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    By: Mohammed Fareed Ur Rahman

    Jazan Community College

    Saudi Arabia

    PROCESSOR

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    PROCESSOR

    The CPU is the main processor of your PC.

    Everything that goes on in your PC at some

    point goes through your CPU. In reference to the human body the CPU is

    brain of the PC.

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    The CPU's speed is a measure of MHz

    (megahertz) or more recently GHz (gigahertz).

    1 Mhz would be able to complete 1 Millioncycles every second

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    A measure called CPI (Cycles Per Instruction)

    gives a representation of the average number

    of clock cycles required for a microprocessor to

    execute an instruction.

    A microprocessor s power can thus be

    characterized by the number of instructions per

    second that it is capable of processing. MIPS

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    The first microprocessor (Intel 4004) was

    invented in 1971. It was a 4-bit calculation

    device with a speed of 108 kHz. Since then,

    microprocessor power has grown exponentially.

    So what exactly are these little pieces of

    silicone that run our computers?

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    There are two main desktop CPU

    manufacturers, they are

    Intel

    AMD.

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    INTEL VS AMD

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    LIST OF INTEL PROCESSORS

    80286

    80386

    80486 Original Pentium 32 bit

    Pentium with MMX Technology

    Pentium Pro

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    Pentium II

    Celeron (Pentium II-based)

    Pentium III

    Pentium II and III Xeon

    Pentium M

    Celeron M

    Intel Core

    Dual-Core

    Pentium 4 Xeon

    Mobile Pentium 4-M

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    Pentium D

    Intel Core 2

    Pentium Dual Core

    Celeron - 64 bit Celeron M 64 bit

    Intel 32 Intel Atom

    Intel 64 Nehalem microarchitecture

    Core i3 Core i5

    Core i7

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    LIST OF AMD PROCESSORS

    Am2900 series (1975)

    29000 (29K)

    Am*86 series K5 architecture K6 architecture

    K7 core architecture - Athlon Pluto/Orion

    Bulldozer core architecture (future) Bobcat core architecture (future)

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    REGISTERS

    When the processor executes instructions, data

    is temporarily stored in small, local memory

    locations of 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits called

    registers.

    Depending on the type of processor, the overall

    number of registers can vary from about ten to

    many hundreds.

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    THE MAIN REGISTERS ARE:

    the accumulator register (ACC), which stores the resultsof arithmetic and logical operations;

    the status register (PSW, Processor Status Word), whichholds system status indicators (carry digits, overflow,

    etc.); the instruction register (RI), which contains the current

    instruction being processed;

    the ordinal counter (OCor PCfor Program Counter),which contains the address of the next instruction toprocess;

    the buffer register, which temporarily stores data fromthe memory.

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    CACHE MEMORY

    Cache memory (also called buffer memory) is

    local memory that reduces waiting times for

    information stored in the RAM (Random Access

    Memory).

    Level one cache memory (called L1 Cache, for

    Level 1 Cache) is directly integrated into the

    processor.

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    SOCKET TYPES

    Slot 1

    Socket 7

    Socket 370 Socket 939

    Socket 1156

    Socket 1366 Socket AM2

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    SLOT 1

    Slot 1 (also Slot1 or SC242) is aSlot-type connector with 242contacts.

    This connector was designed for

    Pentium II family of processors, andlater used for Celeron

    Pentium III was the lastmicroprocessor family that used theSlot 1.

    For its next generation of Pentiumprocessors - Pentium 4, Intelcompletely abandoned the Slot1architecture.

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    SOCKET 7

    Socket 7 was introduced by Intel for it's Pentium 133 - 200MHz processors and for Pentium MMX processor family.

    The major feature of the new socket was support for dualplane voltage - the socket could supply different voltages to

    processor core and I/O logic. Socket 7 has 321 pin holes arranged as 37 x 37 pin matrix

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    SOCKET 370

    Socket 370 (also called PGA370) is a PGA

    socket designed to work with Intel Celeron and

    Pentium III processors in Pin Grid Array (PGA)

    package.

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    SOCKET 423

    Socket 423, also called PGA423, is a Pin Grid

    Array (PGA) socket introduced together with

    Pentium 4 microprocessor family in November

    2000.

    The socket supported only Pentium 4 CPUs

    with Willamette core and was replaced with

    socket 478 just in 9 months after itsintroduction.

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    SOCKET 462

    Socket 462 (also called Socket A) is a PGA socket

    designed for AMD K7 family of processors.

    This socket can be used with AMD Athlon and Duron

    processors ranging in speed from 600 MHz to 2200MHz (3200+) and with bus frequences ranging from

    100 MHz to 200 MHz (400 MHz DDR).

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    SOCKET 939

    Socket 939 is a PGA socket designed for

    desktop K8 microprocessors. The socket is

    primarily used with Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2

    and Athlon FX microprocessors.

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    SOCKET 1156

    Socket 1156, or LGA1156, is a Land Grid Array socket

    used by the latest generation of workstation-class Intel

    Core i3, Core i5, Core i7 and Xeon microprocessors.

    The socket supports dual-channel DDR3 SDRAMmemory controller, on-chip Direct Media Interface

    running at 2.5 GT/s, and PCI Express interface.

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    SOCKET 1366

    Socket 1366, also called LGA1366 or Socket B, is a LandGrid Array (LGA) socket used by the latest generation ofserver-class Intel Core i7 and Xeon microprocessors.

    The socket supports triple-channel or six-channel DDR3

    SDRAM memory controller and up to two QuickPathInterconnect links with frequencies up to 3.2 GHz.

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    SOCKETAM2

    Socket AM2 is a socket for high-performance and budgetdesktop microprocessors. The socket was officiallyintroduced on May 23, 2006.

    The socket AM2 works with single, dual, triple and quad-core

    desktop processors with frequencies up to 3.2 GHz. Thesocket supports dual-channel DDR2 SDRAM memorycontroller and one 1000 MHz HyperTransport link.

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    Socket Pin Count CPU Families

    Slot 1 / SC242 242 Intel Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium III

    Socket 7 321

    AMD / / - / -III

    yrix x , x L, x MX, MII

    I M x , x L, x MX

    IDT Wi c i , Wi c i

    I t l ti , ti MMX

    Ris Tec l gy MP6

    ST6x 6

    Socket 370 / PGA370 370I tel eleron, Penti III

    VIA 3

    Socket 4 3 / PGA4 3 4 3 Intel Penti 4

    Socket 462 / SocketA 462AMDAthlon, Athlon 4, Athlon MP,

    Athlon XP, Athlon XP-M, Duron,

    MobileAthlon, MobileDuron, Sempron

    Socket 47 / mPGA47 47 Intel eleron, eleronD,

    MobilePentium 4, MobilePentium 4-M,

    Pentium 4