3cell Structure Function

8/8/2019 3cell Structure Function

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CELL STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTION

DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

JURUSAN BIOLOGI - FMIPA

2009

3TH MEETING


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LEARNING OUTCOMESYou should be able to:

1. describe and interpret drawings and photographs of

typical animal and plant cells as seen using the light

microscope and make microscopical measurement;

2. explain the meanings of, and distinguish between, the

terms resolution and magnification and calculate the linier

magnification of drawings;

3. describe and interpret drawings and photographs of

typical animal and plant cells as seen using the electronmicroscope, recognizing rough and smooth endoplasmic

reticulum, golgi aparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes,

lysosomes, chloroplast, plasma membrane, centrioles,

cilia and the nucleus.


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CELL BIOLOGY & MICROSCOPY

There are two fundamentally different types ofmicroscope now in use: the light microscope

and the electron microscope.

Both use a form of radiation in order to create

an image of the specimen being examined.

The light microscope uses light as a source of

radiation, while the electron microscope uses

electrons.


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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

First

compoundlight

microscope


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Robert Hooke

Coined the

term cell


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Matthias Schlieden

All plants

are made of

cells


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Theodor Schwann

All animals

are made of

cells


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Rudolf Virchow Cells can

only arise

from pre-

existing cells


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Cell Theory1. The cell is the basic unit of

structure.2. The cell is the basic unit of

function.

3.All cells arise from pre-existing cells.


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ANIMAL & PLANT CELLS HAVE

FEATURES IN COMMON


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Two Basic Cell Types

1) ProkaryoteLacks internalcompartments.

No true nucleus.

Most are single-celled

(unicellular)organisms.

Examples: bacteria


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Two Basic Cell Types

2)Eukaryote

Has several internalstructures (organelles).

True nucleus.Either unicellular ormulticellular.

unicellular example: yeast

multicellular examples:

plants and animals


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Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cellsBacterial cells also contain flagellum, plasmid and capsule.

Feature Prokaryote Eukaryote

Size Small about 0.5 micrometers Up to 40 micrometers

Genetic

materialCircular DNA (in cytoplasm) DNA in form of linear chromosomes (

in nucleus)

OrganellesFew present, none membrane

bound

Many organelles:

Double membranes e.g.: nucleus,

mitochondria & chloroplasts

Single membrane e.g.: GA, ER &

lysosomes

Cell wallsRigid formed from

glycoproteins (mainly murein)

Fungi: rigid, formed frompolysaccharide, chitin.

Plant: rigid, formed from

polysaccharides. E.g.: cellulose.

Animals no cell wall

Ribosomes 70s 80s


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The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell

1) Boundaries

A) Plasma Membrane

-- Serves as a boundary

between the cell and itsexternal environment.

-- Allows materials topass in and out of thecell.


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The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:

2) ControlsA) NucleusRegulates cell function.

Surrounded by a double-layered membrane (nuclearenveloped) with large poresthat allow materials to passin and out of the nucleus.

Contains chromatin long

tangles of DNA.


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2) Controls

B) NucleolusFound in the nucleus

and responsible forribosome production.Ribosomes are the

sites of proteinproduction.


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3) AssemblyCytoplasm

The jelly-like materialthat surrounds the

organelles.


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Cytosol

Cytoplasm refers to the jelly-likematerial with organelles in it.

If the organelles were removed, thesoluble part that would be left iscalled the cytosol. It consists

mainly of water with dissolvedsubstances such as amino acids init.


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4) Transport

A) Endoplasmic reticulum

Folded membrane that actsas the cells delivery system.

Smooth E.R. contains

enzymes for lipid synthesis.Rough E.R. is studded withribosomes for protein

synthesis.


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4) Transport

B) Golgi apparatus (or Golgibody)

A

series of flattened sacswhere newly made lipids andproteins from the E.R. are

repackaged and shipped tothe plasma membrane.


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5) StorageA) Vacuoles

A sac of fluidsurrounded by amembrane used to

store food, fluid, orwaste products.


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Vacuoles and vesicles are storage organelles in

cells. Vacuoles are larger than vesicles. Either structure

may store water, waste products, food, and other cellularmaterials. In plant cells, the vacuole may take up most of

the cell's volume. The membrane surrounding the plant cell

vacuole is called the tonoplast.


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5) Storage

B) LysosomesContain a digestive enzyme.

Can fuse with vacuoles todigest food, or can digestworn cell parts.

Also known as suicide sacsbecause they can also destroythe whole cell.


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Steps in lysomal formation

The ER and Golgi apparatus make a lysosome

(2) The lysosome fuses with a digestive vacuole

(3) Activated acid

hydrolases digest the contents


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Mitochondria

Produce the energy for

the cell.Also known as the

powerhouse of the cell.Has a highly folded innermembrane (cristae).


6)Energy Transformers


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MITOCHONDRIA


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6)Energy TransformersB) Chloroplasts

-- Found in plant cells andsome protists.

-- Transforms light energyinto chemical energy which isstored in food molecules.

-- Contain chlorophyll agreen pigment that traps lightenergy and gives plants their

green color.


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7) SupportCytoskeleton

A network of thin, fibrous

materials that act as a scaffoldand support the organelles.

Microtubules hollow filaments

of protein.Microfilaments solid filamentsof protein.


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8) Locomotion1) Cilia

Short, numerous, hair-like

projections from theplasma membrane.

Move with a coordinatedbeating action.


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8) Locomotion

B) FlagellaLonger, less numerous

projections from theplasma membrane.

Move with a whiplikeaction.


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Flagella may extend to the rear of a cell and

push it forward by snakelike wriggling, orstick out in front and draw it along. We

humans possess both flagella and cilia.

Each sperm cell is propelled by a trailingflagellum that accelerates the little torpedo

forward in its quest to fertilize an egg.


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9) Cell DivisionCentrioles

made of protein.

play a role in the splitting ofthe cell into two cells.

found in animal and fungicells.


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The centrosome, also called the "microtubule organizing

center", is an area in the cell where microtubles are

produced.

Within an animal cell centrosome there is a pair of smallorganelles, the centrioles, each made up of a ring of nine

groups of microtubules. There are three fused microtubules

in each group.

The two centrioles are arranged such that one is

perpendicular to the other.

During animal cell division, the centrosome divides and the

centrioles replicate (make new copies). The result is two

centrosomes, each with its own pair of centrioles. The two

centrosomes move to opposite ends of the nucleus, and from

each centrosome, microtubules grow into a "spindle" which

is responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into

the two daughter cells.


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Cell wall & Plasmodesmata- In addition to

cell membranes, plants have cell walls. Cell

walls provide protection and support forplants.

Unlike cell membranes materials cannot get

through cell walls. This would be a problem

for plant cells if not for special openingscalled plasmodesmata.

These openings are used to communicate and

transport materials between plant cellsbecause the cell membranes are able touch

and therefore exchange needed materials.


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ANIMAL CELL


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3cell Structure Function

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