37962583 Manual for 3rd World Wooden House Construction
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Transcript of 37962583 Manual for 3rd World Wooden House Construction
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
______-- ----
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UNITED NATIONS
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna
: UNITED NAT,lONS New York, 1985
Abstract ---.
The Popular Manual for Wooden House Construction- presents a construction - system aimed at helping low-income families solve their housing needs. The system can be used in regions that have ample timber. The Manual is written in simple language and has many sketches to facilitate its use.
The first part of the Manual discusses the:
Design of the house
Quantities of materials needed
Pre-fabrication and pre-cutting of components
Construction of the house
Finishing
Adaptations and modifications
The major part of the Manual is devoted to the actual construction of the -- house :
Layout and putting up piles
Laying the floor frame and floorboards
Erecting the panels
Erecting the roof frame and putting on the roof
Windows and doors
Although the construction system was conceived and implemented in the Amazon region of Brazil, information on wood species found in Africa and Asia is also included, as are data on the required physical and mechanical charac- teristics of the wood used in the various parts of the house. Thus, the Manual can be of use in many regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America.
Preface --e-m
The Popular Manual for Wooden House Construction was originally prepared by the Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas (IPT), S%o Paulo, Brazil, for a self-help community building project at Coroados, Manaus, under a contract with the Housing Society for the Amazon State (SHAM). (Phorographs 1 to 4 show the project at various stages, including a view of completed houses.)
An experimental group of 40 houses was built during the period November 1981March 1982. The average cost was $US 49.70 to $US 59.50 per square metre (as of March 1982) * depending on the area, which averaged 40 square metres, and the type of foundation used (stone or ceramic blocks and a cement or wooden floor). All houses were equipped with bathrooms built with concrete blocks. The cost included the materials delivered at the construc- tion site and the labour for manufacture and assembly and for masonry, elec- trical and pipe work. It did not include materials and labour for painting; electrical) water and sewerage installations; nails and tools; and land acqui- sition and infrastructure.
The purpose of this Hanual is to provide direct and simple assistance to -- people and communities that want to build their own houses either individually or on a co-operative basis. Complicated design calculations have been omitted and instructions are straightforward and easy to follow. The format used enables interested parties to reproduce the Manual in their own language by --- translating the captions and inserting them in the appropriate places. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is willing to make available good originals for this purpose to Governments, national bodies or groups. The only requirements are that full acknowledgement and credit must be given to UNIDO and to IPT for the original work and that UNIDO must receive two complimentary copies of any such reproduction.
Photo 1. Partial view of the IPT/SHAM houses under construction
in Coroados, Manaus, Brazil
Photo 2. The houses being painted with PVA-based paint
Photo 3. View of houses nearing completion. In the foreground,
house with ceramic block foundation and cement fioor
Photo 4. View of finished houses, already occupied
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Table 1. Wood species that can be used in wooden house construction
Name and species Where found Common local names
AFRICA
1. Piles and beams
Afzelia - Afzelia bipindensis (also A. pachyloba, A. africana and A. quanzensis)
West, Middle and East Africa
Lingue (Ivory Coast, Senegal); Papao (Ghana); Apa, Aligna (Nigeria); M’Banga, Doussie (Cameroon); N’Kokongo, Doussie (Angola, Congo); Bolengu (Zaire) ; Pau Conta (Guinea- Bissau); Mkora, Mbembakaft (United Republic of Tanzania); Chanfuta, Mussacossa (Mozambique); Beyo, Meli, Azza (Uganda)
Danta - Nesogordonia papaverifera
East Africa, from Sierra Leone to Cameroon and northern Gabon
Otutu (Nigeria); Kotibe <Ivory Coast) ; 0~06 (Cameroon); Arbor- bora (Gabon); Kondo findo (Zaire) ; Naouya (Angola); Abumana, Ajumaba, Epro (Ghana).
Ekki - Lophira alata West Africa Bongossi, Bakunda (Cameroon); Azobe (West Africa); Kabu (Ghana); Eba, Ekki, Aba (Nigeria); Esore (Ivory Coast); Endwei (Sierra Leone 1; Akoga (Gabon); Boukole (Congo)
Opepe - Nauclea diderrichii
From Sierra Leone to the Congo and, in the Yast to Uganda
Jusia, Kusiaba (Ghana); Badi (Ivory Coast); Bilinga, Akondoc (Cameroon); N’Gou, Masa (Angola, Congo, Zaire); Kilingi (Uganda); Aloma (Equatorial Guinea, Gabon)
2. Floor frame and platform
Idigbo - Terminalia ivorensis a/
From Guinea to Cameroon
Black afara (Nigeria); Framire (France, Ivory Coast); Emeri (Ghana)
Guarea - Guarea cedrata Ghana, ivory Coast, Boss6 (France, Ivory Coast); Kwabo G. Thompsonii southern Nigeria Koro (Ghana); Obobo (Nigeria),
Edoucid (Cameroon)
a/ Only for floors.
88 -1- .II. _
Name and species Where found Common local names
FSakor6 - Tieghemella heckelii
From Sierra Leone to Cameroon, Gabon and southern Cabinda
3. Panels, roof frames and finishinrs
Baku (Ghana); Douka, Ukola (Gabon); Flakore (Ivory Coast)
Abura - Mitragyna ciliata b/
Agba - Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum
Limba - Terminalia superba
Niangon - Tarrietia utilis
1. Piles and beams
Kapur - Dryobalanops
West Africa, from Sierra Leone tc the Congo and Angola
West Africa, southern Nigeria to the Congo basin
West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Angola and Zaire
From Sierra Leone to Ghana, Cameroon and Gabon
ASIA
Borneo, Sumatra, aromatica, D. lanceolata, Malaysia D. beccarii
Kempas - Koompassia malaccens is
Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Indonesia
Keruing - Dipterocarpus Indo-Malaysian region SPP
Bahia (Ivory Coast); Subaha, Baya (Ghana); M’Boy (Sierra Leone); M’Boy (Liberia); Elolom (Cameroon) ; Elelon (Gabon) , Vuku , M’Voukou (Zaire); Nzingu (Uganda, Zambia)
Achi, Egba, Emongi, Ayinre (Nigeria) ; Tola blanc (Congo); Tola branca (Angola), N’Tola (Zaire)
Ofram (Ghana) ; Akom (Cameroon); Limbo, ChBne-Limbo, Frake, Noyer du Hayombe, Korina (West Africa); Afara (Nigeria); Limba (Angola, (Zaire) ; N’ganga (Central African Republic)
Niankom (Ghana); Ogoue (Cameroon) De-Orh (Liberia); Yawe (Sierra Leone 1
Keladan, Kapur (Malaysia); Kapoer (Indonesia); Kapor ISabah)
Impas (Sabah); Mengaris (Sarawak)
Keruing (Indonesia, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak); Gurjun (Burma, India); Yang (Thailand), Apitong (Philippines); Eng Or In (Burma); (Langan, Keroeing (Indonesia); Dau (Democratic Kampuchea, Viet Nam)
b/ A preservation treatment is advisable.
89
__-__---___ -__- ----- - -._- ---..--.----- ----_
Name and species
_ ------_
Where found Common local names
----.--1-------------------
Kerbau - Intsia Indo-Malaysian region, palembanica, I. bijuga Indonesia, Philippines
Australia and western Pacific Islands
2. Floor frame and platform_
Dark red meranti - Shorea Spp
Peninsular Halasia, Saya (Thailand); Red seraya Sabah and Sarawak, (Malaysia); Meranti, Merah Indonesia and (Indonesia); White lauan, Philippines Almon, Mayapis (Philippines)
Kohko - Albizzia lebbek South and South.-Eas t Asia, Burma, India, Indo-China, Malaysia and the Philippines
Siris, Siris tree, East Indian walnut
Mengkulang - Heritiera India, from Malaysia simplicifolia to Indonesia,
Philippines and other Pacific islands
Kembang (Malaysia); Kanze
(Burma) ; Chuprak (Theilandi ; Lumsayan, Lumbayau (Philippines); Huyah (Democratic Kampuchea)
Ramin - Gonystylus bancanus b/
Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines
3. Panels, --- roof frame and finishings
Geronggang - Cratoxylon South-East Asia, arborescens h/ Malaysia, Indonesia,
Brunei
Krabak - Anisoptera Spp Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand
Light red meranti - Shorea Spp
White seraya - Parashorea plicata
Indonesia, Halaysia and Philippines
Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Philippines
Tat--Talum (Burma); Lumpha. Lumpho (Thailand); Kwila (New Guinea); Vesi (Fiji Islands) ; Ipil (Philippines); Merbau (Malaysia)
Helawis (Malaysia); Garu-Buaja (Indonesia); Janutan-Bagio
Serungan (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei Darussalam)
Mersawa (Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia); Kanghmu Palosapis (Philippines); Phdiek (Democratic Kampuchea); Ven-Ven (Viet Nam)
Light red seraya, red seraya (Malaysia); Saya (Thailand); Meranti merah (Indonesia); Whit lauan , Almon , Mayapi s (Philippines)
Bagtikan (Philippines); Urak Ma (Malaysia)
90
Name and species Where found Common local names
LATIN AMERICA
1. Piles and beams
Balata - Manilkara bidentata
Courbaril - Iiymenaea courbaril
Manbarklak - Eschweilera longipes
Tonka - Dipteryr odorata
Wallaba - Eperua bijuga
West Indies, Central America and northern part of South America
South of Mexico, Central America, West Indies, Bolivia, northern part of Brazil and Peru
Amazon basin, Costa Rica, Guyanas and Trinidad
Brazilian Amazon Region, Colombia, Guyanas and Venezuela
Brazilian Amazon region, Guyanas and Venezuela
2. Floor frame and platform
Angelin - Andira inermis From south of Mexico through Central America and northern part of South America (Brazil and Peru). Also occurs in Guyana and Trinidad
Gronfoloe - Qualea albif lora
Tropical America, from south of Mexico to Peru. Abundant in Brazil and Guyanas
Chicozapote (Mexico); Ausubo (Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic); Nispero (Panama); Beefwood (Guyana) ; Bolletri (Suriname); Balate rouge (French Guyana); Maqaranduba (Brazil)
Cuapinol, Guapinol (Mexico); Guapinol (Central America); Locust, Kawanari (Guyana); Rode lokus (Suriname); Algarrobol (Spanish-speaking Latin America); Jutai, Jatobi, Jatai (Brazil 1
Oxito, Olleto (Panama); Coca de mono, Moutangero (Venezuela!; Coca cristal, Tete congo (Colombia); Haudan, Kakeralli (Guyana)
Almendro (Costa Rica, Panama); Serrapia (Colombia, Venezuela); Cumaru (Brazil); Charapilla, Cumarut (Peru)
Palo machete (Venezuela); Wallaba, Bijlhout (Suriname); Wapa (French Guyana); Apb, Apazeiro , JQbaro (Brazil 1
Hoca (Cuba, Puerto Rico); Cuilimbuco, Plaquilla (Mexico); Barbosquillo, Arenillo (Panama) ; Rodes kabbes (Suriname); Acapurana (Brazil)
Florencillo (Venezuela); Kouali, Gringnongou (French Guyana); Gronfoloe (Suriname); Quaruba, Mandioqueira (Brazil)
Name and species Where found Common local names
Kopie - Goupia glabra
Mahoe - Hibscus elatus
Manni - Symphonia globulifera
Nargusta - Terminailia amazon i a
Amazon, Colombia and Guyana
Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru and West Indies
West Indies, Central America and northern part of South America
From south of Mexico to Central America and northern part of South America. Also occurs in Guyana and ?dest Indies
3. Panels. rc>,jf fsse and finishing
Determa - Ocotaa rubra Brazil’s lower -Amazon region, Guyana and Trinidad
Crabwood - Carapa guianensis
West Indies, from Cuba to Trinidad, from south Honduras, through Central America to Guyanas and Brazil, Colombia and Peru and high countries of the Orinoco in Venezuela
Santa Maria - West Indies and from Calophyllum brasiliense south of Mexico,
Saino, Sapino (Colombia); Kopi (Suriname); Kabukalli (Guyana) ; Groupie (French Guyana 1; Cupiriba (Brazil)
Emajagua excelsa (Puerto Rico) ; Ma j agua , Ma j agua azul (Cuba) ; Mountain mahoe (Jamaica)
Barillo (Guatemala, Honduras); Cerillo (Costa Rica, Panama); Machare (Colombia); Mani, Paramin (Venezuela); Matalci (Suriname) ; Manni (Guyana) ; Breacaspi (Peru); Anani (Brazil)
Almendro (Honduras); Canshan (Mexico) ; Amarillo carabazuelo t Panama) ; Guayabo lean (Colombia) Pardillo negro (Venezuela); Pau, Mulato brancc (Brazil)
Louro vermelho (Brazil); Determa (Guyana) ; Wana, Wane (Suriname) ; Grignon rouge (French Guyana)
Cedro-macho (Venezuela); Kapra (Suriname); Figueiro, Tangare (Ecuador); Andiroba (Brazil, Peru)
Bari, Leche de Maria (Mexico); Calaba (Panama); Aceite Maria
through Central America (Colombia); Edaballi kurahara. to northern part of (Guyana) ; Balsa Maria (Bolivia); South America Guanandi , Jacareuba (Brazil)
Roble - Tabebuia rosea, West Indies, south of Roble (Spanish-speaking Latin T. heterophylla Mexico to Ecuador America); Amapa, Roble blanco
and Venezuela (Mexico) ; Roble blanco, Roble de sabana (Costa Rica); Roble do1 rio (Colombia); Apamate (Venezuela)
. ,
Table 2. Characteristics of woods from Acariguara (Minquartia guianensis) and Jacareuba (Calophyllum brasiliense)
Properties Acariquara Jacareuba
-
Specific mass (density) at 12% humidity
Volumetric shrinkage, green-dry
Static bending strength at 12% humidity - Rupture modulus (MOR) - Elastic modulus (MOE)
Compression strength along the grain at 12% humidity, maximum strength
Natural durability for fungus and termite attack
Preservability
912 kg/m2
14%
135 MPa 16,840 MPa
69 MPa
Very durable
Not treatable
624 kg/m2
12.3%
I-
101 MPa 12,630 MPa
48 MPa
Moderately durable
Sapwood treatable; heartwood not treatable
Easiness of mechanical fixing
Other observations
Regular
Difficult to work
Good
Tendency to split and to warp
Source : Tropical Woods, No. 94 (1954) and No. 103 (1955).
Note : You can compare the characteristics of these types of wood with those of wood found in your area.
Table 3. Requisites for each type of use
Beams
than
High to very high mechanical properties:
Bending strengh Rupture modulus 121 MPa Elastic modulus 15,000 MPa
Parallel compression maximum strength 56 MPa
Durability: high, resistant to more
12 years in contact with ground
Floor frame
Preservability: easy; permeable
Mechanical fixation: easy
Medium to high specific mass 500 kg/m3
Medium to very high mechanical properties:
Bending strength Rupture modulus 86 MPa Elastic modulus 12,000 FlPa
Parallel compression maximum strength 56 MPa
Durability: high, resistant to more than 12 years in contact with ground
Joists, windows and doors, joists’ header boards, inter-panel finishing boards, inter-panel studs, facias, purlins, beams, rafters and posts
Preservability: easy/permeable
Mechanical fixation: easy
Medium to low specific mass 700 kg/m3
Volumetric shrinkage (percentage of the dimension of green wood): 13.5 x
Medium mechanical properties
Bending strength Rupture modulus 86 MPa Elastic modulus 12,000 MPa
Use Requisites
Piles High specific mass 700 kg/m3
-
Use Requisites
Durability: high, resistant to more than
12 years in contact with ground
Preservability: easy/permeable
Mechanical fixation: easy
Workability: moderate to very easy
Source : Grupamento de Madeira da Amazbnia por similaridade de caracteristicas e usos (Sudam, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas, 1981).
Printed in Austria
V.84-94020-March 1985-3.500 I D/330