
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>24GHz: PA Technology options
High power capability needed for macro base station: GaN pHEMT is a key technology
At higher frequencies and for medium power InP HBT
For the phone implementation at high frequencies: SiGe HBT, SOI and bulk CMOS close the gap.
Large Scale Integration technologies are a good option at mm-Wave frequencies
Page 26
Transistor Technology nodes: Survey conducted for over 700 papers published from 2008 to 2013 compiled by Prof. Slim Boumaiza, University of Waterloo.
28
GH
z
70
GH
z
70
GH
z
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z
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
Some 45nm RF SOI CMOS Examples
Good T/R switches up to 70 GHz (<2dB IL)
LNA with >10dB gain and 3dB Noise Figure
PA performance verified at 60GHz
Good integrated passives and low loss substrate and back end
High density digital CMOS
Strong option for mm-Wave T/R phase array
Page 27
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Iso
lati
on
an
d R
etu
rn L
oss
[d
B]
Inse
rtio
n L
oss
[d
B]
Frequency [GHz]
ON branch Insertion Loss
OFF branch Isolation
Antenna port Return Loss
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Typical mm-Wave T/R Module Solution
Integrated antennas
Either IF or BB interface
Miniature high-Q filters
(SAW / BAW) are not
available at these
frequencies
Image reject filters for IF
case
Differential design for
harmonics
Simple transmission line
filters on IC or package
Page 28
Package
IC
PA
LNA
BB
/IF Splittin
g
Phase shifter
PA
LNA
Phase shifter
PA
LNA
Phase shifter
PA
LNA
Phase shifter
PLL
4T/4R mm-Wave module
Can be used as a sub module for bigger
arrays especially for small cells
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NR Waveforms: Mixed Numerologies
Mixed numerology: possibility to use different OFDM
Sub-Carrier Spacing in same band Needed for shorter symbols (latency) and Doppler (500km/h)
Page 29
Larger sub-carrier spacing
no longer orthogonal with
smaller subcarrier spacing:
no zero at sub-carrier
Non-filtered waveform Filtered waveform
Filtered waveform required:
Still some small guard-band
needed
Overlapping interference
Filtered Sin(x)/x
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LTE and NR Modulation Schemes
QPSK + 16/64/256QAM already used in LTE
1024QAM specified in Wi-Fi but only usable at a few meters distance
But higher modulation order requires higher Signal to Noise Ratio. It is difficult to maintain it at higher frequencies: – Difficult to obtain at mm-Wave due to higher path loss
– Higher sub-carrier spacing to account for higher phase noise contribution
– Lead to the addition of P/2 BPSK (1b/symb) in NR
Page 30
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NR Waveforms: Main Waveform
Filtered CP-OFDM is the New NR Waveform: Enables multiple numerology
Allow better spectrum usage and continuous spectrum aggregation
Page 31
…But used both in DL
and UL
…And 3dB higher PAPR
than LTE uplink (SC-
FDMA)
Higher linearity
required by the PA
Further challenge at
mm-Waves
PAPR is independent of
underlying modulation
and signal bandwidth
No further SNR loss
for higher modulation
LTE
NR
3dB
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NR Waveforms: Low PAPR Options
Recognising the higher CP-OFDM PAPR and potential issues at cell
edge and at mm-Wave low PAPR waveforms are also considered
Page 32
DFT-s-OFDM QPSK
waveform is agreed in UL
with very similar PAPR
than existing LTE SC-
FDMA used in UL
PI/2 BPSK is also
assumed for mm-Waves
and provides 7.5dB relief
Further spectrum shaping
is evaluated with
significantly lower PAPR
Shaped PI/2 BPSK
NR CP-OFDM
7.5dB
LTE SC-FDMA NR DFT-s-FDMA
5dB
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Impact of New Waveforms on UE PA
Technology and Design
Pout / PAE vs 20MHz BW Waveforms measured on <6GHz LTE PA:
The more complex NR waveform results in close to 3dB more power back-
off and 20% loss in efficiency
At same output power, the battery current would more than double
NR DFT-s-OFDM QPSK has similar result than LTE QPSK SC-FDMA
DFT-s-OFDM waveform needed at cell edge
Filtered PI/2 BPSK waveform: up to 3dB power boost with 30% PAE gain.
Lower PAPR is key for mm-Wave and closing the link <6GHz (UL limited)
Page 33
BW 20MHz/15kHz sub-carrier spacing
System LTE NR
Waveform SC-FDMA DFTS-OFDM CP-OFDM
modulation QPSK filtered PI/2 BPSK PI/2 BPSK QPSK QPSK 64QAM
ACLR [dB] -31.9 -31.2 -31.1 -31 -31 -31.1
Pout [dBm] 29 31.8 30 28.9 26.8 26.6
MPR [dB] 0.3 -2.5 -0.7 0.4 2.5 2.7
Rel. PAE [%] 100% 131% 113% 100% 83% 81%
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Impact of New Waveforms on UE PA
Technology and Design: Bandwidth
Page 34
BW 20MHz 100MHz 200MHz 300MHz 400MHz
System LTE LTE NR LTE NR LTE LTE NR
Waveform
SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA
CP-OFDM
SC-FDMA
CP-OFDM
SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA
CP-OFDM
modulation QPSK 64QAM QPSK 64QAM QPSK 64QAM 64QAM QPSK
ACLR [dBc] -31.9 -31.0 -30.6 -31.1 -31.2 -31.1 -31.0 -31.2
Pout [dBm] 29.0 27.0 26.4 26.7 25.8 25.3 23.1 23.0
MPR [dB] 0.3 2.3 2.9 2.6 3.5 4 6.2 6.3
Rel. PAE [%] 100% 81% 75% 79% 70% 67% 49% 49%
Pout / PAE vs BW QPSK waveforms measured on <6GHz LTE PA:
The 100MHz NR waveform result in 3dB higher PA back-off than LTE 20MHz waveform and 25% lower PAE
NR CP-OFDM QPSK requires more back-off than 64QAM LTE SC-FDMA
DFT-s-OFDM waveform needed for large BW and high power
200MHz and 400MHz BW needs up to 3dB more back-off
Linearity and PAE of wide bandwidth PA is a key challenge!
Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
Impact of new waveforms on UE PA
technology and design
Page 35
• New NR waveforms provide benefits in terms of flexibility in spectrum use:
mixed numerology, continuous aggregation, spectrum confinement
• But…
– PA linearity and efficiency suffers from higher PAPR waveforms and larger channel
bandwidths.
– At mm-Waves power consumption is even further challenged
– Efficiency enhancement techniques like Envelope Tracking and closed loop
correction are challenged by higher signal bandwidth and no longer deliver benefits
… but is also not applicable to an array of PAs.
No compromise on PA technology
Analog and feedforward pre-distortion: Doherty, DPD, APT…
Before PA: nice signals
After PA: All lost!
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5G UE RF Challenges Summary
Page 36
<6GHz PA efficiency competitiveness
of NR vs LTE:
More complex waveforms
Larger Bandwidths
Large operating bands vs LTE: 3.5GHz band is ~25% BW compared
to 15% today (Wi-Fi 5GHz)
Bands multiplexing at antenna:
More bands, more combinations,
more antennas
Antenna efficiency 0.6-6GHz
Coexistence in 2.5-6GHz range: LTE / NR / Wi-Fi concurrent operation
>24GHz Complex multipath T/R IC and
module with: PA/LNA/Switch, phase shifters &
up/down conversion
Antenna integration, test
Power consumption: PA efficiency, LO/IF/BB interfaces
Spurious emissions: Harmonics, in device coexistence with
<6GHz and other mm-Wave bands
(no High filtering available)
Beam control: Phase step control, path matching,
beam calibration, test
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CONCLUSIONS
Page 37
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Technologies for 5G Analog and Digital
Analog technology: Large BW (100MHz to GHz I/Q BB
or multi GHz complex IF) and high dynamic range
(>60dB) I/Q ADCs and DACs
Digitally corrected (dynamic matching) high speed ADCs
and DACs integrated with digital SoC
Higher complexity (up to 8K) and faster FFTs (240kHz
symbol rate)
Fast control plane (low latency)
Complexity of multi RAT support (LTE / NR / LAA / Wi-Fi)
Use of advanced digital CMOS beyond 14nm is a must
for power consumption and size for BB modem
Page 38
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Technologies for 5G RF FE and TRX
Table addresses passive and active technology for RF FE
<6GHz transceiver still uses mainstream CMOS
SOI CMOS is the technology of choice for UE implementation:
Low power (LNA / switches) and high complexity RF FE <6GHz
Highly integrated mm-Wave T/R Phase Arrays
Page 39
>24GHz <6GHz
LTE Anchor LTE/NR NR NR
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Conclusion: RF Front-end Trends
More bands and TX/RX paths
Higher complexity modules – Multi band and CA capable PA, switch, filters
and LNA integrated module <6GHz
– 4 to 16 T/R paths integrated in a single die co-
integrated with antenna pattern on the module
for mm-Wave
With 256+ antenna array for beam
forming and small cells: – Base station RF front end gets closer to UE
technology
– Needed to enable the high density of base
stations at low cost
Page 40
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THANK YOU!
Transition to 5G is possibly a bigger step than
transition to 4G was:
…Lots of room for innovation and a lot of work
…A new frontier for RF toward 100GHz
…With also challenging business cases
…and new applications
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Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017
Annex: Glossary 3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project
4G: 4th Generation Wireless Technology
5G: 5th Generation Wireless Technology
Ack: Acknowledged
ACLR: Adjacent Carrier Leakage Ratio
ADC: Analog to Digital Converter
APT: Adaptive Power Tracking
BAW: Bulk Acoustic Wave
BB: Base-Band
BiCMOS: Bipolar CMOS
BPSK: Bi-Phase Shift Keying
BS: Base Station
BW: Bandwidth
CA: Carrier Aggregation
CC: Component Carrier
CP-OFDM: Cycle Prefix OFDM
CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor
DAC: Digital to Analog Converter
DFTS-OFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform
Spread OFDM
DL: Down-link (base station to phone)
DPD: Digital Pre-Distorsion
DRX: Diversity Receiver
eMBB: enhanced Mobile BroadBand
eMTC: Enhanced Machine Type
Communication
FEMiD: Front End Module integrated
Duplexer
FFT: Fast Fourier Transform
Ft: Transition Frequency
Fmax: Maximum Oscillation Frequency
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GaAs: Gallium Arsenide
GaN: Gallium Nitride
HBT: Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
HPUE: High Power UE
IC: Integrated Circuit
IF: Intermediate Frequency
IMT: International Mobile Telecommunications
InP: Indium Phosphide
IPD: Integrated Passive Device
I/Q: In-phase, Quadrature phase
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
KPI: Key Performance Indicator
LAA: Licensed Assisted Access
LNA: Low Noise Amplifier
LO: Local Oscillator
LOS: Line of Sight
LTE: Long Term Evolution
Nack: Not Acknowledged
NB-IoT: Narrow Band Internet of Thing
NG: New Generation (5G core network)
NR: New Radio (5G air interface)
NSA: Non Stand-Alone
MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output
mMTC: massive Machine Type Communications
MoDem: Modulator Demodulator
MPR: Maximum Power Reduction
MU-MIMO: Multi-User MIMO
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
PA: Power Amplifier
PAE: Power Added Efficiency
PAMiD: Power Amplifier Module integrated
Duplexer
PAPR: Peak to Average Power Ratio
PCB: Printed Circuit Board
pHEMT: Pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility
Transistor
QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RAN: Radio Access Network
RAT: Radio Access Technology
RF FE: Radio Frequency Font-End
RX: Receive
SA: Stand-Alone
SiGe: Silicon Germanium
SiGeC: Silicon Germanium Carbide
SISO: Single Input Single Output
SoC: System on Chip
SC-FDMA: Single Carrier Frequency Duplex
Multiple Access
TDD: Time Division Duplex
TRX: Transceiver
TX: Transmit
UE: User Equipment
UL: Up-link (phone to base station)
uRLLC: Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency
Communications
V2V: Vehicle to vehicle
WW: World Wide
xQAM: x state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation