BESUT, TERENGGANU

NAME : AHMAD MUKHRIZ BIN MAHDZIR

CLASS : 2 AL-KHAWARIZMI

COLLEGE NO. : 09228

SUBJECT TEACHER : PUAN ROZITA

STAR AND GALAXY

The sun

Characteristic of sun………………………………………………………………

Structure of sun……………………………………………………………………

Phenomena that occur……………………………………………………………

Effects of the phenomena………………………………………………………..

Generation of energy by sun…………………………………………………….

Stars and galaxies

Stars………………………………………………………………………………..

Classification of stars……………………………………………………………..

Birth of star…………………………………………………………………………

Death of star……………………………………………………………………….

Constellation…………………………………………………………...................

Types of galaxy……………………………………………………………………

The universe………………………………………………………………………

SPACE EXPLORATION

Development in the field of astronomy

Contribution of astronomer………………………………………………………..

Development in space exploration……………………………………………….

Application of technology………………………………………………………….

The centre of our solar system

The sun takes 25 1/3 days to rotate on its axis from west to

east.

The sun actually a star of moderate

size

SIZE(DIAMETER)

MASS 1.4 million km

1.989❑ x1030

DENSITY SURFACE TEMPERATURE

1.41g cm−3(compared 60000C

with density of water )

TEMPERATURE OF

SUN’S CORE

15million0c

The structure of the sun

CORONA Outer most layer of

gas in the sun’s atmosphere

Corona forms a circle of white light around the sun

Only visible during eclipse the sun

Temperature is about 1.5 million degree

PHOTOSPHERE Compact layer of gases seen to

be shining with yellow light from earth

Photosphere’s surface appears turbulent because gas form the sun’s core is release to its surface

This layer is responsible for radiating heat and light from the sun

CHROMOSPHERE Bright red layer

gas below the corona

Only visible during eclipse of the sun

Temperature varies between 10000 and 500000 degree celcius

corona and chromospheres can only be seen during an eclipse of the sun

Consists of hydrogen and helium gases

The core’s temperature is extremely high. It’s about 15 million degree celsius

Nuclear reaction occurs in the core all the time to generate and released heat and light energy.

PROMINENCE

SOLAR FLARES

An explosion of hot gas that shoots out from the sun’s chromospheres with shiny bright light

Can be seen near the edge of the sun during eclipse of the sun

Prominence emits charged particles and ultraviolet rays into outer space

A strong explosion of gases that happen suddenly into outer space

Also emits rays like gamma and x- rays

This phenomena occurs for only a few minutes or a few hours but it released a great deal of energy.

SUNSPOT

SUNSPOT

SOLAR FLARES

PROMINENCE

Dark spots on the surface of the sun’s photosphere

Has a lower temperature (4000 degree Celsius) than its surroundings (6000 degree Celsius)

- Colorful light that consist of green , yellow and red light are produced. The light can be seen at night are called AURORA

- The charged particle and radiation from the sun like cosmic rays , x-rays and

gamma rays will collide with particles in the earth’s

atmosphere.

- This causes disturbance to the communications system like television and radio broadcast, telegraph transmissions and telephone calls.

- Charged particles as a result of solar flares reach the north pole or the south pole of the earth and collide with gas molecules in the atmosphere.

Nuclear reaction that occur in the sun’s core

nuclear reaction that takes place in the sun’s core

generates energy

During a nuclear reaction, 2 hydrogen atoms fuse to form 1 helium atom. Heat and light energy are released

Consists of hydrogen and helium gases

Generates energy through nuclear reactions

A natural object in outer space that cam released

heat and light energy.

A star that is nearest to earth

Distance of a star from the earth is measured in

unit light years.

SIZE

Different stars have different sizes.

BRIGHTNESS

Apparent magnitude is measurement of

brightness. The lower magnitude value, the brightness the object

TEMPERATURE

The colour of a star depends on its temperature. Very low temperature red,

while a hottest star is blue in colour

SUPERGIANT

Very big star. 100 times bigger

than sun

DWARF STAR

Very small star , smaller than

Earth

GIANT STAR

Tens of times bigger than sun

STAR

Born from nebula

NEBULA

A large cloud that consist of dust and

gases

Gases & particles in the nebula are pulled by strong gravitational force to form a lump

and causes the lump of gases to shirk and it compressed until it

becomes very compact to form core

When temperature and pressure in the core become very

high, nuclear reaction occurs. A lot

of heat and light energy are released, the core shines and

star is born.

Star will die when hydrogen gas in its core is used up in nuclear reaction.

A STAR MODERATE SIZE LIKE

SUN

star expands because its gravitional force has

decreased and forms a

red giant

outer parts of the drift

out into space

leaving the extremely hot white

core called the white

dwarf

white dwarf is dense,

compact and becoming

increasingly cold

white dwarf continues to

become colder and eventually leaves a

black body or black dwarf.

Hydrogen atoms are

used up and nuclear

rection stops

A STAR THAT IS BIGGER

THAN THE SUN

Example of constellation

A group of stars that forms a certain

pattern in the sky

In ancient times, knowledge of the constellation were used as a calendar

and compass

SPIRAL

Example:

Milky way and andromeda

IRREGULAR

Example :

Magellan cloud

ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES

Example :

Galaxy m87 in virgo

The universe and the position of the galaxies. Milky way and also solar system.

The universe is defined as all of outer space and everything

in it

The universe contains thousand of millions

galaxies. Galaxies are scattered in the

universe

Astronomy is the field of study about natural Ancient astronomers

Astronomy is the field of study about natural Ancient astronomers

Ancient astronomers from the middle east , china and India had made observation about the movements of the

sun stars and moon

ARISTOTLE384-322bc- suggested that earth is spherical in

shape and not flat.

ARISTARCHUS

200bc- the first

astronomer to suggest that

the earth rotates on its

axis and moves following own

orbitHIPPARCHUS

100BC- CLASSIFIED

STARS ACORDING TO

THEIR BRIGHTNESS

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY

120AC- developed theory about

the solar system

- suggested that the earth is

the centre of the solar system

NICHOLAS COPERNICU

S1473-1543

- first astronomers to suggest

that the sun is the centre of

the solar system

- said that each planet has its own

orbit, and that the planets' orbits are circular in

shape

GALILEO GALILIE

1564-1642- invented the

first astronomical

telescope and used it to observe

a) the moon's surface

b) sunspotsc) saturn and

its ringsd) the four moons that orbit jupiter

JOHANNES KEPLER

1571-1630-said that the earth's orbit is

elliptical in shape

CONTRIBUTIONOF

ASTRONOMER

ISAAC NEWTON1642-1727

- introduced the law of gravity

- advanced the idea about

natural satellites and the planets remaining in

their respective orbits is related

to gravitional force

- invented the first reflecting

telescope

EDMUND HALLEY

1656-1743- discovered

Halley's comet ( this

cornet is predicate to

reappear every 76 years )

ALBERT EINSTEIN1879-1955

- advanced the idea about the

relationship between

time ,space and energy

KARL JANSKY

1905-1950- first man to detect radio waves from outer space with radio telescope

WILLIAM HERSCHEL

1781- discovered

uranus

JOHANN G.GALLE

1848- discovered

neptune

CLYDLE W.TOMBAUGH

1930- discovered

pluto

APPLICATION OF

TECHNOLOGY RELATED TO SPACE

EXPLORATION AND

ASTRONOMY

TELESCOPE

SPACESHIP

SPACE STATION

SPACE SHUTTLE

SATELLITE

Space exploration was first done from earth with use of a

telescope

Rockets, man-made satellites,

space stations and space shuttles

were later invented to continue the efforts of space

exploration

Refracting telescope reflecting telescope radio telescope

TELESCOPE

3 TYPES OF

TELESCOPE

* refracting telescope* reflecting telescope

* radio telescope

refracting telescope uses lens

while a reflecting telescope

uses mirrors to take and

send photographs on outer

space

radio telescope is

used to receive electric

signals and radiation

frpm outer space

today, astromical telescope

like the Hubble

Telescope are used to observe the

galaxies

Voyager 2 was a spaceship that was launched

to explore planets In and outside the solar system

SPACESHIPS

SPACE STATIONS

a space station

provides a place in

space that enables

astronauts to carry out research

while in outer space

russian's space station and american space station

were launched for this purpose

the international space station

is a space station which is noebeing built in orbit through the co-operation

of 16 countries

Space shuttle

SPACE SHUTTLE

nowdays, the launching of spaceships with rockets have been replaced by

space shuttle

such as space ship

can be launched,

return to earth and be used repeatedly

space shuttle is used to

* carry astrounauts

* launch probes

* launch satellites

* bring back or repair

satellites that have

malfunctione in space

the spaceship discovery was

used to launch a

satellite into its orbit

SATELLITE

SATELLITES

a satellite is an object that moves around another object

in a certain orbit

the man-made

satellite, sputnik 1, was launched into space by the Russian in

1957

man-made satellites that

have been launched into certain orbits to play a role

in remote sensing

BENEFIETS OF STELLITE TO HUMAN

TELECOMMUNICAT-IONS

* send information

* enables us to receive live radio

and television brodcast

METEORLOGY* forecast weather

conditions

NAVIGATION* plot their posittion

GEOLOGYto explore for oil

and certain minerals

BENEFIET OF SATELLITE TO HUMAN

AGRICULTURE

* detect agricultural

land

FORESTRY* give

information about the

productivity of forest

DISASTER MANAGEMEN

T* enables us to

manage the occurrence of

natural diaseters

* early warning can be given to residents in the affected areas

NATIONAL SECURITY

MANAGEMENT

* detect occurences like

the thining of the ozone layer

* can help certain parties

to observe troops