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yers PSY HOLO Y (7th Ed)

Chapter 3

The Nature and NurtureOf Behavior

James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University

Worth Publishers

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Genes: Our BiologicalBlueprint

Chromosomes threadlike structures made of DNA that

contain the genesDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) complex molecule containing the geneticinformation that makes up the chromosomeshas two strands- forming a double helix --heldtogether by bonds between pairs ofnucleotides

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Genes: Our BiologicalBlueprint

Genes biochemical units of heredity that make up thechromosomesa segment of DNA capable of synthesizing aprotein

Genome

the complete instructions for making anorganismconsisting of all the genetic material in itschromosomes

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Genes: Their Locationand Composition

Nucleus Chromosome Gene

Cell DNA

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Evolutionary Psychology

Natural Selection the principle that, among the range of

inherited trait variations, those that lead toincreased reproduction and survival will mostlikely be passed on to succeeding generations

Mutations random errors in gene replication that lead toa change in the sequence of nucleotidesthe source of all genetic diversity

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Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary Psychologythe study of the evolution of behaviorand the mind, using the principles ofnatural selection

Genderin psychology, the characteristics,whether biologically or sociallyinfluenced, by which people define maleand female

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Evolutionary Psychology

Men preferred attractive physical featuressuggesting youth and healthWomen preferred resources and social status

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Behavior Genetics

Behavior Genetics study of the relative power and limits ofgenetic and environmental influences onbehavior

Environment every nongenetic influence, fromprenatal nutrition to the people andthings around us

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Behavior Genetics

Temperamenta persons characteristic emotionalreactivity and intensity

Heritability the proportion of variation amongindividuals that we can attribute togenesmay vary, depending on the range ofpopulations and environments studied

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Behavior Genetics

Interactionthe dependence of the effect of one

factor (such as environment) on anotherfactor (such as heredity)

Molecular Genetics

the subfield of biology that studies themolecular structure and function ofgenes

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EnvironmentalInfluence

Experience affects brain development

Impoverishedenvironment

Rat braincell

Rat braincell

Enrichedenvironment

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EnvironmentalInfluence

A trained brain

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EnvironmentalInfluence

Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes,

and traditions shared by a large group ofpeople and transmitted from onegeneration to the next

Norman understood rule for accepted andexpected behavior

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EnvironmentalInfluence

Personal Spacethe buffer zone we like to maintain

around our bodiesMemes

self-replicating ideas, fashions, andinnovations passed from person toperson

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The Nature andNurture of Gender

X Chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men andwomenfemales have two; males have onean X chromosome from each parent producesa female child

Y Chromosome the sex chromosome found only in menwhen paired with an X chromosome from themother, it produces a male child

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The Nature andNurture of Gender

Testosteronethe most important of the male sex hormones

both males and females have itadditional testosterone in males stimulates

growth of male sex organs in the fetusdevelopment of male sex characteristics duringpuberty

Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position

defining how those in the position ought to behave

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The Nature andNurture of Gender

Gender Rolea set of expected behaviors for males andfemales

Gender Identityones sense of being male or female

Gender-typingthe acquisition of a traditional masculine orfeminine role

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The Nature andNurture of Gender

Gender and Culture

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The Nature andNurture of Gender

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The Nature andNurture of Gender

Social Learning Theorytheory that we learn social behavior byobserving and imitating and by beingrewarded or punished

Gender Schema Theorytheory that children learn from their culturesa concept of what it means to be male andfemale and that they adjust their behavioraccordingly

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The Nature andNurture of Gender

Two theories of gender typing