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EuprimNetHannah Buchanan-SmithUniversity of Stirling, Scotland
Gottingen, October 2007
Behavioural Needs/Environmental Enrichment
Types of enrichment
{ Physicalz Enclosure
{ Size (alteration){ Complexity (panels for apparatus)
z Accessories{ Internal
z Permanent (furniture, bars)z Temporary (toys, ropes, substrates)
{ External (hanging objects, puzzles)
{ Socialz Contact
{ Conspecific(pair, group, temporary, permanent){ Contraspecific (human, non-human)
z Non-contact
{ Visual, auditory, cooperative device{ Human, non-human
{ Occupationalz Psychological (puzzles, control over environment)z Exercise (mechanical devices, run etc)
{ Sensoryz Visual (tapes, television, images, windows)z Auditory (music, vocalisations)z Other stimuli (olfactory, tactile, taste)
{ Nutritionalz Delivery frequency, schedule, presentation, processingz Type (novel, variety, browse, treats)
{ Adapted from Bloomsmith et al., 1991
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Types of enrichment{ Physical
z Enclosure{ Size (alteration){ Complexity (panels for apparatus)
z Accessories{ Internal
z Permanent (furniture, bars)z Temporary (toys, ropes, substrates)
{ External (hanging objects, puzzles)
{ Socialz Contact
{ Conspecific(pair, group, temporary, permanent){ Contraspecific (human, non-human)
z Non-contact{ Visual, auditory, cooperative device{ Human, non-human
{ Occupationalz Psychological (puzzles, control over environment)z Exercise (mechanical devices, run etc)
{ Sensoryz Visual (tapes, television, images, windows)z Auditory (music, vocalisations)z Other stimuli (olfactory, tactile, taste)
{ Nutritionalz Delivery frequency, schedule, presentation, processingz Type (novel, variety, browse, treats)
{ Adapted from Bloomsmith et al., 1991
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Social Environment
{ Compatible conspecific(s) provides moreappropriate stimulation than any otherpotential environmental enrichment factor(e.g., Schapiro et al., 1996; Lutz and Novak, 2005; Rennie
and Buchanan-Smith, 2006b).
{ Utilize its repertoire of social behaviour
{ Social buffer to stress (Smith et al., 1998).
{ Natural social grouping in the wild can beused as a guide
Grooming
reduces heart rate
helps with bonds
But also used in reconciliation
Self-grooming, andself-directed can be
a concern
Rearing and Weaning
Mother-infantseparation impacts:
{ Behaviour
{ Physiology
{ Biochemistry
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Minimum and preferred weaning ages for macaques
specified in various guidelines on the husbandry and
care of laboratory primates
unless on veterinary advice, e.g. mother is unable to rear baby unless specifically required by the experimental protocol
apart from infants which are unable to be reared by their mother behavioural indicators should be used
-12 LASA/MRC 2004
-10-12SCAHAW 2002
126 (1kg) Home Office 1995
10-126Berlin Workshop, Poole et al1994
126 PVEN, Poole & Thomas 1995
128 Council of Europe 2003
-12-18IPS 2007
Preferred
(months)
Minimum
(months)
Guideline
Prescott, CCWP of the PSGB (in preparation)
Individual differences
Hand-Rearing
Impact on welfare and science?
Social hous ing
{ Same sex peer groups (up to 100)
{ Impact on welfare and science?
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Types of enrichment
{ Physicalz Enclosure
{ Size (alteration){ Complexity (panels for apparatus)
z Accessories{ Internal
z Permanent (furniture, bars)z Temporary (toys, ropes, substrates)
{ External (hanging objects, puzzles)
{ Socialz Contact
{ Conspecific(pair, group, temporary, permanent){ Contraspecific (human, non-human)
z Non-contact{ Visual, auditory, cooperative device{ Human, non-human
{ Occupationalz Psychological (puzzles, control over environment)z Exercise (mechanical devices, run etc)
{ Sensoryz Visual (tapes, television, images, windows)z Auditory (music, vocalisations)z Other stimuli (olfactory, tactile, taste)
{ Nutritionalz Delivery frequency, schedule, presentation, processingz Type (novel, variety, browse, treats)
{ Adapted from Bloomsmith et al., 1991
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Types of enrichment{ Physical
z Enclosure{ Size (alteration){ Complexity (panels for apparatus)
z Accessories{ Internal
z Permanent (furniture, bars)z Temporary (toys, ropes, substrates)
{ External (hanging objects, puzzles)
{ Socialz Contact
{ Conspecific(pair, group, temporary, permanent){ Contraspecific (human, non-human)
z Non-contact{ Visual, auditory, cooperative device{ Human, non-human
{ Occupationalz Psychological (puzzles, control over environment)z Exercise (mechanical devices, run etc)
{ Sensoryz Visual (tapes, television, images, windows)z Auditory (music, vocalisations)z Other stimuli (olfactory, tactile, taste)
{ Nutritionalz Delivery frequency, schedule, presentation, processingz Type (novel, variety, browse, treats)
{ Adapted from Bloomsmith et al., 1991
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{ Jeans cages....
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Mirrors - beware
Playback of naturalvocalisation?
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{ Waitt, Buchanan-Smith and Morris(2001)
{ Macaques willwork for a viewof humanactivity!
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Types of enrichment
{ Physicalz Enclosure
{ Size (alteration){ Complexity (panels for apparatus)
z Accessories{ Internal
z Permanent (furniture, bars)z Temporary (toys, ropes, substrates)
{ External (hanging objects, puzzles)
{ Socialz Contact
{ Conspecific(pair, group, temporary, permanent){ Contraspecific (human, non-human)
z Non-contact{ Visual, auditory, cooperative device{ Human, non-human
{ Occupationalz Psychological (puzzles, control over environment)z Exercise (mechanical devices, run etc)
{ Sensoryz Visual (tapes, television, images, windows)z Auditory (music, vocalisations)z Other stimuli (olfactory, tactile, taste)
{ Nutritionalz Delivery frequency, schedule, presentation, processingz Type (novel, variety, browse, treats)
{ Adapted from Bloomsmith et al., 1991
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Types of enrichment{ Physical
z Enclosure{ Size (alteration){ Complexity (panels for apparatus)
z Accessories{ Internal
z Permanent (furniture, bars)z Temporary (toys, ropes, substrates)
{ External (hanging objects, puzzles)
{ Socialz Contact
{ Conspecific(pair, group, temporary, permanent){ Contraspecific (human, non-human)
z Non-contact{ Visual, auditory, cooperative device{ Human, non-human
{ Occupationalz Psychological (puzzles, control over environment)z Exercise (mechanical devices, run etc)
{ Sensoryz Visual (tapes, television, images, windows)z Auditory (music, vocalisations)z Other stimuli (olfactory, tactile, taste)
{ Nutritionalz Delivery frequency, schedule, presentation, processingz Type (novel, variety, browse, treats)
{ Adapted from Bloomsmith et al., 1991
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TV{ Beware
differencesin vision,flicker rateetc.
Importance of a
view!!
{ visualstimulation
(outdoors light, weatherbirds etc)
{ predictability
Can place
bird tables etcto encourageother animals
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Chimpanzees - Fritz et al, 1997
Light
Low light intensity decreasesfertility in common marmosets(Heger et al. 1986).
Guidelines/legislation poor
Potentially easy way to improvewelfare
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Effect of light Badihi and Buchanan-Smith, submitted
The monkeyscould turn the
light on/off byusing a touchsensitive button
at any timebetween 7:00to 17:00 for 18
consecutivedays.
Monkeys point of view Our point of view
Study design
36 pairs
12 Master pairs 12 Yoked pairs 12 Unaffected pairs
Baseline phase - 3 focal observations per ind.
Test phase - 10 focal observations per ind.
Post test phase - 3 focal observations per ind.
Results: Effects of additional light
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
.05
Allogroom
*
Autogroom
*
Scent mark
Scratch *
Watch obs.
Percentoftime
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
**
Agitated
locomotion
***
Calmlocomotion
*
Inactive alert
Inactive rest ***
Close to device
Percentoftime
Light on Light off
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Results: Study conditions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
*
Agitated
locomotion
*
Inactive rest
Watch obs. ***
Calm locomotion
Inactive alert
Percentoftime
Master Yoked Unaffected
Summary of light
{ Only 4 groups used the light for over 70% of thetime.
{ Marmosets choose to increase illumination.
{ Although they touched the button less after the first 4days but kept the cage lit for similar percentages of
the time during the whole Test phase.
{ An increase in light intensity has positive effects onwelfare
Music inconsistent results
Chimpanzees - soft vocal music
{ aggression and active exploration
{ resting and social behaviour(grooming)
{ adult males during morning hours.
(Howell et al. 2003)
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Music inconsistent results
{ Both tamarins and marmosets preferred slowtempo to fast temp music, and when allowed tochoose between slow tempo musical stimuli andsilence they preferred silence!
McDermott & Hauser, 2007
Quiet please!
Olfactory
{ Introduce different scents, anddifferent tastes
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Types of enrichment
{ Physicalz Enclosure
{ Size (alteration){ Complexity (panels for apparatus)
z Accessories{ Internal
z Permanent (furniture, bars)z Temporary (toys, ropes, substrates)
{ External (hanging objects, puzzles)
{ Socialz Contact
{ Conspecific(pair, group, temporary, permanent){ Contraspecific (human, non-human)
z Non-contact{ Visual, auditory, cooperative device{ Human, non-human
{ Occupationalz Psychological (puzzles, control over environment)z Exercise (mechanical devices, run etc)
{ Sensoryz Visual (tapes, television, images, windows)z Auditory (music, vocalisations)z Other stimuli (olfactory, tactile, taste)
{ Nutritionalz Delivery frequency, schedule, presentation, processingz Type (novel, variety, browse, treats)
{ Adapted from Bloomsmith et al., 1991
Nutritional enrichment
{ Consider:
z Calorific intake
z Dietary restrictions/confounds withscience
z Increase in aggression
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Foraging and insect capture
Questions?
Ideas (some better than others) at:
http://www.prime-apes.org/html/enrichment.html
http://www.friendsofwashoe.org/chimpanzee_enrichment.shtml