3.Generation of Computers
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Transcript of 3.Generation of Computers
7/30/2019 3.Generation of Computers
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Anitha Padmanaban ACET
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
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Introduction
The various computing devices invented to solve different
types of problems are classified into generations
The technological development in the field of computers
refers to the improvement in hardware and software
technology
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Computer Generation
Vacuum tubes: 1940-1956
Transistors: 1956-1963
Integrated circuits: 1964-1975
Very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits: 1975-1989
Modern Digital Computer: 1989- present
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First Generation
Used vacuum tube technology for calculation
Can be used as storage and control device
Vacuum tube is made up of glass and contains
filaments inside it
The filaments when heated generate electronics that
help in the amplification and de amplification of
electronic signals
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First Generation
Also known as Vacuum tubes or thermo ionic valves
based machines
Language used: Machine Language (0’s and 1’s)
Input: Punched Cards
Output: Printout
Examples
ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIVAC
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Vacuum Tube Technology
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First Generation
Advantage
Fastest computing device
Able to execute complex mathematical problems
Disadvantage
All the functions depend on machine language (0’s & 1’s),
hence programming is not easy Designed as a special purpose computers, hence not
flexible in running different types of application
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First Generation
Disadvantage
Very bulky and large
Not easy to install
Not easy to transfer from one place to another
Produce more heat, thus should be kept in a cool place
Executes only one program (Single tasking)
Not reliable and require proper maintenance
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Second Generation
Uses transistors instead of vacuum tubes
Transistor was invented by Shockley, Brattain and
Barden in 1947
A transistor is a semiconductor device that is used to
increase the power of the incoming signals by preserving
the shape of the original signal
It has three connections,
Emitter (E), Base (B), Collector (C)
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Second Generation
Base is the gate through which the signal needed to be
amplified is sent
The signal sent through the base is a small flow of electrons
Also act as the input gate for transistor
Collector is used to collect the amplified signal
Emitter acts as a output gate for emitting the amplified
signal to external environment
Example: PDP-8, IBM 1401, IBM 7090
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Second Generation
Language: Assembly language
Assembly Language is a
low level language
Uses simple English words called mnemonics
Input: Punched Cards
Output: Printout
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Transistors
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Second Generation
Advantage of transistor over vacuum tubes
Improve the performance of computer
A superior technology
Smaller
Faster
Cheaper
Generate less heat More reliable
More productive
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Second Generation
Advantage
Printers, secondary storage, operating system were
developed in this era
Could be transferred from one place to another
Requires less power
More reliable
Do not require more maintenance at regular intervals
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Second Generation
Disadvantage
Input and output was not improved
Always requires AC
Costly
Executes only specific functions
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Third Generation
Uses Integrated Circuits (ICs) technology
Also known as microelectronics technology
Developed by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958
The various components of ICs are
Transistors
Capacitors
Resistors
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Integrated Circuit
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IC Chip
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Third Generation
Advantage
Low cost
Very high performance
Requires very low power
Smaller
Faster More efficient
More reliable
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Third Generation
Advantage
Easily transportable
Uses high level language
Programs written in one language can be executed in some
other computer
Executes any type of functions
Less maintenance
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Third Generation
Disadvantage
Very small storage capacity
Cannot handle complex computations
Costly
Always to be placed in AC
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Fourth Generation
Uses Large Scale Integration (LST) and Very Large Scale
Integration (VLSI) technology
Also uses IC technology to build basic circuits
LSI
Allows 1000s of transistors to be fitted in one silicon chip
VLSI
Allows 100s of 1000s of transistors to be fitted in one silicon chip
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Fourth Generation
LSI and VLSI led to the development of microprocessor
Example: Intel P4004 developed in 1971
A microprocessor incorporates various components of acomputer like
CPU
Memory
Input
Output units on to a single chip
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VLSI Design
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Personal Computer
Can be used by an individual
Smaller in size
Less cost
Used for personal work
Uses static and dynamic RAM
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Fourth Generation
Advantage
New operating system
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
LAN
Very powerful
Highly optimized and reliable User friendly
Requires less power to operate
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Fourth Generation
Problems
Soldering of LSI and VLSI is complex
Works on instructions given by user
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Fifth Generation
Modern digital computer
Based on Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
ULSI allows 10 million electronic components to befabricated on one small chip
Increased speed and power
Primary and secondary storage devices
Cheaper and more efficient
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Fifth Generation
Invented portable computers like
Laptop, pocket computers, Personal Digital Assistant
(PDA), etc
Parallel processors
Centralized computer like servers
Optical disk technology
Internet and its different services
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ULSI
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Fifth Generation
Advantage
Faster and powerful computer
Can execute large number of applications at same time
Decreased in size
Very comfortable to use
Disadvantage
Works under user instructions