Girl Scouts of Virginia Skyline Council

3663 Peters Creek Road, NW ▪ Roanoke, VA 24019-2809 ▪ 540-777-5100 ▪ 1-800-542-5905 ▪ www.gsvsc.org

Outdoor Education

Manual

301a – Planning and

301b – Overnight Name: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Camp: _____________________________________________ Unit: ________________________________ Weekend session begins at: _________________________ on: ________________________________ and is scheduled to end at: _________________________ on: ________________________________ If you have an emergency and cannot attend, as soon as possible, please call:

______________________________________________ at: ______________________________________

3410 – 8/2017

1

Girl Scout Promise

On my honor, I will try: To serve God and my country,

To help people at all times, And to live by the Girl Scout Law.

Girl Scout Law

I will do my best to be honest and fair,

friendly and helpful, considerate and caring,

courageous and strong, and responsible for what I say and do,

and to respect myself and others,

respect authority, use resources wisely,

make the world a better place, and be a sister to every Girl Scout.

Girl Scout Mission and Vision

Girl Scouts builds girls of courage, confidence, and character, who make the world a better place.

We strive to be the premier leadership organization for girls,

and experts on their growth and development.

2

Online Session Table of Contents

Introduction ...................................................................................................... Online Lesson 1 GSVSC Outdoor Program Vision Statement ................................................... Online Lesson 2 GSVSC Outdoor Program Goals ..................................................................... Online Lesson 2 Progression in Outdoor Activities ..................................................................... Online Lesson 2 Six Sessions Prior to Camping ........................................................................ Online Lesson 3 Establishing Rules for Camp ........................................................................... Online Lesson 3 Involving Girls .................................................................................................. Online Lesson 2 Benefits of girl planning ................................................................................... Online Lesson 2 Dress for Success in the Out-of-Doors ............................................................ Online Lesson 4 Suggested Personal Equipment List for Camping ........................................... Online Lesson 4 Packing Hints ................................................................................................... Online Lesson 4 Suggested Troop Equipment List for Camping ................................................ Online Lesson 4 Indoor Preparation for Outdoor Fun ................................................................. Online Lesson 3

Health and Safety ......................................................................................................................... The Buddy System .......................................................................................... Online Lesson 7 Kaper Charts ................................................................................................... Online Lesson 5

Feasting in the Forest ................................................................................................................... Food Storage at Camp .................................................................................... Online Lesson 6 Packing Food for Camp ................................................................................... Online Lesson 6 Menu Planning ................................................................................................. Online Lesson 6 Outdoor Cooking Kapers ................................................................................. Online Lesson 5 Google Docs and Google Drive Instructions .................................................... Online Lesson 9 Overnight Preparation ..................................................................................... Online Lesson 8

3

Contents Getting Ready to Go ................................................................................................................................................... 5

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 GSVSC Outdoor Program Vision Statement ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. GSVSC Outdoor Program Goals ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Progression in Outdoor Activities ............................................................................................................................ 8 Six Sessions Prior to Camping ............................................................................................................................. 11 Establishing Rules for Camp ................................................................................................................................. 12 Involving Girls........................................................................................................................................................ 13 Benefits of girl planning ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Dress for Success in the Out-of-Doors ................................................................................................................. 15 Suggested Personal Equipment List for Camping ................................................................................................ 18 Packing Hints ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 Suggested Troop Equipment List for Camping ..................................................................................................... 20 Indoor Preparation for Outdoor Fun ...................................................................................................................... 21 Pocketknives ......................................................................................................................................................... 22

Health and Safety ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 Health and Safety ................................................................................................................................................. 25 The Buddy System ................................................................................................................................................ 25 Some Camp Pests You May Encounter ............................................................................................................... 26 Security in the Out-of-Doors ................................................................................................................................. 29 Planning for Emergencies and Evacuation .......................................................................................................... 30

Setting Up Camp ...................................................................................................................................................... 33 Minimal Impact Camping ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Care of Platform Tents .......................................................................................................................................... 39 Instructions for Cleaning Latrines/Bathrooms ....................................................................................................... 42 Kaper Charts ......................................................................................................................................................... 43

Feasting in the Forest .............................................................................................................................................. 45 Progression in Outdoor Cooking ........................................................................................................................... 47 Food Storage at Camp .......................................................................................................................................... 48 Packing Food for Camp ........................................................................................................................................ 49 Menu Planning ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 Outdoor Cooking Kapers ...................................................................................................................................... 51 Hand Washing ...................................................................................................................................................... 52 Dishwashing .......................................................................................................................................................... 53 A Solution to Dishpan Goop .................................................................................................................................. 54 Fire Safety Checklist ............................................................................................................................................. 55 Portable Cook Stoves ........................................................................................................................................... 56 Propane Stoves .................................................................................................................................................... 57 Bow Saws ............................................................................................................................................................. 59 Wood Fires ............................................................................................................................................................ 60 Fireplaces .............................................................................................................................................................. 63 Charcoal Cooking ................................................................................................................................................. 64

4

Dutch Oven Cooking ............................................................................................................................................. 66 KNOTS .................................................................................................................................................................. 68

Safety Activity Checkpoints ...................................................................................................................................... 79 Group Camping: Safety Activity Checkpoints ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Outdoor Cooking: Safety Activity Checkpoints ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Trip/Travel Camping: Safety Activity Checkpoints ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Hiking: Safety Activity Checkpoints ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix ................................................................................................................................................................... 93 Activity Planning Sheet ......................................................................................................................................... 95 Program Ideas: Sit-Upon ...................................................................................................................................... 96 Program Ideas: Using a Knife .............................................................................................................................. 98 Program Ideas: Edible Fire ................................................................................................................................ 100 Program Ideas: Dressing for the Out-of-Doors ................................................................................................. 101 Program Ideas: Knot Games ............................................................................................................................. 105 Program Ideas: WAGGGS Friendship Knot .................................................................................................... 107 Program Ideas: Outdoor Skills Belt .................................................................................................................... 108 Program Ideas: Outdoor Skills Bracelet ............................................................................................................. 109 Program Ideas: Outdoor Flag Ceremonies ........................................................................................................ 110 Program Ideas: Bandanas ................................................................................................................................. 111 Program Ideas: Bandana Belt Bag .................................................................................................................... 112 Program Ideas: Blue Jean Backpack ................................................................................................................. 113 Program Ideas: Go/No Go Game ...................................................................................................................... 113 Program Ideas: The Fun Doesn’t Stop When the Sun Goes Down .................................................................. 114 Meal Ideas: Mealtime Kaper Chart .................................................................................................................... 117 Meal Ideas: Equivalents or “How Much Do We Need?” .................................................................................... 118 Meal Ideas: Vegetarian Cooking Tips ................................................................................................................ 121 Meal Ideas: Salads ............................................................................................................................................ 122 Meal Ideas: No cook .......................................................................................................................................... 123 Meal Ideas: One-Pot Meals ............................................................................................................................... 127 Meal Ideas: Drug Store Wrap ............................................................................................................................ 130 Meal Ideas: Foil Cooking ................................................................................................................................... 131 Meal Ideas: Stick Cooking ................................................................................................................................. 136 Meal Ideas: Dutch Oven Cooking ...................................................................................................................... 138 Meal Ideas: Drinks ............................................................................................................................................. 141 Meal Ideas: Just for Fun .................................................................................................................................... 142

Google Docs & Google Drive Instructions ............................................................................................................. 145 Overnight Preparation ......................................................................................................................................... 153

5

Getting Ready to Go

6

Getting right down and smelling the fresh soil is good for any one. …Juliette Gordon Low

7

Introduction This manual is designed to help the Girl Scout leader incorporate outdoor experiences into troop/group program. It should be used, in conjunction with Outdoor Education in Girl Scouting (OEIGS) and Safety Activity Checkpoints as a primary resource for outdoor training and learning. Camping is an enduring tradition in Girl Scouting. It is an adventure we hope to offer to every girl. In partnership with adults, a girl’s experiences in the out-of-doors will increase her appreciation of the natural environment and her role in its preservation. Most of all, camping should be fun. When planning outdoor experiences, keep the council’s outdoor program vision statement and

goals in mind. To live in the woods, building the campfire, securing shelter from wind and weather, and finding warmth and food, provides abounding opportunity for good times and calls for cooperation and self-discipline. You cannot live in camp without sharing generously in the business of living, without learning to consider every member of the group. If anyone is to “go without,” it must be yourself and not your comrade, for a wholesome rivalry to be the first in service and the last in self-seeking is at the heart of all good camping. There is nothing in the life of a girl that can ever take the place of this free give and take under the open skies, sharing a chosen comradeship, the odors of the pines, the songs of the brooks, and the quietness and the beauty of the stars.

GSVSC Outdoor Program Vision Statement

Girl Scouts of Virginia Skyline Council is the preeminent youth development organization offering girls the opportunity to build courage, confidence, and character through outdoor experiences. The outdoor setting offers a unique opportunity for girls and their leaders to challenge themselves as they explore their relationships to the natural environment.

GSVSC Outdoor Program Goals

1. Girls will develop to their full individual potential by exploring their relationship to our natural environment.

2. Girls will relate to others with increasing understanding, skill, and respect by participating in

progressive, skill-based outdoor programs involving shared living experiences.

3. Girls will develop values to guide their actions and to provide the foundation for sound decision making through participation in experiential outdoor and environmental education programs.

4. Girls will contribute to the improvement of society through the use of their abilities and leadership

skills, working in cooperation with others as they participate in outdoor-based leadership programs and community service projects.

8

Progression in Outdoor Activities What is progression? It is a step-by-step development of skills and knowledge or understanding in any area. The following themes are common through all levels of progression: Safety and standards Skill development in the areas of interest Program goals Girl planning Environmental protection Fun!

9

Now you have a general idea of progression in the out of doors. Let's look at specific skills each grade level should master:

Girl Scout Daisy

Girl Scout Brownie

Girl Scout Junior

Girl Scout Cadette, Senior and

Ambassador

Walks and Hikes

• Learn safety rules: stay together, use buddy system, say on walking path

• Learn what to wear • Learn to recognize

poison ivy and ticks • Take a walk near

meeting place • Visit a nearby park

or camp • Know what to do if

you are lost

• Learn safety rules: buddy system and staying together

• Learn good outdoor manners

• Learn to dress for the weather

• Learn to recognize poison ivy and ticks

• Follow a trail at a park or camp (max 2 mi. round trip)

• Practice Leave No Trace (LNT) skills

• Review safety rules • Learn basic first aid • Review what to wear • Review plants and

animals to avoid • Take a half day hike

carrying items for a meal

• Take an all day hike (max 8 mi. round trip)

• Learn safety rules for extended hikes

• Know how to dress for weather

• Plan and go on an all day hike carrying items for two meals

• Backpack: Plan routes, meals, equipment

Find Your Way

• Walk around a neighborhood

• Draw a large dimensional map of the neighborhood

• Learn Trail Signs • Practice laying and

following trails • Learn N, S, E, and W on

a compass

• Learn and practice trail signs

• Find directions by sun and stars

• Learn your pace • Make a simple

sketch map • Advanced Skills: Use

compass to find degree leadings

• Use a compass to give directions

• Learn to read a road map

• Use trail signs • Practice finding

directions from sun and stars

• Use a compass to find degree readings

• Orient and read a topographical map

• Learn to use a compass with a map to determine direction, distances and terrain

• Try Orienteering or Geocaching

Eating Outdoors

• Take a snack on a hike

• Keep up with your own dishes/dunk bag

• Help clean up after a cookout

• Take a snack on a hike • Take a "nosebag" lunch

on a hike • Make a one pot meal • Learn to wash and

sanitize dishes

• Learn about nutritious meal planning

• Plan and cook simple meals: One pot, aluminum foil, box and Dutch ovens, stick

• Know how to wash and sanitize dishes and to dispose of dishwater

• Plan, pack and cook meals that take more preparation or cooking time

• Take charge of a cook out

• Learn to make a box oven, buddy burner/vagabond stove

• Be proficient in many types of cooking

• Learn about backpacking foods

• Learn about survival foods

10

Fires and Fuels

• Make an edible fire snack

• Learn safety around propane camp stoves

• Learn fire safety rules • Learn to light a match • Learn and practice LNT

firewood gathering • Know how to choose a

safe place to set up a camp stove

• Review safety rules • Learn to make fire

starters • Know how to light a

match and safely use a propane stove

• Build and extinguish fire

• Build a charcoal fire

• Wood fires: Build and use different types of fires

• Build, use, and extinguish charcoal fires

• Be able to teach fire and stove safety

• Learn to use backpacking stoves safely

• Build and use a LNT mound fire

Using Tools

• Learn to use: • Broom • Hammer • Scissors • Flashlight

• Learn first aid for cuts • Learn to use: peeler,

paring knife, shovel, flashlight

• Learn pocket knife safety with paper knife

• Know how to use a can opener

• Pocket Knife: Use, clean, pass, sharpen, whittle a point

• Pocket Knife: Review skills and whittle

• Learn to use saw, hatchet, axe

Gear and Shelter

• Take care of coats, hats, mittens

• Sleep at home in a sleeping bag

• Learn how to roll or stuff a sleeping bag

• Camp out in a building in town or at camp

• Help decide what personal things to take camping

• Camp out in a cabin/platform tent at Girl Scout camp

• Help decide what troop equipment to take camping

• Camp at Girl Scout camp for 2 days

• Learn how to pitch, strike and care for a small tent and a dining fly.

• Camp for three or more days at Girl Scout camp or other location

• Learn primitive camping skills or survival skills

• Try canoe camping

Knots • Learn to tie shoes • Know how to tie shoes • Tie a square knot and a

larks head knot

• Learn to tie and use: • Square knot • Half hitch • Bowline • Tautline

• Practicing tying and using knots

• Learn to coil a rope • Learn to lash camp

furnishings

Ways that you can help girls to get involved and grow are • Brainstorm • Use checklists • Offer ‘Taster” Activities • Make an outdoor fun suggestion box • Take a hike or trip away from the meeting place • Investigate • Make a game of it all • Make exhibits or draw pictures of needs • Make up skits to practice • Play dress right • Practice packing • Decorate

11

Six Sessions Prior to Camping Preparation for camp Girls and leaders should know what is expected before going to camp as well as when they get there. It will take at least six sessions prior to camping to do this Sessions may be combined for an all-day event or part of a troop meeting as long as all material is covered. The Outdoor Education trained adult that will be working with the girls prior to the camping trip must attend camping trips with the girls. Pre-Camp Session #1

Planning for the Camping Trip • Why are we going? • What will we do? • Where will we go? (check the GSVSC Program

Centers Manual (#2164) for information on council sites)

• What will it cost? (food, program, transportation, badges/patches – check troop finances)

• What badges/patches will fit into our activities? • How much time will we have? (Plan activities

that will fit into your time schedule)

Leader responsibilities • Complete the Outdoor Education course

(Planning and Weekend) • Review procedures for troop camping • Reserve a GSVSC site using the Program

Center Camp Reservation (#2150) • Complete Activity and/or Trip Permission

(#2129) at least 4 weeks prior to the trip. This includes information on adults certified in First Aid/CPR (If more than 30 minutes from EMS, provides the name of adult with Wilderness First Aid training or qualified medical professional) and Outdoor Education. Email completed form to trippermission@gsvsc.org.

Pre-Camp Session #2 Practice the Eight Outdoor Skills • First aid • Fire building • Ecology • Clothing

• Knots • Knives • Manners • Cooking

Leader responsibilities • These skills may be practiced over several

meetings or maybe you would have a skills day. Parents who will be camping with the troop should be invited to these meetings so they understand these skills as well.

• Check Safety Activity Checkpoints for guidelines on these activities.

Pre-Camp Session #3 Continue Planning and Practicing Skills • Continue to practice outdoor skills • Introduce and discuss the personal equipment

list • Talk about packing personal gear. (You may

wish to have girls practice packing their gear at the meeting.

• Pitching a tent (if applicable)

Leader responsibilities • Send girl permission slips to parents • Send a health history form (#2072) to the

parents of any girl who does not have one on file with the troop. Collect health examinations (#2078 for girls, #2077 for adults) for trips longer than three nights.

• All adults accompanying or providing transportation for the troop, must be a registered Girl Scout, provide a heath history to the troop leader, and have a volunteer application and cleared background check on file with GSVSC.

Pre-Camp Session #4 Continue Planning • Plan menus

Leader responsibilities • Collect permission slips and health histories.

12

• What do we need? • Make troop and patrol equipment lists. • Talk about care of tents and equipment at

camp. • Establish rules for camp.

• Help set simple, reasonable, enforceable and understood rules. Add leader rules (check info in next section for help.)

Pre-Camp Session #5

Make equipment needed for camp • Sit-upons • Fire starters • Bedrolls • Drip bags • Label mess kits or dishes

Leader responsibilities • You may need an extra meeting to make

equipment, depending on the age level and the amount of equipment needed.

• Assign patrol kapers for campsite setup, cleanup, meals and activities. The girls should be involved in making the kaper charts.

Pre-Camp Meeting #6 • Review the schedule of camp activities and go

over what the girls and adults will do. • Review rules • Discuss and plan for packing, preparing and

transporting perishable food and ice as well as nonperishable food, water, supplies and charcoal.

• Go shopping for food. This can be done by patrols or as a troop.

Leader responsibilities • All permission slips, health histories and

registrations should be turned in by this meeting.

• Permission slips, health histories and several insurance claim forms should be kept in a Ziploc bag and stored with the troop first aid kit.

• Make sure you have received an email with GSVSC approval for your trip.

• Discuss the availability/lack of cell service/land line locations.

Establishing Rules for Camp A wise leader works with the girls to establish camping rules well ahead of the camping trip, reviews them before the trip, and posts the rules while camping. Some rules must be set by the leaders. Others may be set by the girls, but all rules should be simple, reasonable, enforceable, and understood. Just before the trip, ask the girls to brainstorm rules for the trip. Write them out and post them at camp. That way, the girls will feel the rules belong to them. Include these rules:

• Use the buddy system. You must always be with your buddy. If you have to go to the bathroom in the middle of the night, wake your buddy to go with you.

• Report strange noises, people, or activities to a leader immediately. • Wear shoes. Don’t bring clogs, sandals, or flip flops to camp. • Run at camp only if it is required for an activity. • Never leave a fire unattended. • Report all injuries to a leader. • Stay with the group. Do not wander away. • Follow the kaper chart so that everyone helps with jobs. • Set “lights out” and “wake up” times when camping overnight. • Use knives, saws, or other sharp tools only when an adult is watching. • Wash your hands after using the bathroom, before preparing food, and before eating. • Use “Please,” “Thank you,” “You’re welcome,” and “May I help you?” often. • Don’t bring radios, CD players, or MP3 players to camp. • Leave the camp better than you found it.

13

Involving Girls “The girls will decide whether a plan is good. You can trust them to know.” — Juliette Gordon Low

Is it time to think about an overnight adventure? The secret to success is planning, planning and more planning! Young girls can make decisions, and as they grow, so can their voices in the planning and execution of their adventures.

When scheduling outdoor adventures, planning activities, and making group menus, leaders and girls must consider the needs, resources, safety and security practices, economic situation, and beliefs of all members. For example, some girls' diet may be limited by religious beliefs; their families may be unable to afford an expensive trip or equipment; their culture may require a

male be present; or they may be only able to wear a swimsuit when no males are present... Who does the planning? The Girls do! It is easy for leaders to do it all, but the girls need the opportunity to develop the leadership skills that come with trip planning. Girls will be more responsible and more receptive to getting things done when they have been the ones to plan the activities. Girl planning is part of the Girl Scout Leadership Experience. Girls discover themselves and their values, connect with others, and take action to improve their communities and the world. In order to accomplish our mission, it is important to focus on the Girl Scout Processes and how they fit into the Girl Scout Leadership Experience. The Processes are “Girl Led”, “Hands-on Learning” and “Cooperative Learning.” Activities are

• Girl Led, which means the girls make choices, plan, and take charge (as is appropriate for their grade level).

• The girls participate in Hands-on Learning by actively participating and then evaluating what they have done.

• They use Cooperative Learning, working together toward a common goal, respecting each other and honoring differences.

The Processes may not look the same at each grade level. For instance, Daisies’ and Brownies’ “girl led” will be simpler than an Ambassador’s.

14

How does the Girl Led process look different at each grade level? This answer is easy if you remember how progression is used in Girl Scouting. For example, a Daisy may choose between two activities. A Junior could, with a little help, lay out an activity plan. An Ambassador is capable of leading all of the planning and activity. At this older level, the adults’ job is more of an advisor - keeping the girls safe. How about Learning by Doing at each grade level? As girls grow in skills, so does what they can accomplish. An example is cooking. A Daisy could make a sandwich if all the ingredients were ready for her. A Cadette could plan and prepare a meal. An Ambassador could plan a menu, buy ingredients, and then cook it over an open fire. Cooperative Learning? Girl Scout Daisies and Brownies learn to share and listen to each other. Cadettes are empowered to talk out their disagreements and come to a consensus. Girl Scout Seniors connect with a wider community, drawing it in to help reach their goals. And we know that it is always more fun to include someone else in what you are doing! By using this model, you will find that the girls will gain specific knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors and values in Girl Scouting and in the long run will lead with courage, confidence, and character to make the world a better place. Benefits of girl planning Teaching the girls planning strategies makes the girl’s life better by

• empowering them to make decisions • creating more excitement and ownership in activities they plan • giving them experience in working together to set and accomplish goals

Teaching the girls planning strategies makes the leader’s life easier by

• reducing the time spent making plans • giving you a sense of accomplishment as you see the girls take

charge

In a nutshell, you’re guiding the girls to be leaders themselves!

With your help, girls can plan: • When and where to go • Who is going, chaperones (based on Safety Activity

Checkpoints) • What to do • What to take, special equipment • Schedule of activities • Acceptable behavior • What new skills they need to learn before the activity

• Meeting special needs (allergies, mobility issues, dietary needs and religious preferences)

• Cost/budget • How will we get there? Will car seats be necessary?

• Are special instructors needed? • Permission/ parental, paperwork and council approval

• Back up/emergency plans • Meals

15

Dress for Success in the Out-of-Doors Dress for comfort and practicality, not for style. Clothing should protect from environmental hazards such as sunburn, heat stroke, and hypothermia. Illnesses caused by heat or cold can usually be prevented by dressing properly for outdoor activities.

Layer Purpose Fabrics Examples

Base or Inner layer

The base layer is worn next to the skin. The purpose of the inner layer is to draw the sweat away from the skin to the next layers, which makes the wearer feel warmer and more comfortable. The transfer of moisture happens due to wicking. The used materials are called wicking materials.

• Wool has fairly good wicking properties and, along with silk, is the most expensive of the materials used for base layers. How comfortable wool feels against skin varies greatly, with Merino wool being softer. Wool is highly odor resistant.

• Synthetic materials such as polyester, polyethylene, and microfiber-based fabrics are inexpensive and have excellent water wicking properties.

• Silk is expensive. It feels comfortable, but is less warm, weaker and harder to take care of.

• Cotton is usually inexpensive. It absorbs moisture easily and is slow to dry out. When wet or damp, cotton loses its insulating abilities. This makes it suitable for warm temperatures but potentially dangerous for cold and/or wet conditions.

Summer (breathable) • Sport bra • T-shirt • Briefs • Socks

Winter (Wicking, quick

drying) • Long underwear • Sport bra • Shirt • Pants • Socks (first pair

— thin liner; • second pair —

cushion outer)

Insulating layer

The mid layer is needed in cold weather to provide additional insulation and can be shed once you warm up. The use of multiple thin layers facilitates adjustment of warmth. The mid layer should be more loose-fitting than the inner layer, as this leaves insulating air between the layers.

• Wool is the traditional mid layer material with several good properties: it has good insulation even when wet, absorbs moisture but does not feel wet even when it holds significant moisture, and transfers moisture.

• Fleece has many of the features of wool, but is lighter. It provides good insulation even when wet, absorbs very little moisture, and dries quickly.

• Down has a very good warmth: weight ratio, and can be packed down (squeezed) to take very little room. On the downside, it is expensive, makes a thick garment, dries slowly, loses its insulating properties when wet or compressed, and stops lofting properly after being washed several times.

• Synthetic Fiberfill such as polyester fiber is used similarly to down, but does not have as good a warmth: weight ratio. However, it is less expensive, provides good insulation even when wet, dries quickly, and absorbs very little moisture.

• Cotton, as with the inner layer, is a cheap alternative, but a reasonable choice only when low insulation and moisture transfer is needed. Most people involved in outdoor activities would agree that cotton is a very poor material to wear in the outdoors because you MAY need to

Summer (Quick drying, UV protection) • Nylon cargo pants • Nylon wind shirt

Winter (Breathable,

insulating • Long fleece pants • Long-sleeved

shirt or fleece jacket

• Socks (outer, wool layer)

• Gloves

16

insulate yourself and, unless you are not moving, you WILL need moisture transfer.

Outer layer:

The outermost clothes are called the shell layer, but only if they block wind or water, or have good mechanical strength. Ideally the shell layer lets moisture through to the outside (that is, is breathable), while not letting wind and water pass through from the outside to the inside.

• Plastic raincoats protect completely from water and wind, but let through no moisture.

• Waterproof breathable (hard shell) materials are waterproof and somewhat breathable. Their essential element is a thin, porous membrane that blocks liquid water, but lets through water vapor (evaporated sweat).

• Water resistant (soft shell) most materials block water only partially. On the other hand they are usually more breathable and comfortable, thinner, and cheaper than completely waterproof materials. Water-repellent coatings are often used. Soft shells are not water "proof". Some clothes feature adjustable vents, such as below armpits.

Summer (Breathable) • All-condition

parka • Rain gear • Cargo pants • Cap/hat

Winter (Breathable) • Parka • Coveralls/gaiters

or ski pants • Hat • Face mask • Waterproof

Gloves Almost any waterproof leather hiking boot worn over two pairs of socks will keep feet warm. In severe weather, however, a double boot is needed. Thick felt liners insulate and hold moisture away from feet, while waterproof exteriors keep external cold and moisture out. If your feet are cold, put on a hat. The head is the primary source of radiating heat loss. A wool or pile watch cap or balaclava worn under the outer shell hood will eliminate much of this heat loss. Even when temperatures are moderately cold or when activity is slow, and especially during the night when sleeping in cool or cold air, a hat should be worn to keep body heat from escaping. Mittens are warmer; gloves are more functional. Choose either wool with a separate shell or a wicking combination. Use polypropylene, silk, wool, or other liners in severe conditions. Remember, synthetics are flammable. Choose the gloves to fit the activity. When you are outside in hot weather it is important to stay cool. Dress properly to avoid sunburn, heat exhaustion and heat stroke Clothing made of cotton will breathe and absorb moisture from the skin. It’s cool and comfortable. Even though a sleeveless shirt and shorts seem cooler under the hot sun, often the best attire is a lightweight, light-colored, long-sleeved shirt and long pants to protect from the sun’s rays and absorb perspiration. Loose-fitting clothing allows for freedom of movement during strenuous activity. On long, hard hikes, tight pants may cause a “charley horse.” Closed-toe shoes and socks must always be worn to prevent cuts, scrapes, blisters, fatigue, and general discomfort. They should be roomy and broken in. A bandana or hat protects the head against prolonged exposure to the sun. It’s cooler if there is space between the head and the top of the hat. Clothing that covers the shoulders and back, will protect against painful sunburn. Sunglasses, especially those that filter ultraviolet light, are recommended. Remember that reflection from sand or very light ground increases the potential for sunburn. A visor can deflect the sun’s rays and offer eye protection. Don’t let weather spoil your fun. Always take along a poncho, raincoat, or rain jacket and pants; head

17

covering; and boots or galoshes. For short-term use, a poncho can be made from a large plastic garbage bag with holes for head and arms, and plastic bags can be wrapped around feet, inside shoes. Damp clothes and wet skin can cause chilling and illness. Waterproof clothing is essential for healthy, happy fun in wet weather. Pack extra plastic bags to protect clothing and gear from getting wet. Attire should take into account such factors as poisonous snakes and plants, harmful insects, and ticks. Always plan for the area in which you will be camping. Covering arms and legs offers protection. Tie up floppy legs and cuffs, and close openings in clothing for further protection. Tuck legs of pants into socks to lower the chance of ticks crawling on the skin. Wear a hat. Boots: Designed for general trail use, hiking, biking, snowshoeing, or climbing; durable, good support, waterproof, warm/cool, and good traction. Don’t forget to also protect your skin from chapping, wind, and sun. Use sunscreen and other UV protection. Be sure to check for allergies before applying. A fun way to practice what to wear is using the paper dolls located in the appendix of this book.

Keeping warm or cool at camp is easier if you know a few hints. You will be warmer if you change all of your clothes before getting into your sleeping bag. This includes underwear and socks because moisture from perspiration is held in these garments. You can use a blanket inside or outside a sleeping bag as an extra layer of warmth. A mat or plastic sheeting beneath your sleeping bag will block air and moisture from seeping through. A knit hat will help retain body heat. You can keep your clothes for the next morning warm by placing them in the bottom of your sleeping bag when you go to bed. Keep your sleeping bag rolled until you are ready to get in. Animals love warm and cozy places. Anyone getting up in the night to go to the bathroom must take a buddy and wear shoes.

18

Suggested Personal Equipment List for Camping Book bag, day pack, or sports or duffel bag for

all clothing Sleeping bag rated for anticipated

temperature* Foam pad, and/or plastic ground cover Bandana Jacket or coat Long pants, loose fitting Pajamas (sleeping socks, knit cap, and

mittens in cold weather) Pillow and pillowcase by choice and travel

space Raincoat or poncho and boots Shoes that tie or have Velcro closures (no

sandals, clogs, flip flops or bare feet) Socks (at least two pairs); ankle-covering

socks are best T-shirts Long-sleeved shirt Hat and gloves Sweater or sweatshirt Underwear (long johns in cold weather) “Ditty” bag for personal items Sunscreen Sunglasses Bug repellent (solid or pump, no spray) Water bottle Camera in plastic bag (optional) Flashlight with new and extra batteries and

bulb

Pocketknife (optional) Mess kit — plate, cup, knife, fork, and spoon

— all in drawstring net or drip bag; be sure name is on each piece of mess kit

Paper and pencils Plastic bags for clean clothes, washcloth, dirty

clothes, etc. Sit-upon Small stuffed "snuggly" from home Toilet kit — toothbrush, toothpaste, soap,

sanitary supplies, and comb/brush Hair ties Washcloth, towel, and tissues Leaders Watch or clock Whistle for emergency only Battery-operated radio or small weather radio Other ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

For weekend camping trips, each camper should be able to carry her own equipment in one trip. Put names on all items. *Slumber bags (those cute “sleeping bags” with cartoon characters on them are not suitable for camping. They are made for indoor sleeping and are often not fire resistant.

19

Packing Hints Girls should pack their own clothes for the overnight with the help of an adult. When someone else packs for them, they do not know what they have or where it is. Each girl should have a list she can refer to and check off as she packs. Practice folding clothing and packing at a troop meeting. Encourage the girls to pack in a duffel bag, small backpack, or laundry bag. They may also pack in a five-gallon bucket. Suitcases are not the best choice. Campers should be able to carry what they pack. Lining the pack with a trash can liner will help keep gear dry in case of falling weather. The girls’ names should be on their clothes. Exchanging clothes is fun, but sometimes it is hard to remember which ones are your own. Neatness helps. Having an extra plastic bag or pillowcase for dirty clothes makes being neat easier. Practice rolling up and tying sleeping bags at a troop meeting. It is hard to carry a bag that is falling apart. Does it pass the “throw test”? Toss the sleeping bag from one girl to another. If it stays together, it passes the throw test. Pack rain gear and a flashlight near the top. You will probably need them first. Personal snack foods should be left at home. They should not be packed with clothes. This is what can happen: Leave these things at home: • Clogs, flip flops, or sandals that might invite a twisted ankle, stumbling, discomfort, scratches, or bruises. • Dangling jewelry that might get caught on something. • Halter tops, tank tops, or midriff shirts that might encourage sunburn and bug bites. • iPod, cell phones, and other electronic devices make it harder to hear outdoor sounds. The leader may

bring these for emergencies or program use. • Aerosol containers that might emit CFCs into the air, explode near a fire, or form a film on the walls of the

tent. • Loose, flowing clothing that could catch on fire if it is too close to an open flame.

20

Suggested Troop Equipment List for Camping Cooking Supplies A plastic storage container can be used to store and transport all troop cooking equipment. Cooler chest for perishable food transportation Aluminum foil Cooking pots and pans with lids Cooking utensils, including a spatula and

measuring cups Can opener Potholders/mitts Can with lid for grease (to take home) Containers or Ziploc bags for leftovers Food chest or metal storage bin Jug for kitchen hand-washing setup Menus/kaper charts Paper towels in a plastic bag Plastic wrap Dishwashing Supplies A divided wine box is a good way to store and transport dishwashing supplies. Three tubs Paper towels Two dish mops Liquid soap Scraper Goop can/panty hose or mesh to strain Two long-handled tongs Bleach Dishcloths or sponges Plastic pot scrubber Shelter Equipment Flame retardant tents Pop up Canopy/dining fly Tarp or plastic sheeting Mallet, wood or rubber (for tent pegs)

Tools and Fire Equipment Emergency fuel Fire starters Portable stove and fuel Grate Charcoal Shovel Newspaper Newspaper Flashlight or lantern and extra batteries Knife Rope Sharpening stone Fire buckets Latrine/Bathroom Supplies Toilet Paper Disinfectant Rubber gloves Toilet bowl brush Sponge (for sink) Bucket #10 can with plastic bag liner for sanitary

supply disposal Miscellaneous First aid kit Brooms Clothesline and clothes pins Trash bags Whistle Program supplies Books (nature, songs, games) Compasses Duct tape Battery-operated radio American and troop flags

Various equipment is available at council sites. Check the GSVSC Program Centers Manual for details.

21

Indoor Preparation for Outdoor Fun Charcoal Chimney A charcoal chimney is used for starting charcoal. See pages 64 for directions. Dishwashing Supply Box Use a heavy cardboard box with dividers. Make a handle so it is easier to carry. Fill the box with kitchen supplies: dish soap, bleach, dish mops, tongs, a scraper, pot scrubbers, and a drip line, a can for holding utensils, trash bags, paper towels, and a goop strainer with extra hose. A plastic crate also works. Do not take glass containers. Drip Bag Use a drip bag to hold a clean mess kit and utensils. Sew nylon mesh to form a bag with a draw cord around the top. Drip bags may also be purchased at the Girl Scout shop or local discount stores. Put names on the bags or on wooden clothes pins. Fire Starters Prepare fire starters for use in starting wood or charcoal fires. See Outdoor Education in Girl Scouting (p 54) and page 62 in this manual for directions for making and using them. Instead of buying wax, save money by recycling used paraffin candles. Goop Can Make a goop can to strain dishwater. See page 54 for directions. Hand-Washing Setup Create a hand-washing setup for use in cooking and latrine areas. Use an empty, plastic, one-gallon milk jug (never a beach bottle) and liquid soap. See page 75 in Outdoor Education in Girl Scouting and page 52 in this manual. Sit-Upon See page 104 for directions. Don’t be afraid to use a variation that suits you and the materials you have. Newspaper is free; use it for stuffing. Discarded plastic tablecloths or shower curtains may be used as covers. Always use waterproof materials for making sit-upons. Recyclable grocery totes may be used. Sleeping Bag See pages 70-73 in Outdoor Education in Girl Scouting. Have the girls bring their sleeping bags to discuss various types. Check to see if they can fit in them. Have the girls practice rolling or putting their sleeping bags/slumber bags into stuff bags. Then have them toss their packed sleeping bags/bedrolls back and forth to ensure that they are securely tied. Waterproofed Matches Stick the wooden ends of safety matches into a piece of clay. Paint each match tip with nail polish or dip the head in melted wax. When they are dry, store the matches in a waterproof container.

22

Pocketknives Girls must be instructed in the use of a sharp tool by a trained adult before they may use them. The girls must always be supervised when using a sharp tool.

Teaching knife safety is extremely important. Never assume that girls know good safety practices just because they’ve used knives at home. Instead, establish safety rules for all conditions, and expect each girl to follow them at all times.

The only way they can learn how to work with knives and learn to handle a knife in a safe and confident manner is by doing. Girls need practice and experience with continuous safety reinforcement. Don’t do the work for the girls simply because you fear for them.

Girls who gain respect for tools at a young age generally treat all tools with consideration and respect. Helping them remember to take care of their own knives and the knives belonging to the troop will pay off in other ways as they grow older. Knives are to be used for cutting food, rope and for program activities and never to carve trees, tables, or other items.

Know the Safe Use of a Knife

• Never throw a knife. • Do not use a knife when you are alone. • Always have a “circle of safety.” See pages 46-48 in Outdoor Education in Girl Scouting for more information on use and care of pocketknives.

Make a Pocketknife

Trace the pattern below onto paper. Use your paper pattern to transfer the knife onto cardboard or stiff paper. (Poster board works very well.) Each girl can cut out her own knife and decorate it with her name and a design. Punch holes in the parts as indicated. It is wise to punch all the parts together so the holes line up properly.

Put the knife blade between the two case pieces. At one end, there will be three holes lined up. Insert a brass paper fastener to hold the three parts together. In the other end, string a length of yarn through the two holes to hold the case together as well as to make a string for wearing the knife around the neck.

Use the cardboard knife to teach knife safety to girls. Then replace it with a real knife.

23

Health and Safety

24

25

Health and Safety

The Buddy System The buddy system is a very effective method of protecting group members while they are engaged in activities away from the regular troop meeting place. In the buddy system, each person is responsible for staying with her buddy at all times, warning her buddy of danger, giving her buddy immediate assistance if it is safe to do so, and calling for or going for help when the situation warrants it. Girls and adults can choose their buddies at the start of the trip or upon arrival at the overnight site. If there is an odd number, expand one team to include three members. Leaders need to find fair and equitable ways to choose buddies so no one girl has the same buddy all the time. Girls need to be buddies with their friends sometimes and with girls other than their best friends sometimes. Part of Girl Scouting is learning to work with everyone. Try drawing names, matching numbers, rotating days, or any other method that seems to work. How to make choices could be an item for discussion and decision making among the girls. The buddy system does not relieve the leader of her responsibility for knowing the whereabouts of each member of the group. It serves as a means of having each person share responsibility. Leaders need to involve everyone in the buddy system during pre-trip planning, at the beginning of each outing, and during the outing. The buddy system enables a leader to quickly determine the name of a missing person. To be really effective, all members of the group need to understand how the buddy system works. Leaders or other adults in charge should conduct periodic buddy checks. To use the “buddy check”, number your buddy pairs. Whenever “buddy check” is called, buddies must come together. Once all buddies are present, the pairs count off starting with number 1 and accounting for all pairs.

The health, safety, and security of the girls is a primary concern for the adults in charge of any outdoor activity. The use of good judgment in evaluating risk is essential. Additional precautions are included under specific topics such as knife and fire safety. When in doubt, it is best to err on the side of caution. Be sure to reference Volunteer Essentials and Safety Activity Checkpoints.

26

Some Camp Pests You May Encounter

Poison Oak Poison oak has leaves that look like oak leaves, usually with three leaflets but sometimes up to seven leaflets per leaf group. It grows as a vine or a shrub. Poison oak is more common in the western United States, but it is also found in the eastern United States and, rarely, in the Midwest. Poison sumac Poison sumac has 7 to 13 leaflets per leaf stem. The leaves have smooth edges and pointed tips. Poison sumac grows as a shrub or small tree. It is found in wooded, swampy areas, such as Florida and parts of other southeastern states, and in wet, wooded areas in the northern United States. Poison Ivy Poison ivy usually has three broad, spoon-shaped leaves or leaflets ("but it can have more. It may grow as a climbing or low, spreading vine that sprawls through grass (more common in the eastern United States) or as a shrub (more common in the northern United States, Canada, and the Great Lakes region). Poison ivy has an oil on those leaves that can cause allergic dermatitis in two out of three people. It causes intense itching, blistering, and weeping of the skin and swelling of the underlying tissues. If you have been exposed to poison ivy or poison oak, remove exposed clothing and wash the area with soap and water. Use a paste of baking soda and water on the area several times a day if a rash or weeping sore has already begun to develop. Wild Animals The camping rule about not having food, garbage, candy, or snacks in a cabin or tent has a serious safety reason! Before snuggling down in your sleeping bag, be very sure that all food and garbage, including empty wrappers, have been put properly away and are not in the cabin or tent. Mice, skunks, and raccoons will be attracted to food odors, even from a gum wrapper. Even with all your precautions, you may still be awakened by a bang. It’s probably a raccoon knocking over a pot or a garbage can lid. If you hear something really big moving around at night, it’s probably a

Leaves of three? Let it be.

27

deer. Keep your flashlight handy to catch the night visitors in its beam! Sometimes it’s just a tree limb, too. If you encounter a skunk, keep calm and don’t make any sudden movements. The skunk will likely soon go on its way. Campers should never attempt to pick up, pet, or feed any wild animal. Ticks Wood ticks lie in brush and tall grass, waiting for a warm-bodied animal or person to pass. The tick will crawl around a body looking for a good place to attach and feed. Ticks like to hide in hairy areas. The best way to deal with ticks is to keep them off you. Precautions may include, but are not limited to, wearing long pants and long sleeved shirts, tucking pant legs into socks, wearing hats or scarves outdoors. Upon completing of outdoor activities, please be diligent about checking all persons and paying close attention to undergarment lines, under arms, areas on the scalp and joints like the elbow and the backs of knees. Remove a tick by gently pulling with tweezers. Scrub the area with soap and water. Attach the removed tick to an index card and send it home with the camper. Circle the bite site on the camper’s skin with a permanent pen. Make sure camper is not allergic to the permanent pen used for marking. Lyme Disease is spread by deer ticks, which are even smaller than the usual wood tick. Seek medical attention if any of the following symptoms appear: a rash around a bite area, a fever and chills, unusual fatigue, muscle aches and joint pain, or swollen lymph nodes. Finally, we recommend that leaders and parents become familiar with the signs and symptoms of Lyme Disease. Information on Lyme Disease may be found at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/. For more information on ticks, visit the following website: http://www.cdc.gov/Features/StopTicks/.

Attach the removed tick to an index card and send it home with the camper. Circle the bite site on the camper’s skin with a permanent pen. Make sure camper is not allergic to the permanent pen used for marking.

28

Tick Removal (From CDC) If you find a tick attached to your skin, there's no need to panic. There are several tick removal devices on the market, but a plain set of fine-tipped tweezers will remove a tick quite effectively. https://tools.cdc.gov/medialibrary/index.aspx - /sharecontent/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fticks%2Fremoving_a_tick.html How to remove a tick Use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible. Pull upward with steady, even pressure. Don't twist or jerk the tick; this can cause the mouth-parts to break off and remain in the skin. If this happens, remove the mouth-parts with tweezers. If you are unable to remove the mouth easily with clean tweezers, leave it alone and let the skin heal. After removing the tick, thoroughly clean the bite area and your hands with rubbing alcohol, an iodine scrub, or soap and water. Dispose of a live tick by submersing it in alcohol, placing it in a sealed bag/container, wrapping it tightly in tape, or flushing it down the toilet. Never crush a tick with your fingers.

Follow-up If you develop a rash or fever within several weeks of removing a tick, see your doctor. Be sure to tell the doctor about your recent tick bite, when the bite occurred, and where you most likely acquired the tick. Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD)

Avoid folklore remedies such as "painting" the tick with nail polish or petroleum

jelly, or using heat to make the tick detach from the skin. Your goal is to remove

the tick as quickly as possible--not waiting for it to detach.

29

Security in the Out-of-Doors Security should be an integral part of planning for any overnight and must never be taken lightly. Your security plans need to be based on general safety precautions with your particular site in mind. If your overnight is at a council site, many security precautions are part of the system. Consider a plan for the following crime and intruder deterrents with particular care if your overnight site is not a council camp: • Effective lighting of the site whenever possible (it’s a good idea to have a light at the leader’s quarters

as well as the bathroom or latrine) • Locked doors on cars and buildings; carry car keys in pockets • Buddy system used at all times • An alarm system • Adequate adult supervision in sleeping areas • Defined site boundaries for girls and adults Safety Precautions to Follow Inform law enforcement officials that your group will be camping in a certain area. Ask officials in advance to include your camp in their patrol. Check for a perimeter security system, such as a fence and light, to define the boundaries of the camp. Keep girls within those boundaries. Set up tents within sight of each other. Tents should not be located too close to roads or site boundaries. Make the location of all adults onsite known to all campers. Establish an alarm or signal system, which everyone knows, to be used in distress or as a precaution. Practice a code word or whistle or ring a bell that all campers and adults will recognize. Practice the system at home and upon arrival at the campsite. Develop safety and security procedures for buddy teams to follow if they become separated from the group or get lost. Establish rules for everyone at the campsite to follow. Don’t just tell girls about emergencies. Use skits, games, discussions, flashcards, and quizzes. Practice for emergencies. Adapted from Outdoor Education in Girl Scouting (Girl Scouts of the USA).

30

Planning for Emergencies and Evacuation Your troop camping plan for emergencies and evacuation does not need to be elaborate, but it does need to be written, communicated, and practiced by all adults and girls. Planning will help everyone avoid panic or hysteria when an actual emergency occurs. Practicing for emergencies should be part of your troop’s preparation for an overnight. What potential emergencies could occur at your site? • Fire (building, grass, or forest) • Wind: electric lines down and flying debris • Heavy rain or lightning • Snow or blizzard • Tornado • Earthquake • Lost camper • Intruder (human or animal, seen or unseen) • Medical problems or injuries (adult or girl) • Vehicle breakdown or accident • Flood • Nuclear accident What will you do for each emergency? Where will you go? What phone numbers will you need in each case? Who is responsible? How will you avoid panic or hysteria in girls and adults? How can you prepare in advance for each situation? Keep these suggestions in mind: Write a plan. Practice with the girls at troop meetings. Recruit emergency contact people and coach them for their job. Give copies of your itinerary to parents and emergency contact people. Take the council’s emergency procedures (form #1088). Hold onsite drills. Post the emergency plan and phone numbers onsite. Take a cell phone with you (but remember that they will not work at all sites). Make sure that everyone has proper clothing. Review plans with the first-aider. Include a survival kit with the troop’s supplies. Check weather forecasts frequently. Include rest time in your plans. Research nearby shelters. Have drivers keep car keys in their pockets. Point cars outward to leave without reversing. Use an emergency whistle or other signal. The generally accepted signal is three blasts of a whistle

or car horn or three rings of a bell. Follow camp rules about buddies and boundaries. Know the health and medical needs of your group.

31

Procedures for Specific Emergencies Camp Evacuation • Don’t go unless you must. • If you must go, always go to your preplanned evacuation gathering site since shelter is probably your

most important need after evacuation. (Evacuate council sites according to the instructions in the Program Centers Manual.)

• Account for all buddies, stay with your buddy. • Secure the campsite, put out fires, zip tents, close doors, put supplies away, etc. (depending on the

circumstances). • Leave camp in an orderly fashion in a buddy line. • Have one adult at the head of the group and one adult at the end of the group to make sure that there

are no stragglers. • Take phone numbers with you to contact the police, hospital, ambulance, fire department, doctor,

council, and parents from the gathering area of your site and from your evacuation gathering site. • Notify the council spokesperson of your evacuation status. Intruders: Human or Animal • Stay with your buddy. • Report strange people or noises to a leader. • Make noise, use your flashlight, and stay with other people. • Move toward a well-lighted area and toward adults. • Contact the sheriff, camp ranger, or other authorities as needed. Tornado/Serious Storm/Lightning • Stay with your buddy. • Seek shelter inside the nearest permanent structure, stay near the center of the building. Remember

tents have metal poles which may act as a grounding path for lightning. • If no shelter is available, get inside cars. • If outside, stay away from tall objects (metal fences, telephone poles) and avoid the top of ridges or

hills. If on a mountain, get off the mountain as quickly and safely as possible. • If outdoors in a flat area, find the lowest point or nearest depression in the ground, such as a ditch or

ravine, and lie flat. • Move away from the tornado’s path at right angles. • In case of flooding, move to a safe location on higher ground if possible. • Do not evacuate a council site unless instructed by emergency or council personnel. (Flooding may

be worse on the road outside of camp.) Fire • Stay with your buddy. • Tie hair back and tighten loose clothing to keep them from catching on fire. • Report the fire to a leader and describe the type of fire (building, grass, forest, out-of-hand campfire,

etc.). • Call the fire department. • If camp evacuation is necessary, follow the evacuation procedures listed on the previous page.

32

PROCEDURES FOR FINDING A LOST, MISSING, OR RUNAWAY PERSON Each troop, summer camp, resident troop camp, and event should establish a plan for finding a lost, missing, or runaway person. The plan should be tailored specifically to the site and program in operation, be in writing, and be shared with all participants. Troop/group adults and camp/event staff members should have a copy of the plan that is reviewed in advance. It is important to check after each activity or break in an activity to be sure that all campers are present and accounted for. Buddy checks, roll calls, and counting off are methods that can be used. It is also necessary to have a system for the girls to use to check out when they leave the group with their buddies. An adult should know where they have gone, when they left, and approximately when they should be back. The plan for finding a lost, missing, or runaway person should include the following elements: Instructions for the troop/group leader to conduct an immediate search (within the first five minutes) of the unit or program areas they are in and to immediately identify who last saw the missing person, where and how long ago she or he was last seen, and what she or he was wearing. Instructions to notify the other adult in charge or the camp/event director if the missing person is not found within the first five minutes and to relay the above information. An outline of specific areas of the site to be searched by specific adults/staff members for a specific length of time (five to ten minutes, depending on the size of the site; it may be appropriate to use a vehicle to facilitate the searching). This outline should also include instructions for contacting other adults/staff members regarding searches in their areas. Every part of the site should be searched, including units, program areas, maintenance areas, dining areas, and any other buildings. If aquatic facilities are a part of the site, determine if there is a possibility that the missing person has drowned. When (how many minutes after notification) the emergency signal alerting everyone to gather at a determined central point will be sounded and what instructions for continuing program activities with the remaining participants will be given. This could free up additional staff members to search while allowing a skeleton staff to supervise the remaining campers in one place. When (how many minutes after notification) a professional search and rescue team should be notified. This should not be longer than 20 minutes after the first report of the missing person. Call 911 to begin this process. Follow the council’s emergency procedures as outlined on form #1088.

33

Setting Up Camp

34

To get the full benefit of actual contact with nature, it is absolutely necessary to camp out...where every breath of heaven can reach you and all wild things are within easy reach.

…Juliette Gordon Low

35

Minimal Impact Camping When large numbers of people use an area consistently, over a long period of time, the environment will react to this usage and change. Talk with the girls about the importance of respecting and protecting the natural world.

The following lists are designed to help you teach your girls ways to “protect and improve the world” around them.

Menu Planning and Food Preparation • Purchase products with recyclable and/or minimal packaging. • Plan menus that use less water and less cooking time. • Don’t over-buy. Campsite Setup Upon arrival at camp, take a few minutes with your troop/group to tour your campsite and go over the following: • Park vehicles only in designated places, backed in for emergency evacuation. • Conserve water; use only what you need. • Where does the water drain from the sink or spigot? • Can we control or reduce erosion? • Designate an area for recyclables and trash. • Turn off lights when not in use. • Stay on paths/trails to avoid disturbing soil and plants. • Leave the natural beauty for others to enjoy. • Do not pick, dig, or collect seeds, flowers, mosses, etc. Identify, admire, draw, or photograph, but

leave it there. • Remind your troop/group to be respectful, as they are visitors to this outdoor setting. Tent Pitching • Applies to popup canopies/dining fly • Use established, designated areas where possible. • Pick a site that is flat. • Avoid fragile soil (loose, wet, sloped, etc.). • Pitch tents in such a way as to cause the least damage to the ground. • Leave large logs and rocks in place. • Don’t dig holes or trenches. • Leave the site with no trace of it having been used. Fires/Fire Building • Use only designated fire areas. • Conserve wood/charcoal by building fires only as large as needed for what you are cooking. • Bring your own firewood (if allowed, check site instructions) or charcoal or use the wood provided and

then replenish with downed, dry, but not rotting wood collected from around the camp. (Removing downed wood on hills and banks my cause erosion.)

• Use natural charcoal (partially burned wood) left by previous groups.

36

Cooking, Eating, and Cleaning Up • Wash fruits and vegetables in buckets. • Use portable camp stoves for greatest fuel efficiency and less air pollution. • Heat water for cleanup on the fire when you start it or heat the water on a stove. • Use bandanas for napkins. • Use reusable dishes and utensils. • Scrape dishes with a rubber scraper before washing. • Don’t feed animals or leave food for them. It encourages them to depend on people for food and also

litters the site when food is not eaten. • Place the goop can on a well-drained, no-traffic area (avoid banks or hills) to pour dishwater into the

can. • Use cooking/preparation pots to serve from and soak them when empty. • Chewing gum dropped on the ground can harm chipmunks, squirrels, and other small animals. Hiking • Stay on designated trails to avoid trampling trailside plants and causing erosion. • Hike in small groups as much as possible. • Don’t take shortcuts. • When crossing creeks or streams where there is no bridge, step lightly so as not to disturb the habitat

of creek critters or cause erosion. • If you eat while hiking, be sure to bring all your trash/leftovers home. Nature Activities • Try to observe animals and plants in their natural habitats. • Walk and talk softly. • If you catch a critter to watch, keep it only a short time. • Be sure to return it to the place you found it. • It’s best to observe, not to disturb. • Do not cut live trees or carve their bark.

Campfires • Conserve wood and water by building campfires so that the fire has burned out when your program

ends. • If a fire is to burn for an extended period of time, it must be kept small and use as little wood or

charcoal as possible.

37

Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics is the most widely accepted outdoor ethics program used on public lands. Leave No Trace is about making good decisions to protect the world around you. For more information on protecting the environment, please visit Leave NO Trace at LNT.org. Plan Ahead and Prepare • Know the regulations and special concerns for the area you'll visit. • Prepare for extreme weather, hazards, and emergencies. • Schedule your trip to avoid times of high use. • Visit in small groups when possible. Consider splitting larger groups into smaller groups. • Repackage food to minimize waste. • Use a map and compass to eliminate the use of marking paint, rock cairns or flagging.

Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces • Durable surfaces include established trails and campsites, rock, gravel, dry grasses or snow. • Protect riparian areas by camping at least 200 feet from lakes and streams. • Good campsites are found, not made. Altering a site is not necessary. o In popular areas: Concentrate use on existing trails and campsites. Walk single file in the middle of the trail, even when wet or muddy. Keep campsites small. Focus activity in areas where vegetation is absent. In pristine areas: Disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites and trails. Avoid places where impacts are just beginning.

Dispose of Waste Properly • Pack it in, pack it out. Inspect your campsite and rest areas for trash or spilled foods. Pack out all

trash, leftover food and litter. • Deposit solid human waste in cat holes dug 6 to 8 inches deep, at least 200 feet from water,

camp and trails. Cover and disguise the cat hole when finished. • Pack out toilet paper and hygiene products. • To wash yourself or your dishes, carry water 200 feet away from streams or lakes and use small

amounts of biodegradable soap. Scatter strained dishwater.

38

Leave What You Find • Preserve the past: examine, but do not touch cultural or historic structures and artifacts. • Leave rocks, plants and other natural objects as you find them. • Avoid introducing or transporting non-native species. • Do not build structures, furniture, or dig trenches.

Minimize Campfire Impacts • Campfires can cause lasting impacts to the backcountry. Use a lightweight stove for cooking and

enjoy a candle lantern for light. • Where fires are permitted, use established fire rings, fire pans, or mound fires. • Keep fires small. Only use sticks from the ground that can be broken by hand. • Burn all wood and coals to ash, put out campfires completely, then scatter cool ashes.

Respect Wildlife • Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not follow or approach them. • Never feed animals. Feeding wildlife damages their health, alters natural behaviors, and exposes

them to predators and other dangers. • Protect wildlife and your food by storing rations and trash securely. • Control pets at all times, or leave them at home. • Avoid wildlife during sensitive times: mating, nesting, raising young, or winter.

Be Considerate of Other Visitors • Respect other visitors and protect the quality of their experience. • Be courteous. Yield to other users on the trail. • Step to the downhill side of the trail when encountering pack stock. • Take breaks and camp away from trails and other visitors. • Let nature's sounds prevail. Avoid loud voices and noises.

- See more at: https://lnt.org/learn/7-principles#sthash.Iq2YiErP.dpuf

Leave No Trace Principles for Kids

• Know Before You Go • Choose The Right Path • Trash Your Trash • Leave What You Find • Be Careful With Fire • Respect Wildlife • Be Kind To Other Visitors

39

Care of Platform Tents The platform tents you will find at GSVSC program centers are a wonderful source of shelter and fun. By following these simple steps, you will make sure that campers for years to come will be able to enjoy them. 1. Leaders or other adults need to enter the tents the first time to check for wasps and other insects.

Roll the sides, front, and back open and remove these visitors with brooms. 2. Sweep the floor before bringing in any gear. 3. Close the corners by matching grommets and lacing with a cord. (It is always a good idea to bring

extra cord.) 4. Tie down the sides and back of the tent. 5. Roll the front flaps to the inside and tie them with half-bows until gear is stored. 6. After gear is stored, tie down the front unless you need it tied back for ventilation. Always roll the

canvas to the inside and tie with half-bows. Be sure that the canvas is dry. Unroll it occasionally to remove insects and allow it to air out.

7. When sleeping in the tent, tie the front flaps on the inside of the tent with a half-bow for easy release. 8. Do not use any spray or tape on, in or near the canvas. 9. Do not hang anything on the ropes, cords or wooden supports. 10. When leaving, sweep out the tent and leave the sides, ends, and corners untied and loose. Be sure

that one end of the rope is tied securely to the top grommet. Do not leave ropes lying on the ground.

Tents Choosing a Tent Tents come in many shapes and sizes. When choosing a tent, consider how many will fit inside. Girls should be comfortable and cozy but not overcrowded. Consider how much the tent weighs and how far it must be carried. Girls should be able to carry their own tent. Choosing a Tent Site Outdoor Education in Girl Scouting suggests that you should inspect your campsite beforehand or get a first-hand report before using it. Chances are you will be using tent sites that have been used by others, so there will be depressions in the grass where other tents have been. Use these rather than pitching tents in unused areas. Look for a level spot. Remove rocks and sticks to prevent punctures in your tent. Don’t disturb the pine needles and grasses. Pitch your tents a good distance away from the fire circle if you plan to build a fire. Position tents so that there is walking room between them and room to set up stakes and guy lines. Entrances to tents can be faced away from the wind but with a view of the site. Facing east gives you morning sun. Look for indications that there is good drainage in case of rain. (A depression at the bottom of a hill is not a good site for a tent.) Look up to be sure that there are no overhanging limbs that could fall on you. Look down to be sure that you aren’t setting up on top of an anthill or the entrance to an animal home. Don’t pitch a tent on a trail. Don’t pitch a tent too close to water or too close to the edge of a cliff.

40

Pitching a Tent Practice setting up your tent at home before you go camping. Girls need to be familiar with setting up tents so that they can help with the process at the campsite. Check for missing parts and rips or tears and make repairs as needed. Follow the manufacturer’s directions for sealing the seams on a new tent. Lay down a ground cloth for extra protection for the bottom of your tent and to prevent rain from running between the ground cloth and the tent floor. Your ground cloth should not stick out beyond the tent. Fold extra material underneath the ground cloth. Position the tent over the ground cloth with the entrance in the direction you want to face. Face tent opening downhill if ground is sloped. If on flat area, tents may all face a center point. Open windows or sides to air. Keep bug screens closed. Keep gear away from the sides of the tent. Don’t overload the tent. Store excess gear in the car or under a tarp. Use ground cloths inside the tent under sleeping bags and even under foam pads to keep moisture absorption by sleeping bags to a minimum. Store pole bag and stake bag inside the tent bag. Place tent bag inside the tent to prevent it from getting lost. Striking a Tent Make sure that the tent is dry from morning dew. Remove everything from the inside of the tent. Sweep the tent. Unclip tent from poles, remove the poles and guy lines so that the tent collapses on itself. Put poles in pole bag. Carefully remove the stakes. Clean off dirt and put the stakes in the stake bag. Fold the tent neatly so that it fits back into the original bag. Tents should be folded differently each time so that permanent creases are not made. Remove and shake the ground cloth. Tent Tips Take care in using zippers. Use two hands and keep material from getting into zippers. Do not force a zipper; zip up slowly and zip up all the way. Don’t try to crawl into a small opening. Zippers can break. Keep netting closed except when going in and out to keep insects and animals out. Bring extra tent stakes and poles if possible. Don’t store food in your tent. Animals will get in any way they can to get it. Pitch tents away from the fire circle. Never use a spray of any kind inside or near a tent.

41

Don’t take any pointed objects into the tent. During rain, don’t touch the tent fabric. It causes separation of the fibers, which will then cause leakage. Don’t hang anything on the poles. They might collapse. Don’t put away a wet tent. It will get moldy. If you have to leave a site before the tent is dry, plan to take it out again that day and set it up to dry. Waiting even two days will cause mold to develop. Once you have mold, it is difficult to get rid of. Most manufacturers recommend wetting the moldy spot and carefully washing the mold off with a sponge dipped in a mild detergent only. Then expose the area to the sun for a few hours until it is thoroughly dry. Slip shoes and boots off before entering the tent. It will lessen the amount of debris that gets inside and save wear on the tent floor. Be sure to sweep out the tent before taking it down. Never take a candle or anything with an open flame into a tent. This means gas lanterns too. They get hot, and the fumes are toxic. Heaters may not be used in a tent. (See Group Camping Safety Activity Checkpoint) Tent must be made of fire-retardant materials. (See Group Camping Safety Activity Checkpoint) Show respect for your tent mates’ feelings. Agree on where each girl’s sleeping bag goes, where her gear is placed, etc., so that everyone in the tent is comfortable. Follow manufacturers’ instructions when using a pop up canopy or dining fly.

42

Instructions for Cleaning Latrines/Bathrooms Sweep the latrine or bathroom on arrival at camp. Using a sponge, clean sinks with disinfectant and water. If showers are available, wipe walls and floor with disinfectant. Place toilet paper and #10 cans (with plastic bags for sanitary napkins or tampons) in the latrine or bathroom. Sweep the floor daily. Empty the #10 cans. Wearing rubber, latex, or nitrile gloves, mix disinfectant and water and scrub lids and seats daily. If there is no opening in the toilet seat, place a tiny stone about ¼ inch thick between the lid and seat to allow the lid and seat to dry. Replace toilet paper. Pick up paper around the latrine or bathroom. Do not put any cleaning solution or lime, etc., down the latrine. Bacteria and special deodorant are put in the latrines regularly to decompose the contents and to keep them from smelling. Any other substances will kill the bacteria, and they will not do the necessary job.

43

Kaper Charts A kaper chart is a Girl Scout way of organizing activities and are visible reminders of the tasks that need to be done. Charts are designed so that jobs are rotated and girls share all the responsibilities. Some sample kaper charts are below. All-Camp Kapers All-camp kapers are different from general mealtime kapers. Each patrol or group should have the opportunity to do some of the all-camp kapers each day. In addition to those listed in Instructions for Cleaning Latrines/Bathrooms, some additional kapers may include: • Check the entire campsite carefully for trash and garbage. All of it is picked up and put in the proper

place.

• Water jugs at washstands need to be filled, and trash needs to be emptied. • Plan and carry out the morning and evening flag ceremonies. • The program area floor should be swept, counters and tables should be wiped clean, and the area

should be straightened. On the last day of camp, the large jobs that need to be done can be put on the kaper chart as all-camp kapers. Girls can have jobs such as packing the cars, checking the tents/cabins, and stocking the woodpile. It is important that all girls have jobs to do that contribute to the cleanup of camp before leaving. The camp checklist can be used as a guide. CAMP

Latrines Grounds Showers Flag Kitchen

Angie Martha

Dawn Jenny Michelle

Erica Marcia Sally

Elsie Anne Carol

Tammy Renee

Tags are moved around the

board

44

Inner wheel turns

45

Feasting in the Forest

46

Fresh air is your great friend. …Juliette Gordon Low

47

Progression in Outdoor Cooking

Follow this progression for successful, fun meals in the out-of-doors. While girls begin at the bottom of the chart and work their way up, the progression may change based on girls’ skill, comfort level, and recipe requirements. Try a new food or method on every cookout. Remember to review safety rules.

7 Skillet Cooking Cook for the group on a stove or grate. Older girls may cook on individual skillets.

Outdoor Cooking Progression

6 Box Oven Cooking Bake quick breads, pizzas cakes, and cookies. Then move on to meats and pies.

5 Dutch Oven Cooking Broil, stew, fry, or bake in one pot over hot coals.

4 Ember cooling Cook over coals with foil, or try ore advanced pie iron cooking.

3 Stick or Fork cooking Individual cooking with hotdogs or marshmallows on a fork. Keep it simple

2 One-Pot Cooking The meal’s main course is kept simple and cooked in one pot. Try stew or chili.

1 No cook meals No cooking or just heating one item, like coco or soup. (Bag meals.)

Skill progression is important for comfort and confidence building in girls. As they progress from step 1 to step 7, girls will learn the following skills:

• To balance menu and variety • Proper food care • Cleanup procedures • Conservation (alternatives to cutting sticks) • Safety and taking turns • Fire building and fire safety • Use of camp stoves and use of different

fuels • Planning menus • Food preparation • Starting charcoal without liquid starter

• Lifting a heavy pot • Handling hot coals • Use of a spatula and tongs • Maintaining even heat for cooking • Increased fire building skills • Patience • Making a box oven • Different ways to use coals • Creativity

Be aware that each step has its own progression. After girls have gone through the outdoor cooking progression, they are probably ready for novelty cooking.

48

Food Storage at Camp If you are using a council site for your camping event, all but primitive sites will have refrigeration available for keeping perishables cold. However, most non-council sites will not have refrigeration, so you may need to bring coolers and ice. Coolers will probably be satisfactory for two-day food storage in most weather situations. If you are camping for a longer time, it is better to buy perishables as you need them. Store perishables in a cooler for no longer than one or two days at a time. After the second day, plan meals using ingredients that need no refrigeration. It is very hard to maintain a temperature of 45°F or below (see Outdoor Cooking Safety Activity Checkpoint) in a portable cooler. Food tends to spoil quickly in a cooler with ice. Wash the interior of a cooler with baking soda and water before filling it with food. Put as much ice on top of the food as possible because the cold air sinks to the bottom. Coolers should be drained and checked periodically, and ice should be replaced as needed. Keeping coolers under a picnic table or where they can be sheltered from the sun is a good idea during the day. A wet towel on top of the cooler also helps. Do not keep full coolers in a closed car during the day as the inside of the car can be extremely hot. At night, however, coolers should be kept in a car to prevent animal theft and damage. Fruits and vegetables that are going to be kept in a cooler should be washed first and stored in Ziploc bags. Store fruits and vegetables in a separate cooler if possible. Milk and margarine should be purchased in plastic containers. Eggs, mayonnaise, and other condiments should be transferred to plastic containers and labeled. Meat should be frozen ahead of time if it will not be used on the first day of camp. All meat should be stored in Ziploc bags to prevent contamination of other foods. Avoid leftovers. Eat it up or throw it out! Plan for no waste.

.

49

Packing Food for Camp Packing food properly means carefully planning and repackaging any items so that you are not hauling more food than you need! Ensure freshness and cleanliness. Reduce bulkiness and weight. Premix foods. Practice a system of packing: • Day by day: Pack by meal with the correct amount of each ingredient. Label a bag for each meal and

group all meals for one day. This prepackaging method is time-consuming but allows maximum time on the trip for other endeavors. It is a great system for large groups.

• By meals: All foods for breakfast are packed together, all foods for lunch are packed together, etc. When you prepare a breakfast, unpack the containers packed for breakfast, when you prepare a lunch, unpack the containers packed for lunch, etc. Don’t forget to pack for snacks!

• By ingredients: All ingredients are packed by type: macaroni, noodles, and rice are packed together, meat and cheese are packed together, etc. This may be easiest for a troop house camping trip because that’s how most home pantries are organized.

Sometimes you need special containers other than the supermarket containers for food to make packing easier. Glass is generally not appropriate. Following are some examples: • Heavy-weight Ziploc bags • Plastic freezer containers with tight seals • Thoroughly washed plastic bottles (even baby bottles) • Thoroughly washed prescription bottles Washing hands before and during food preparation is vital to sanitation. Cooks should have a hand-washing station nearby so that they can wash before and after handling meat, eggs, or messy foods. They should not have to wipe their hands on their pants or bandanas while cooking. If they touch their hair or faces, they should wash before touching food again. See examples of hand-washing stations on page 52 and on page 75 in OEIGS. Cooking stations must be thoroughly washed before each use. When using utensils, cutting boards, or containers for more than one purpose while preparing a meal, have hot, soapy water available to wash them. Food needs to be cooked thoroughly at camp. Meats such as ground beef and turkey and anything with eggs in it must be cooked thoroughly to eliminate bacteria that can cause illness. Do not let anyone eat undercooked food or raw food that should be cooked before eating. (Tip: Precook meat at home and bring it to camp ready to just heat.) Safe drinking water must be available. Check water availability if you are using a non-council site. Some areas have no water or unsafe water, so you may need to carry your own drinking water and dishwashing supply. Figure two quarts of drinking water per person per day and three to six gallons of water for washing dishes per meal. If the water supply is low or you have to provide your own, then plan meals that require minimal cleanup.

50

Menu Planning Cooking in the out-of-doors is not very different from cooking at home. The only real difference lies in the heat source — propane, charcoal, or wood rather than a gas or electric stove. Menus and recipes, therefore, need not be much different from those you prepare at home. Many girls from modern families don’t get much chance to cook, so you may have to begin at the very beginning with cooking skills. More and more people are reducing fat and sugar in their diets. Camp cooking can reflect better nutrition. Substituting lean beef or draining and rinsing browned hamburger, substituting chicken or turkey, or using no meat can reduce the total fat content of a meal. Sugar can be reduced by half in most recipes without any change in the outcome of the recipe. Baked items like muffins or carrot cakes can be as tasty as cake and more nutritious. Try baked fruit or a cobbler instead of marshmallow desserts. Fruits and vegetables need to be included in every meal. They provide energy and important vitamins and minerals. Look for creative ways of preparing and serving fruits and vegetables. The food you select for a camping trip menu is a vital part of the preparation for the trip. While camping, you and the girls will be exerting more energy and burning more calories than you would during normal, everyday activity. Plan ahead for plenty of food with nutrients — carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals — that you will need. Your camp food needs to have the following characteristics: • Nutritious and from all groups of the food pyramid; think 1,000 to 2,000 extra calories per day, per

girl/adult • Lightweight, more or less, depending on how far

you will haul it • Space-efficient • Of good keeping quality • Easy to pack in exact quantities • Easy to group by day of use • Tasty and fun Guide your girls in this process: • Write down your daily itinerary. How much food

do you need? For how many days? What refrigeration and water supply do you have?

• Are you actually going to cook? Many no-cook foods or foods that just need heating will be easier, require less cleanup, and leave you more time for other activities.

• Think about the activity level. Girls on active camping trips need plenty of food. Will your activity level and program plans allow time for three cooked meals a day?

• Do some assessment of personal food preferences and cultural or religious needs of your group. Also check health and dietary needs. Are any of your girls vegetarian, diabetic, gluten intolerant or allergic to peanuts? You don’t want to make any girl feel conspicuous.

• Prepare for mealtime kapers. Each person should know her job for each meal, and the cooks should be able to unpack only the amount of food needed for the current meal.

Keep in mind the outdoor cooking progression chart on page 47.

Hints for Menu Planners

• Concentrate on one-dish meals and easy-to-cook recipes.

• Match menus and recipes to available equipment (spaghetti requires a large pot that is hard to keep at boiling temperature).

• Perishable leftovers must be thrown away if you have no refrigeration.

• Cooking one item for a meal and preparing two or three no-cook items keeps life (and cleanup) simple!

• For budget purposes, a guideline for food cost (not including fuel, paper products, etc.) per person is: • $2.50 for a one-pot meal • $3.00 for a foil meal • $1.50 for a snack

51

Outdoor Cooking Kapers Hostess Set the eating table with salt, pepper, sugar, etc. Place a paper towel at each place to use as a napkin and a wipe for dishes before washing. Make a table centerpiece from natural materials; replace the materials after use. (Do not pick live plants.) Set up a hand-washing area. Choose, practice, teach, and lead a grace before eating. Serve food and drinks. During the meal, “go-fer” more food and drinks. Fire Builders All Fires Prepare emergency equipment first (water or sand, buckets, a shovel, a rake, and a fire extinguisher as needed). Assemble matches, tongs, potholders, and mitts. If using a fire circle or fireplace, clean out ashes, leaves, etc. Put cold ashes in a container to take home. Never leave any fire unattended. After the fire is extinguished, store the emergency equipment, grates, grills, etc. Propane Stove Assemble the stove. When ready to cook, light the stove and then regulate the heat. After cooking is finished, let the stove cool. Clean the stove. Store the stove and fuel. Wood Fire Prepare fire starters. Gather wood and sort tinder, kindling, and fuel. Break or saw wood as needed. A piece of heavy-duty aluminum foil under the foundation fire is helpful if the ground is damp, and it aids in cleanup of ashes. Lay the foundation fire, light a fire starter with a match (no liquid), and keep the fire going. Start fires early enough to be ready for cooking. Maintain the fire as needed for cooking and campfire. To put out the fire, let it die down, spread the ashes, sprinkle them with water*, and stir. Be sure that the fire is completely out before leaving the area.

Charcoal Fire Prepare fire starters. Prepare the area to be used (i.e., fire circle, fireplace, or grill). Use a charcoal chimney to start the charcoal. Add more charcoal as needed. Separate charcoal as needed over the cooking area. Be sure to use long tongs. To put out the fire, separate the coals, crush if possible, sprinkle with water*, and stir. Repeat as needed to be sure that the fire is completely out. *If using a fireplace, do not sprinkle with water as this may cause the cement to crack. Allow additional time for the fire to burn out completely. If absolutely necessary, coals can be placed in a metal bucket with water. Cooks Wash hands. Wash pots, pans, kitchen utensils, and dishes as needed. Assemble utensils and dishes for preparing, cooking, and serving food. Soap the outside of pots if using wood or charcoal fire. Prepare and cook food. Store leftover food. Put grease in a can with a cover, put it in a refrigerator to harden if possible, and take it home or put it in the garbage. Put water in cooking pots and pans for easier cleanup. You may want to divide cooks into cold cooks and hot cooks. Cleanup Heat dishwater as soon as possible on any fire not in use or on a portable stove. Cover the pot with foil. Set up the dishwashing area according to directions. Have individuals wash their own dishes. Be sure that they wipe them with their napkins first. Clean off the eating tables. Store salt, pepper, sugar, etc. Wash cooking pots, pans, and kitchen utensils and store them for the next meal. Put the garbage bag in a secure, rodent-proof place (e.g., hang it high in a tree). Store the dishwashing setup.

52

Hand Washing Personal cleanliness is an important aspect of camp living. If there is not a hand-washing facility close to your site, it is easy to set one up in the unit. You will need the following: • Liquid soap in a plastic pump bottle, which

can be tied to the water container. • A container for water: A plastic jug with

holes punched in the lid allows you to sprinkle hands, or you can punch a small hole near the bottom for a stream of water. This hole can be plugged with a twig or golf tee, or water can be controlled by tightening and loosening the lid.

• You may not need paper towels. Each girl may carry a bandana that serves as a towel. Do not continue to use bandanas after they become dirty.

53

Dishwashing Each girl takes care of her own dishes and silverware. Pots, pans, and cooking utensils are washed, rinsed, and sanitized by the cleanup patrol as per kaper assignments when all have finished washing dishes.

Before You Wash Your Dishes

Scrape your dishes clean into a garbage bag. Wipe off the food residue with the napkin you used. Dispose of any recyclables in a provided receptacle. Dispose of any burnable materials in a provided receptacle.

• Garbage: Food scraps, non-burnables, and goop

• Recyclables: Glass, cans, plastic, and clean aluminum foil

• Burnables: Paper only; do not burn glass or Styrofoam

Follow These Steps to Wash Dishes at Camp

Do not use spigots to wash dishes.

1. Fill three clean pans with:

a.) Hot soapy water

• At least 110 °F (i.e., bath water) • Use it to thoroughly wash dishes

and utensils using dish mops or brushes.

b.) Clean water

• Use it to rinse dishes and utensils free of detergent and abrasives.

c.) Clean water with one tablespoon 100 - 200ppm) of unscented chlorine or equivalent per gallon of water

• Use it to sanitize dishes and utensils for at least one minute.

2. Use tongs or gloves to protect hands from bleach water.

3. Place dishes and utensils in a drip bag to air dry on a line. Air dry pots and pans.

4. Dispose of dishwater by straining it through a goop can. Pour strained water down a drain or pour it in an area with good drainage, where soap will not harm plants or animals, and at least 200 feet away from your water sources and your campsite.

5. Dispose of goop can contents in the garbage.

6. Place tongs, pans, etc., in a drip bag and suspend the drip bag from a line.

7. Remove the drip line before leaving camp.

54

A Solution to Dishpan Goop Have you ever stood in the middle of your campsite holding a dishpan full of dirty, soapy water and wondering what to do with all the food particle goop that is sure to attract enterprising creatures? Well, here’s help! You can trap it inside an old nylon hose and deposit it in your garbage bag. Here’s how: Start with a can about the size of a two-pound coffee can from which only one end has been removed. (You may also use a small, plastic flower pot.) Using a triangular punch or church-key can opener, punch holes around the side of the can near the unopened end. Next, cut one leg of a discarded pair of pantyhose or knee-high hose and place the toe portion inside the can. Stretch the cut edge of the hose over the sides of the can. Place the can, open end up, on the ground in an area with good drainage and minimal vegetation and pour your dishwater into the can. This should be done at least 200 feet away from your water sources and your campsite. The water will flow through the hose and out of the holes around the bottom of the can. The goop remains trapped inside the hose, which can be easily removed and disposed of in the garbage bag.

55

Fire Safety Checklist Housekeeping • Keep the stove free of grease. Have baking

soda or salt and a fire extinguisher handy in case of a grease fire.

• Do not hang wet clothing near a fire to dry. • Clean out fire areas only when ashes have

been left at least overnight. Make certain they are completely cold.

• Keep matches in a metal container away from fires.

• Use only safety matches. • Dispose of pressurized cans with garbage.

Do not mix them with burnables. Do not throw them into a fire. They will explode!

Flammable Liquids • Start wood fires with paper, tinder, or fire

starters (emergency fuel), never with combustible liquids.

• If starting a charcoal fire with charcoal starter fluid, be sure to follow appropriate Safety Activity Checkpoints. Never add starter fluid once charcoal is lit.

Smoking • Smoking is not allowed in the presence of

girls. • No smoking is to be allowed in tents or while

walking around camp. Smoking areas, such as campfire rings, should be designated at pre-camp meetings. Smoking is not allowed in shelters or buildings.

• Carefully extinguish all cigarette butts when disposing of them. Do not throw butts on the ground.

• All matches should be broken in half and completely extinguished before they are thrown away in the trash or fire circle.

Firefighting

• Have firefighting equipment on hand at each

fire area: rakes, shovels, buckets of water, and buckets of sand.

• Inspect each fire extinguisher for a current date and to ensure that the needle on the dial is in the green area. (Inspect all hoses, if used.)

• Before going to bed, check to be certain all fires are out.

• Have emergency fire numbers beside each phone.

• Know emergency evacuation procedures. Practice an emergency drill.

Campfires • Build fires only in designated areas, not near

trees or roots. • Clear away all flammable material from fire

areas for at least six feet. • Never leave a fire unattended. • Do not scatter or bury ashes on GSVSC

property. Upon arriving at camp, remove ashes if they have been completely out for at least 24 hours. Place the bagged ashes in the trash receptacles. Leave your ashes in place, making sure the fire is completely out before leaving the site.

• Be certain fires are out when you are finished using them. See page 61 for proper procedures.

Remember: One tree will make a thousand matches, but it only takes one match to destroy a thousand trees.

Fire Safety

• Tie long hair back. • Remove loose or flammable clothing (e.g.,

ponchos and nylon windbreakers). • Control the number of people around a fire;

never let more than one or two girls inside the fire circle at a time.

• Walk around the fire. Do not run. • Place wood on the fire carefully; throwing it

scatters sparks and burning wood. • Keep firefighting supplies (water, sand, and a

shovel) close to the fire. • Watch for flying sparks and keep tents, stove

fuel, and other flammable materials at a safe distance away from the fire.

56

Portable Cook Stoves The use of stoves while camping is fun and easy. Stove users have no wood to gather, no sooty pots to clean, and no smoky clothes to wash. They can stop anywhere to cook a meal, and weather is no problem. Refer to Outdoor Cooking Safety Activity Checkpoints. Portable cook stoves come in a wide variety of sizes and fuels. Some are small and lightweight, ideal for trip camping. Others are larger and heavier but great for groups of campers just a short distance from their cars. Choose the appropriate sizes and number of stoves for your needs. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the lighting and maintenance of all stoves. Propane Propane is a compressed fuel in heavy steel cylinders. Propane is inexpensive and readily available. Double burner stoves using propane fuel are reliable, durable, cook quickly, and do not require priming. The fuel is too bulky and heavy for trail use. Liquid Fuel Liquid fuel is a highly refined fuel sometimes referred to as white gas. Liquid fuel is available where sporting goods are sold. While liquid fuel stoves are acceptable, they are not recommended for troop use. Safety • Propane is the most widely used fuel but

can be highly volatile and explosive! It must be used properly.

• Keep hair tied back. • Keep a fire extinguisher at hand. • Use stoves only in well-ventilated areas. • Restrict the number of people around a

stove. • Keep matches away from stoves and fuel. • Make sure that stoves are stable and away

from traffic. • Store extra fuel away from the cooking

flame.

• Dispose of pressurized cans properly. Do not place them in a fire. Do not place them in direct sunlight or subject them to high heat.

Note: The Girl Scouts of Virginia Skyline Council risk management team dictates that Daisy Girl Scouts may not use portable cook stoves. Brownie and Junior Girl Scouts may cook but not handle, refuel, or light stoves. Cadette, Senior and Ambassador Girl Scouts may use, handle, refuel, and light stoves with adult supervision.

57

Propane Stoves

CARBON MONOXIDE HAZARD • For outdoor use only. • Never use inside house, camper, tent, vehicle or other unventilated or enclosed areas. This stove

consumes air (oxygen). Do not use in unventilated or enclosed areas to avoid endangering your life.

SERVICE SAFETY • Keep all connections and fittings clean. Inspect propane cylinder and stove propane connections

for damage before attaching. During set up, check all connections and fittings for leaks using soapy water. Bubbles indicate a leak. Never use a flame.

BURN HAZARD • Never leave stove unattended when hot or in use. • Keep out of reach of children.

EXPLOSION - FIRE HAZARD Propane is heavier than air and can accumulate in low places. If you smell gas, leave the area

immediately. Always attach or detach propane source outdoors; never while stove is lighted, near flame, pilot

lights, other ignition sources or while stove is hot to touch. This stove is red hot during use and can ignite flammables too close to the burners. Keep

flammables at least 12 inches from the sides and 48 inches from the top of the stove. Keep gasoline and other flammable liquids and vapors well away from stove.

TO SET UP

Press on latch to open lid and position wind baffles as shown. Insert wire clips into slots. Close both burner valves firmly. Remove regulator from storage

position under grate and inspect gasket on the stove connection before use.

Remove plastic cap from top of propane cylinder and screw propane cylinder into regulator hand tight.

Screw regulator into stove hand tight

TO LIGHT

INSTAStart ™ Electronic Ignition Stoves:

Open burner valve and rotate ignitor knob several times until burner lights. Note: If ignitor fails to light stove, use match to light burner. If the stove is wet the ignitor may not spark.

58

Standard ignition stoves:

Hold lighted match near burner and open burner valve. Adjust flame with burner valves. Flame should be blue with a hint of yellow on tips.

TO TURN OFF

Close burner valves firmly.

TO STORE

Remove propane cylinder from regulator and replace plastic cap on cylinder.

59

Bow Saws If it is necessary to cut wood for fuel and it is environmentally sound to do so, use a saw to cut dead trees and limbs. Saws come in a great variety, from tiny, wire pocket saws and compact, folding types to big two-person bow saws. The one-person bow saw is the saw most often used at GSVSC program centers. Use and Care • Saws cut on the pull stroke. This is the power stroke. • Use a saw buck, if available. Be sure that the section to be cut is on the outside of the saw buck so

the downward pressure does not bind the blade. Have someone hold the far end of the log. • If a saw buck is not available, lay the wood across another log. The length to be cut should be off the

ground on one side of the log. Have someone hold the other end of the wood on the ground on the opposite side of the log.

• Use long, straight strokes. • For smooth and easy cutting action when using a two-person saw, don’t push on your side when the

other person is pulling • Sharpen saw blades with a file. • Keep saws clean and dry to prevent rust. Safety • Use a saw buck or lay the wood across a chopping block. • Have a “circle of safety.” • Be sure that the blade is secure. • Work smoothly to prevent binding and buckling of the blade. • Store the saw away from curious hands. Protect people and gear by keeping the blade “muzzled.”

Some saws come with plastic covers. You can make a blade cover using a length of garden hose split to fit over the blade, or you can make a cardboard sheath.

• Close a folding saw when not in use. • Store saws in a dry, protected place off the ground.

60

Wood Fires Cooking over an open fire and sitting around a campfire with special friends are often viewed as integral parts of camping. Environmental concerns, however, force us all to look more critically at how we use natural resources. Know the purpose of each fire. Are there alternatives to a wood fire? Are all materials available? If building a wood fire is still the best cooking or ceremonial solution, follow these five steps and the safety precautions. 1. Choose a Safe and Suitable Place Whenever possible, use an established fire circle. If no fire circle exists and a fire must be built, choose a clearing with no overhanging limbs and away from traffic areas. Clear an area 10 feet in diameter down to dirt, sand, or rock, taking care to preserve the sod so it can be replaced. Place a shovel and a large bucket of water, sand, or dirt nearby to put out the fire. 2. Gather Your Woodpile You will need three types of fire material: tinder, kindling, and fuel. The match lights the tinder, the tinder lights the kindling, and the kindling lights the fuel. Tinder is tiny, dry twigs and other material that catches fire easily. It is as wide as a match and as long as a pencil. You can substitute fire starters for tinder. Kindling is dry wood ranging in size from the width of a pencil to the thickness of your thumb. Fuel is dry wood larger than your thumb up to good-sized logs or charcoal. For a quick, hot fire, use soft wood, such as pine. For lasting coals, use hard wood, such as oak. Build your woodpile a safe distance from your fire so sparks don’t land on it. You will be unable to gather wood at most sites. Be prepared to supply your own small wood and make sure that fuel is available.

3. Build a Foundation Fire Use three pieces of kindling to form an “A” in your fire ring with the open end facing the wind. Place a large handful of tinder on the crossbar of the “A.” Leave space to place the match under the tinder. Then place several pieces of kindling on top of the tinder. Make sure that you have additional kindling and fuel on hand before you light the fire

Remember: • Never leave a fire unattended for even a

minute. • Fire needs oxygen, fuel, and a source of

heat. • Flames burn upwards. • Don’t bend over your fire. • Tie your hair back. • Take your time. Don’t hurry. Keep adding kindling to the fire, one piece at a time. Gradually increase the size of the wood until your fire is going well. Sometimes you may need to blow gently at the base of the fire to give it more air. Blow with the wind, not against it. 4. Build Your Fire Into the Type and Size You Need Cone (teepee) and crisscross (log cabin) fires can be used in many ways. A cone gives quick, hot, concentrated fire for boiling or broiling. Build your kindling into a cone shape before lighting, taking care to leave air spaces between the pieces.

61

A crisscross fire makes a solid, long-burning campfire or coals for ember cooking. Build evenly with graduated sizes of wood, taking care to leave air spaces.

A hunter’s fire can be used when you don’t have a grate to support your pot or skillet. Place two wet logs (or green ones if available without cutting) in a “V.” Build your fire between the logs and rest your pot on the logs for cooking.

Don’t build a fire bigger than you need. 5. Put Out Your Fire Let your fire die down. Use a shovel to break up and spread the coals. Sprinkle the coals with water, stir, and sprinkle again.

Don’t drown the fire. Don’t sprinkle or pour water on hot rocks. They may explode. The fire is out when there are no live coals or grey ash and you can hold your hand on the spot where the fire was not feel any warmth. If you did not use an established fire circle, widely scatter ashes and unused wood and replace the sod. If you used wet or green logs, be certain that they are cool and return them to the woods where you found them. (Always use an established fire circle on council property.) Leave your Girl Scout thanks not your ashes as evidence that you were there.

62

Make Your Own Fire Starters Make fire starters ahead of time and bring them to camp. Below are some examples of fire starters: • Cardboard egg cartons filled with sawdust or

wood shavings and melted paraffin • Rolled up newspaper tied with string and

dipped in melted paraffin • Twisted paper tied with string and dipped in

melted paraffin • Strips of cotton cloth dipped in melted

paraffin • Carved fuzz sticks (see page 107 for

directions) • Wax paper filled with shaved wax and rolled

up.

Be Prepared for Wet Weather • Keep your wood covered and dry at all times. • Waterproof your matches. Dip match heads, one at a time, in nail polish or wax. When they’re dry,

store them in a waterproof container. • Candle stubs and fire starters often provide enough heat to dry kindling and get a fire going.

Fire Building Song

(Tune: “Love Me Tender”) Love me tinder, love me fuel, Love me kindling too. If you build your fire right, It will take care of you. Love me tinder, love me fuel, Love me kindling too. If you build your fire right, It will take care of you.

63

Fireplaces Before starting a fire in a fireplace, whether indoors or outdoors, be sure that you clearly understand the procedures below. 1. Clean the fireplace before using. 2. Open the fireplace damper (if there is one) before starting the fire. 3. Use a small amount of tinder and kindling to start the fire. Begin building the fire on the floor of the

fireplace near the back fireplace wall. You can use the same basic A-frame layout used to start any cooking fire or campfire.

4. As the fire begins to burn, gradually and carefully add larger pieces of wood until the fire has enough

fuel-sized wood to burn continuously. Use only the amount of wood needed for your purpose. 5. Do not add wood to the fire during the last half hour of your stay. Push the ashes and partially burned

pieces of wood to the back of the fireplace and allow the fire to burn out completely before you leave camp.

6. Do not use water to extinguish a fire in a fireplace! It will crack the firebrick and damage the chimney. 7. Keep all combustible materials at least three feet away from the fireplace. Use a fire screen if

possible. 8. Do not hang clothing or towels to dry any closer than three feet from the fireplace. 9. Do not use liquid fuels to light or increase the fire in a fireplace. 10. Do not use charcoal in an indoor fireplace. 11. Avoid playing active games or other activities near the fireplace. 12. If you have a chimney fire, follow the procedures below:

• If possible, shut the draft controls and damper completely. • Alert everyone in the building and evacuate children and extra adults. • Call the fire department. • Notify the camp caretaker.

64

Charcoal Cooking Charcoal cooking is a fun, versatile, and environmentally sound alternative to wood fire. Get Started Be sure to place a bucket of water nearby for safety before starting your charcoal. Charcoal Chimney Starters Lighting charcoal is easy to accomplish by using a charcoal chimney. To make your charcoal chimney, you’ll need one empty #10 can, a church-key can opener and a pair of needle-nosed pliers. School cafeterias or restaurants are good sources of #10 cans. When you receive the can, one end should already be removed. Using a church-key can opener, punch holes every two inches around the closed rim of the can. Remove the closed end. Using needle-nosed pliers, wrap the punches tightly around the rim. Place the can in the fire circle with the holes near the ground. Place newspaper over fire starters in the bottom of the can and place the charcoal on top. Tilt the can away from the wind and prop it with a piece of charcoal. Light the fire starters. The briquettes will be ready in 30 to 40 minutes. When the charcoal is hot, use tongs to lift off the chimney and spread the coals. Place the chimney in a water bucket to slowly cool off.

Get Cooking When the coals are gray, you’re ready to start cooking using one of the following methods. Dutch Oven Spread a single layer of coals the size of the bottom of the pot and set the pot directly on the coals. Put the same number of coals on top of the pot lid. Broiling, Fork Cooking, and Foil Cooking Spread coals flat over an area large enough to fit the size of a rack or grill. Then you can broil food directly on the grill, several roasting forks can be held over the heat, or dinners double wrapped in foil can be tucked around the edges of the coals.

Charcoal Lighter Fluid While charcoal lighter fluid is not the first recommended choice for lighting charcoal fires with girls, girls do need to know how to use it correctly. You may need to use charcoal lighter fluid if your charcoal is damp. Use only a specified charcoal lighter to light charcoal. Never use gasoline. Use charcoal lighter fluid only in a well-ventilated area. Do not use it near heat or flames. Do not add lighter fluid after charcoal is lit. Arrange charcoal in a pile. Apply charcoal lighter fluid over the charcoal. Light the charcoal immediately. The charcoal lighter fluid will burn off cleanly in a few minutes, leaving the charcoal fully ignited. When the charcoal is covered with gray ash, spread it evenly and begin cooking.

65

Skillet or One-Pot Cooking Spread a single layer of coals just the size of your skillet or pot. Support the skillet or pot on small rocks at each corner so that the bottom of the skillet or pot is ¼ inch from the coals. This allows some air circulations and keeps the fire hotter. If your stove or fireplace has a grill, a skillet or pot can be placed on the grill over coals. Keeping the coals under the skillet or pot helps prevent burned hands. Turn Up the Heat If your charcoal is getting too cool, remove all food, place new briquettes between hot ones, heap up the coals, and fan vigorously for about five minutes. Then rearrange the charcoal and return food items to the heat. Use oven mitts and tongs to protect your hands and arms. Cool Down the Coals Now your food is cooked. Your dishwater is hot. The charcoal is still burning. So, what do you do next? Use tongs to dunk each coal in water. Spread the wet coals to dry and sprinkle water on the remaining ashes. After the coals are dry, use a coffee can with a lid (or a similar tin) as a storage container for the used coals, and you can take them home with you to use later.

66

Dutch Oven Cooking A Dutch oven is a must for delicious campout feasts! Just about anything you cook in a regular oven, from pies to breads to stews, can be whipped up in a Dutch oven using hot charcoal in your campfire ring. A Dutch oven is commonly defined as any covered metal cooking pot. The kind used for camping is made of heavy cast iron and has three short legs on the bottom and a tight-fitting lid with a rim to hold coals. A Dutch oven that does not have legs, is flat on the bottom, and has a highly domed basting lid without a rim for coals is called a “bean pot” or “kitchen Dutch oven.” These pots can be used with coals but are better suited for use on a stove top or in an oven. Seasoning a Dutch Oven The only way to successfully cook in a Dutch oven is to properly season it first. When you buy a new Dutch oven, it is usually coated with a waxy material to protect it. Obtaining the desirable nonstick properties of a well-used pot takes a little time and effort. To season your Dutch oven, wash it with mild, soapy water, rinse, and dry completely. Lightly grease it inside and out (pot, legs, and lid) with a good grade of olive or vegetable oil or solid shortening such as Crisco. Do not use lard or other animal products as they will spoil and turn rancid! Do not use a spray-on coating but rather use an oil-soaked paper towel or new sponge. Place the greased Dutch oven upside down on the oven rack with the lid separate and put aluminum foil underneath to catch any excess oil. Bake it in a 300 °F to 350 °F oven for at least one hour. (It will probably smoke and stink up your house!) If you’d rather heat it outside to avoid the smoke and smell in your house, you can do that instead. A gas grill works great for this method. It will take more than the initial seasoning for the pot to obtain the desired uniform black patina (like a satin black bowling ball) that provides the nonstick qualities and protects the pot from rust, but the seasoning on your pot will improve with each use if you properly oil and care for the pot. Re-season your pot regularly and especially if it starts to rust or has a metallic taste, as this is a sign that the seasoning has been removed.

Repeat the seasoning steps if this happens. You should also re-season the pot after storage or if it smells rancid. Once your Dutch oven is seasoned, it should never be scrubbed with soap. Store it in a warm, dry place with the lid cracked so air can circulate inside. Cooking Tips For easy cleanup, line the bottom and the sides of the Dutch oven with aluminum foil. Use a wooden spoon to stir and always cook with the lid on. Unless you like ashes in your food, don’t tilt the lid when you remove it. When you do remove the lid or handle any part of the hot oven, use cooking gloves or tongs. A Dutch oven seems indestructible, but it will shatter if it is dropped on hard cement and crack if cold water is poured into it while it is very hot. Never, never pour very cold water into a hot, empty pot as you may cause permanent damage (cracking) to the oven! Heat control is the hardest thing to master when learning to cook with a Dutch oven. Remember to start with moderate temperatures. You can always add more heat if desired or necessary. Be cautious. Most guests don’t enjoy burned food! High-quality briquettes are recommended. Briquettes provide a long-lasting, even heat source and are easier to use than wood coals. Briquettes will last for about an hour and will need to be replenished if longer cooking times are required. Group the smaller briquettes and add new, hot ones as required to maintain the desired temperature. Remember this rule of thumb: each briquette adds between 10 and 20 degrees. Different types of cooking require different placement of the briquette. Following are a few general rules for briquette placement: • For roasting, the heat source comes from

the top and bottom equally. This requires twice as many coals on the top as on the bottom.

• For baking, the heat source comes from the top more than the bottom. Place three times as many coals on the lid.

• For boiling, frying, stewing, and simmering,

67

all heat comes from the bottom. All coals are placed beneath the Dutch oven.

Place the required number of briquettes under the oven bottom in a circular pattern so they are at least ½ inch inside the oven’s edge. Arrange briquettes on top of the oven in a checkerboard pattern. Do not bunch briquettes as they can cause hot spots. To prevent or minimize hot spots during cooking, get in the habit of lifting and rotating the entire oven ¼ turn and then rotating just the lid ¼ turn in the Opposite direction. Rotate every 10 to 15

minutes. If you use wood coals, remember that the flame will be much hotter than the coals! Avoid direct flames on the pot or turn frequently. It is important to remember that these tips are only a guide to help you get started. You will need to adjust briquettes or coals according to the recipe and keep in mind that the weather, ambient temperature, and ground conditions can affect cooking temperature. Below is a handy guide to the amounts of charcoal briquettes needed for Dutch ovens of different sizes to reach desired temperature levels.

325°F 350°F 375°F 400°F 425°F 450°F Oven size Coals needed 8" TOP 10 11 11 12 13 14 BOTTOM 5 5 6 6 6 6 10" TOP 13 14 16 17 18 19 BOTTOM 6 7 7 8 9 10 12" TOP 16 17 18 19 21 22 BOTTOM 7 8 9 10 10 11 14" TOP 20 21 22 24 25 26 BOTTOM 10 11 12 12 13 14 For cooking times over an hour, additional charcoal may be necessary.

Either have another batch ready to go after about an hour and a half or, at about an hour, place unlit briquettes next to those on and under the oven to ignite them.

68

KNOTS Knots The part of the rope that you tie the knot with is called the ‘Working’ end. In the following pictures, the working end is striped.

The other end of the rope is called the ‘Standing’ end. This end just hangs around, and isn’t used in tying the knot. In the following pictures, the standing end has splotches of paint.

How to Keep End from Fraying Taping – wrap tape around end of cord Heating – used for synthetic fibers – hold end over flame Whipping the ends of a rope –

1 – Lay a loop of the thinner cord beside the larger cord, near the end to be whipped

2 – Take the long end of the thin cord around the bottom and bring to front

3 –Wrapping the thin cord around the larger cord, on top of both thin cords

4 – Continue wrapping toward end of larger cord

69

5 – Continue wrapping until wrapping is about as thick as the larger cord

6 – Take thin cord and bring it up through the loop

7 – Pull the thin cord all the way up. Then start pulling on ‘tail’ on the right

8 – Keep pulling on the tail, bringing loop under wrapping

9 - Keep pulling on the tail until the loop is under the middle of the wraps

10 – Trim ends

70

Overhand Knot Uses: Tie shoes, start square knot, can be used at the end of a rope as a ‘stopper’

1 – Place stripe end on top of other end

– Bring stripe through the loop from the bottom

3 – Bring stripe end up. Done

71

Square Knot (often known as a Reef Knot) Uses: First aid, tying up a sleeping roll. If using two ropes, must be same size! Remember: Right over left, left over right

– Start with an overhand knot

2 – Put stripe end on top of other end

3 – Put stripe end through the loop from the bottom toward you

4 – Pull stripe end to the right, other end to the left

5 – Done

72

Lark’s Head (also known as Cow Hitch) Uses: Hanging drip bags. Equal pull needs to be applied to both loose ends for it to stay tied.

1 – Create a loop behind the stick

2. – Pull the loop over the top of the stick and pull downward

3 – Pull loose ends through the loop

4 – Pull on the loose ends to tighten

5 – Done

73

Clove Hitch Uses: Starting Lashings, tying a rope to a tree

1 – Lay rope across top of stick, pass stripe end behind stick

2. – Bring stripe end to front – lay on top of other end

3 – Wrap stripe end around the right behind stick

4 – Bring stripe end to the right, on top of stick, but below the rope

5 – Pull both ends tight

6 –Done

74

Two Half Hitches Uses: Used for tying a rope to a pole.

1 – Tie an overhand knot around a stick

2 – Pull stripe end all the way to the right

3 – Place the stripe end on top of standing end

4 – Wrap stripe end around the standing end and pull through loop to the right

5 – Pull on the stripe end

6 –Done

75

Tautline Hitch Uses: Guy lines for dining flys or tents. You can tighten or loosen this knot by pushing up or down.

1 – Lay stripe end on top with loose end to the left

2 – Wrap stripe end around rope

3 – Bring stripe end around back of standing rope a second time Bring stripe end up, on top of other loops

4 – Lay stripe end on top of standing rope from right to left

5 – Bring stripe end through loop, coming from the bottom up

6 – Pull stripe end toward the right Done

76

Sheetbend Knot Uses: Best knot for tying two ropes together. It is the only one that will hold when ropes are of different sizes. The smaller rope is the ‘working rope’ – white rope below.

1 – Make a loop of thicker rope

2 – Bring stripe end through loop from bottom

3 – Bring stripe end down, behind both ends of loop

4 – Bring stripe end up. Cross it underneath tail of white rope

5 – Bring stripe end up and over thick rope

6 – Pull on both ends of white rope until tight. Done

77

Bowline (pronounced “boh-linn”) Uses: Forms a loop that won’t slip under strain. Considered a ‘rescue knot.’

1 – Make a loop in the standing end

2 – Bring stripe end through loop from bottom

3 – Bring stripe end behind standing end

4 – Bring stripe end downward through the loop you made in the first step

5 – Pull on both ends of the white rope until tight

6 – Done

78

79

Safety Activity Checkpoints

80

81

Camping: Safety Activity Checkpoints

Camping, a great Girl Scout tradition, is one of the very first activities that Girl Scouts founder Juliette Gordon Low encouraged for girls. The key to an enjoyable camping experience is being prepared by packing just enough gear, supplies, and clothing that are appropriate for the weather, sleeping situation, and cooking meals. Girl Scouts advocate for the Leave No Trace method of camping, which involves leaving a campground the way it exists in nature, free of garbage and human impact. For travel camping, where you camp as you travel, note the additional safety precautions listed. Caution: Girls 12 years old and older must follow the Shooting Sports Safety Activity Checkpoints in order to use firearms, and must have both council and parent/guardian permission. Girls are never allowed to hunt, go on high-altitude climbs or to ride all-terrain vehicles or motor bikes. Camping with Girl Scout Daisies and Brownies: A Daisy troop may participate in an occasional overnight camping experience. Daisies who have completed kindergarten may independently participate at day camp and in resident camp experiences lasting up to three nights. Daisies who have completed first grade may independently participate in resident camp experiences lasting four or more nights. Travel camping is not recommended for Daisy and Brownie Girl Scouts. Know where to camp. Girl Scout camps, public, private, state, and national parks and sites deemed appropriate by local and state authorities. Connect with your Girl Scout council for site suggestions and for information on using a non-council-owned site. Search for campground locations at Reserve America. Include girls with disabilities. Communicate with girls of various abilities and/or their caregivers to assess any needs and accommodations. Learn more about adapting camping activities at Disabled Sports USA.

82

Camping Gear Required Gear Clothing and rain jacket or poncho that can be layered and is appropriate for the weather Socks with sturdy shoes, hiking boots, or sneakers (no sandals, clogs, flip-flops, or bare feet) Sleeping bag (rated for the anticipated temperature) Towels and basic personal hygiene supplies (shampoo, soap, comb, and so on) Flashlight and other battery-powered lights (no candles, kerosene lamps, portable cook stoves,

heaters, or other open-flame devices are used inside tents) First Aid Kit

Recommended Gear Insect Repellent Waterproof sunscreen (SPF of at least 15) Hat or bandana Hat, gloves and thermal underwear for cool temperature Flame-resistant tents or tarp (no plastic tents) Compass and map or map and global positioning system (GPS) Mosquito netting where necessary Cooking supplies (pots, pans, utensils, mess kit and drip bag, and so on) Cooler for food storage Portable cook stoves and fuel whenever possible (to reduce the use of firewood) Lantern fueled by propane, butane, kerosene, or gas (for outdoor use) Water-purification kit

Prepare for Camping Communicate with council and parents. See the Introduction to Safety Activity Checkpoints. Girls plan the activity. See the Introduction to Safety Activity Checkpoints. In addition, keeping

their program-level abilities in mind, encourage girls to take proactive leadership roles in organizing details of the activities, planning routes, menus and rules for group living.

Prepare for emergencies. Ensure the presence of a waterproof first-aid kit and a first-aider with a current certificate in First Aid, including Adult and Child CPR or CPR/AED, who is prepared to handle cases from extremes of temperature, such as heat exhaustion, heat stroke, frostbite, cold exposure, hypothermia, as well as sprains, fractures, and altitude sickness. If any part of the activity is located 30 minutes or more from emergency medical services, ensure the presence of a first-aider with Wilderness First Aid. When possible a vehicle is available or an ambulance is on call at all times to transport an injured or sick person. See Volunteer Essentials for information about first-aid standards and training.

Verify leader/instructor knowledge and experience. Ensure that at least one adult is trained or possesses knowledge, skills, and experience in the following areas:

• Outdoor program activities and leadership • Progression and readiness including homesickness • Trip planning in a girl-led environment • Safety management • Judgment and maturity • Program activities specific to the trip • Group dynamics and management • Supervision of girls and adults • Outdoor cooking (if doing so)

For travel camping ensure that at least two adults are additionally trained or have documented experience, in the following areas:

• Participation in similar trips

83

• Familiarity with the area in which the trip is conducted • Physical fitness and skills necessary to lead the group • Mode of transportation • Site orientation • Emergency procedures • Minor maintenance for equipment and vehicles, as appropriate

Arrange for transportation and adult supervision. See the Introduction to Safety Activity Checkpoints for the recommended adult-to-girl ratios. In addition, see “Camping with Girl Scout Daisies” in this checkpoint’s introduction for additional information.

Compile key contacts. See the Introduction to Safety Activity Checkpoints. In addition, if camping in backcountry or traveling while camping, girls and adult participants carry a card and wear an identifying bracelet or similar device that contains name, council name and emergency-contact phone number.

If travel camping (using campsites as a means of accommodations)*. Verify the following adult certifications and standards:

• For trips by small craft, one adult is currently certified as required by the Safety Activity Checkpoints for the particular mode of transportation being used (canoe, kayak, etc.).

• For trips that involve swimming, an adult currently certified in basic lifeguarding or the equivalent is present.

• Each driver of motorized transportation is at least 21 years old and holds a valid operator’s license appropriate to the vehicle. The Girl Scout council checks the operator’s driving record.

• No adult drives more than six hours in one day, with rest breaks every two hours. There is a relief driver for trips of more than six hours. The relief driver holds a valid operator’s license for the vehicle operated, and her or his driving record is checked by the council. Plan to drive only in daylight hours.

• If a trailer is used, it is in compliance with all state, local and federal regulations for the areas of travel. The assigned driver is experienced in pulling a trailer. No girls or adult leaders ride in the trailer.

• No caravanning (cars following closely together, with the lead vehicle in charge) is allowed. Each driver must have information about route and destination in addition to cell-phone numbers of other drivers.

Ensure the safety of sleeping areas*. Separate sleeping and bathroom facilities are provided for adult males; many councils make exceptions for girls’ fathers. Ensure the following:

• Each participant has her own bed. Parent/guardian permission must be obtained if girls are to share a bed.

• Adults and girls never share a bed. • It is not mandatory that an adult sleep in the sleeping area (tent, cabin, or designated

area) with the girls. If an adult female does share the sleeping area, there should always be two unrelated adult females present.

• During family or “He and Me” events (in which girls share sleeping accommodations with males), ensure the details are clearly explained in parent/guardian permission slip.

Girls share resources. Encourage girls to make a list of the gear and supplies, and determine what can be shared. Support girls in creating a checklist of group and personal equipment and distribute to group members.

For travel camping arrange a pre-trip orientation. Ensure that girl and adult participants receive information about first-aid procedures, emergency and rescue procedures, environmental awareness, program plans for mode of travel and geographic area, and operational procedures (water purification, food preparation, camping equipment, sanitation, and food-storage procedures).

On the Day of Camping

84

Get a weather report. On the morning of the activity, check weather.com or other reliable weather sources to determine if weather conditions are appropriate, and make sure that the ground is free of ice. If severe weather conditions prevent the activity, be prepared with a backup plan, alternative activity, or postpone the activity. Write, review, and practice evacuation and emergency plans for severe weather with girls. In the event of a storm with lightning, take shelter away from tall objects (including trees, buildings, and electrical poles). Find the lowest point in an open flat area. Squat low to the ground on the balls of the feet, and place hands on knees with heads between them.

Use the buddy system. See the Introduction to Safety Activity Checkpoints. Respect the environment and keep campsite clean. Use the principles of minimal-impact camping

described by Leave No Trace. Store garbage in insect- and animal-proof containers with plastic inner linings, and cover it securely when there is a campsite garbage-pickup service. When there is no garbage-pickup service, remove garbage from campsite in plastic bags and discard, as appropriate. Recycle whenever possible. Do not bury food; carry out garbage, grease, and fuel canisters. Do not remove natural materials such as leaves or branches.

Be prepared for primitive campsites. For sites that don’t have electric lights and toilet facilities, observe these standards:

• Choose and set up campsite well before dark. • Use a previously established campsite if available. • Make sure the campsite is level and located at least 200 feet from all water sources and

below tree line. • Avoid fragile mountain meadows and areas of wet soil. • Avoid camping under dead tree limbs. • Use existing fire rings if a fire is necessary. • If a latrine is not available, use individual cat holes—holes for human waste that are at

least 200 feet away from the trail and known water sources—to dispose of human waste (visit www.lnt.org for more information). Note: cat holes are not permitted in some areas, so follow local sanitary codes in those areas.

• Do dishwashing and personal bathing at least 200 feet away from water sources. • Store food well away from tents and out of reach of animals. Where necessary, hang

food at least 10 feet high from a rope stretched between two trees. If the site is in bear country, check with local authorities on precautions to take.

• See that garbage, tampons, sanitary supplies, and toilet paper are carried out. Group Camping Links

• American Camp Association: www.acacamps.org • Go Camping America: www.gocampingamerica.com • Leave No Trace: http://www.lnt.org • Recreational Equipment Inc.: www.rei.com/learn

Camping Know-How for Girls

• Create a camp caper chart. Divvy up cooking duties and get creative about pre-planning outdoor meals.

• Be ready with camp entertainment. Before you go camping, read about camping stories, songs, activities, and games.

*These checkpoints must be reviewed with the vendor and/or facility, when appropriate.

85

Outdoor Cooking: Safety Activity Checkpoints

Historically, wood fires were the primary source of heat for camp cooking, but the practice of cooking with large fires is no longer recommended, because of the detrimental effects on camping areas. Instead, use an established fire pit to ignite a small fire, or use alternative cooking methods such as a portable cook stove (electric or fuel-based). When cooking outdoors, it’s important to pack the appropriate amount of food for the group, so as to avoid discarding unused food. To properly plan food supplies, consider the activities you’ll be participating in, keeping in mind that girls will burn more calories and hence need to eat more when participating in rigorous activities. Also, more calories are needed during cold weather. Extensive outdoor cooking is not recommended for Girl Scout Daisies, but a less extensive activity, such as roasting marshmallows, is appropriate. Know where to cook outdoors. Preferably at campsites with designated fire-pit areas. Connect with your Girl Scout council for site suggestions. Include girls with disabilities. Communicate with girls with disabilities and/or their caregivers to assess any needs and accommodations. Learn more about the resources and information that Global Explorers and Wilderness Inquiry provide to people with disabilities. Outdoor Cooking Gear Basic Gear Pots and pans Portable water for drinking, cooking, and cleaning

86

Biodegradable dishwashing soap Pot scrubber Hand sanitizer or soap and paper towels Mess kit with non-breakable plates, bowls, mugs, and cutlery in drip bag Knives Containers to store leftover food Can opener No plastic garments, such as ponchos, are worn around open flame Rubber band, barrette, or bandana to tie back hair

Specialized Gear Firefighting equipment, including fire extinguisher, water, loose soil or sand, and a shovel and

rake Portable cook stove and fuel Long-handled cooking utensils such as ladles Pot holders and/or insulated gloves Insulated cooler and ice for food storage Water purification method (tablets or filter), if needed

Prepare for Outdoor Cooking Communicate with council and parents. Inform your Girl Scout council and girls’

parents/guardians about the activity, including details about safety precautions and any appropriate clothing or supplies that may be necessary. Follow council procedures for activity approval, certificates of insurance, and council guidelines about girls’ general health examinations. Make arrangements in advance for all transportation and confirm plans before departure.

Girls plan the activity. Keeping their grade-level abilities in mind, encourage girls to take proactive leadership roles in organizing details of the activity.

Arrange for transportation and adult supervision. The adult supervising the outdoor cooking has taken council learning opportunities. The recommended adult-to-girl ratios are two non-related adults (at least one of whom is female) to every:

• 6 Girl Scout Daisies (non-extensive cooking activities only) • 12 Girl Scout Brownies • 16 Girl Scout Juniors • 20 Girl Scout Cadettes • 24 Girl Scout Seniors • 24 Girl Scout Ambassadors

Plus one adult to each additional: • 4 Girl Scout Daisies (non-extensive cooking activities only) • 6 Girl Scout Brownies • 8 Girl Scout Juniors • 10 Girl Scout Cadettes • 12 Girl Scout Seniors • 12 Girl Scout Ambassadors

Compile key contacts. Give an itinerary to a contact person at home; call the contact person upon departure and return. Create a list of girls’ parents/guardian contact information, telephone numbers for emergency services and police, and council contacts—keep on hand or post in an easily accessible location.

Consult with council about permits where necessary, and prepare for fire safety. Connect with your Girl Scout council to inquire about permits with the local fire district, land-management agency, or conservation office. Fires are not permitted when there is excessive dryness or wind. The adult volunteer also checks the fire index with local authorities. Local air-pollution regulations are followed.

87

Girls share resources. Support girls in creating a checklist of group and personal equipment and distribute to group members. Girls learn to use a variety of cooking methods, including use of wood fire, propane, butane, and gas stoves, charcoal, canned heat, and solar energy. Repackage all food to minimize waste and the amount of garbage that needs to be removed from the campsite.

Be prepared for primitive campsites. If cooking in primitive areas with little to no modern conveniences, observe these standards:

Choose and set up campsite well before dark. Use a previously established campsite if available. Make sure the campsite is level and located at least 200 feet from all water sources and below

tree line. Avoid fragile mountain meadows and areas of wet soil. Avoid camping under dead tree limbs. Use existing fire rings if a fire is necessary. If a latrine is not available, use individual cat holes—holes for human waste that are at least 200

feet away from the trail and known water sources—to dispose of human waste (visit www.lnt.org for more information).

Do dishwashing and personal bathing at least 200 feet away from water sources. Store food well away from tents and out of reach of animals. Where necessary, hang food at least

10 feet high from a rope stretched between two trees. If the site is in bear country, check with local authorities on precautions to take.

See that garbage, tampons, sanitary supplies, and toilet paper are carried out. Take safety precautions. Fire-safety rules, emergency procedures, and first aid for burns are

reviewed with the group and understood. Procedures are established and known in advance for notifying the fire department or land-management agency officials in case of a fire. Fire drills are practiced at each site.

Prepare for emergencies. Ensure the presence of a waterproof first-aid kit and a first-aider with a current certificate in First Aid, including Adult and Child CPR or CPR/AED, who is prepared to handle burns and other injuries related to the location, including extremes of temperature, such as heat exhaustion, heat stroke, frostbite, cold exposure, hypothermia, as well as sprains, fractures, and sunburn. If any part of the activity is located 30 minutes or more from emergency medical services, ensure the presence of a first-aider with Wilderness First Aid. If feasible, a vehicle is available to transport an injured or sick person. See Volunteer Essentials for information about first-aid standards and training.

On the Day of Outdoor Cooking Get a weather report. On the morning of the outdoor cooking activity, check weather.com or other

reliable weather sources to determine if conditions are appropriate. If severe weather conditions prevent the cooking activity, be prepared with a backup plan or alternate activity. Write, review, and practice evacuation and emergency plans for severe weather with girls.

Use the buddy system. Girls are divided into teams of two. Each girl chooses a buddy and is responsible for staying with her buddy at all times, warning her buddy of danger, giving her buddy immediate assistance if safe to do so, and seeking help when the situation warrants it. If someone in the group is injured, one person cares for the patient while two others seek help.

Respect the environment and keep site clean. Use the principles of minimal-impact camping. Store garbage in insect- and animal-proof containers with plastic inner linings, and cover it securely when there is a campsite garbage-pickup service. When there is no garbage-pickup service, remove garbage from campsite in plastic bags and discard, as appropriate. Recycle whenever possible. Do not bury food; carry out grease and fuel canisters. Do not remove natural materials, such as leaves or branches.

Tips for Cooking with Cook Stoves and Open Fires

88

Prepare for safe usage of portable cook stoves. Portable cook stoves differ in size and in fuel use. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully, and closely supervise the girls when using any stove. Take an adequate amount of fuel, and store the extra fuel supply away from the cooking flame. Never use portable cook stoves inside a tent. Keep all stove parts clean. Check that lines and burners are not clogged. Do not refuel the cook stove or change canisters near an open flame. Take care not to spill fuel; if fuel does spill, relocate the stove before lighting it. Place portable cook stoves in safe, level, and stable positions, shielded from the wind and away from foot traffic. Do not pile rocks or other items around the cook stove for stability. Do not overheat the fuel tank. Use pots of appropriate size, so that the stove is not top-heavy. Do not dispose of pressurized cans in a fire, leave them in direct sunlight, or keep them in enclosed areas where the temperature is high. See the manufacturer’s instructions on the label. Store and dispose of fuel canisters in the recommended manner. Be sure to check with local authorities to make sure cook stoves are permitted during times of extreme fire danger.

Cook safely with solar stoves. If using solar cookware, remember that pots and food inside a solar oven are hot even if the stove does not feel hot. Use insulated gloves when removing pots and opening the lid.

Practice safe cooking with open fire. If cooking over open flames, build fires in designated areas, and avoid establishing new fire sites. An established fire site is clear of overhanging branches, steep slopes, rotted stumps or logs, dry grass and leaves, and cleared of any burnable material, such as litter, duff, or pine needles. Where wood gathering is permitted, use only dead, fallen wood, and keep the cooking fires small. Store wood away from the fire area. Watch for flying sparks and put them out immediately. Before leaving the site, check that the fire is completely out by sprinkling the fire with water or smothering it with earth or sand, stirring, and then sprinkling or smothering again; finally, hold hands on coals, ashes, partially burned wood, or charcoal for one minute to ensure it is cool to the touch. Make a plan for disposing of cold ashes and partially burned wood. You may scatter ashes and burned wood throughout the woods away from the campsite. Do not put ashes and burned wood in a plastic pail; do not leave a pail with ashes or burned wood against the side of a building or on a wood deck. Obtain wood from local sources to avoid bringing pests and diseases from one location to another.

Practice safe cooking with charcoal fires. If using charcoal, fires are started with fuels explicitly labeled as “charcoal starters”—never use gasoline as a fire starter. Never add charcoal lighter fluid to a fire once it has started.

Tips for Food Preparation and Storage Prepare nutritious meals. Meals are prepared with consideration of food allergies, religious

beliefs, and dietary restrictions (such as vegetarianism and veganism) of group members. Whenever possible, buy food and supplies that avoid excess packaging, and buy in bulk. Review health considerations, including the importance of keeping utensils and food preparation surfaces sanitized, cleaning hands, cooking meats thoroughly, refrigerating perishables, and using clean water when preparing food. Do not use chipped or cracked cups and plates.

Cook with caution. Girls learn about the safe use of kitchen tools and equipment, including knives. Maintain discipline in the cooking area to prevent accidents with hot food and sharp utensils. Do not overfill cooking pots, and do not use pressurized cans, soda-can stoves, or plastic basins, bottles, and cooking utensils near an open flame.

Avoid spreading germs. Each person has an individual drinking cup. Cooks roll up long sleeves and tie back long hair. Wash hands before food preparation and eating. No person with a skin infection, a cold, or a communicable disease participates in food preparation.

Keep perishables cool. Store perishables such as creamed dishes, dairy products, meats, and salads at or below 40 degrees Fahrenheit in a refrigerator or insulated cooler with ice. If this will not be possible, use powdered, dehydrated, freeze-dried, or canned foods. On extended trips, do not use foods requiring refrigeration. Use safe drinking water (see the “Water Purification Tips”) to reconstitute powdered, dehydrated, or freeze-dried food. Once reconstituted, eat perishable items within one hour or refrigerate them.

89

Water Purification Tips Access a safe drinking water supply for cooking, drinking, and personal use. Safe drinking water

is defined as tap water tested and approved by the local health department. All other sources are considered potentially contaminated and must be purified before use. Giardia lamblia (a parasite) is suspected in all surface water supplies.

Use one of the three water-purification methods. First, strain water through a clean cloth into a clean container to remove sediment, and then choose one of the following methods:

Boil water rapidly for a full minute and let cool. Disinfect water with water-purification tablets, following the manufacturer’s instructions. Check the

product’s shelf life to make sure it has not expired. Pour water through a water purifier or specially designed water-filtration device that removes

Giardia. These filters will also remove many other contaminants. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions

carefully. Important note: These methods will not remove chemical pollutants. In addition, only boiling the

water or pouring it through a specially designed filter will remove Giardia lamblia. Dishwashing Tips Wash dishes in a prescribed area according to this procedure: Remove food particles from utensils and dishes. Wash dishes in warm, soapy water. Rinse dishes in hot, clear water. Sanitize dishes by dipping in clear, boiling water or immersing for at least two minutes in a

sanitizing solution approved by the local health department. Use long-handled utensil, tongs, or tool to remove sanitized dishes.

Air-dry and store dishes in a clean, covered area. Dispose of dishwashing and rinse water according to the campsite regulations. In backcountry

areas, scatter wastewater on the ground at least 200 feet beyond any water source or trail. Outdoor Cooking Links OutdoorCook.com: www.outdoorcook.com Leave No Trace: www.lnt.org

Outdoor Cooking Know-How for Girls Learn how to start a fire without matches. What are the ways that you can get a fire going without

using matches or a lighter? Read camping how-to books or online sources to learn how. Plan outdoor recipes. Vote for your favorite meals and plan how to cook them outdoors. For

additional outdoor recipe ideas, read Discover the Outdoors, netwoods.com, and outdoorcook.com.

Outdoor Cooking Jargon Drip bag: A mesh bag used to hang dishes to dry Dutch oven: A cooking kettle used for baking in an open fire (do not use soap on cast iron)

90

Hiking: Safety Activity Checkpoints

Unlike short walks, hiking involves lengthy, cross-country walking trips and often requires sturdy boots to provide traction on rocks and unruly earth floors. With respect to the Leave No Trace philosophy, it’s important for hikers to leave trails as (or better than) they found them. Although the action of one hiker may not strongly affect the environment, the effects of large groups of hikers can degrade trails. Caution: Girls are not allowed to use firearms unless 12 years and older and with council permission; girls are never allowed to hunt or go on high-altitude climbs. Girls are also never allowed to ride all-terrain vehicles or motor bikes. Know where to hike. Connect with your Girl Scout council for site suggestions. Also, to locate hiking areas near U.S. metropolitan areas, visit localhikes.com. Include girls with disabilities. Communicate with girls with disabilities and/or their caregivers to assess any needs and accommodations. Contact national parks to inquire about their accommodations for people with disabilities, and learn more about the resources and information that Global Explorers and Wilderness Inquiries provide to people with disabilities. Hiking Gear Basic Gear Lightweight, layered clothing and outerwear appropriate for weather conditions Rain jacket or poncho Waterproof sunscreen (SPF of at least 15) and lip balm Hat or bandana Sunglasses Water bottle or hydration pack (each girl carries at least one quart) Nonperishable, high-energy foods such as fruits and nuts Insect repellent Flashlight Whistle

91

Specialized Gear Day pack Hiking/trail boots or footwear Map and compass or map and global positioning system (GPS) Pocket knife

Prepare for Hiking Communicate with council and parents. Inform your Girl Scout council and girls’

parents/guardians about the activity, including details about safety precautions and any appropriate clothing or supplies that may be necessary. Follow council procedures for activity approval, certificates of insurance, and council guidelines about girls’ general health examinations. Make arrangements in advance for all transportation and confirm plans before departure.

Girls plan the activity. Keeping their grade-level abilities in mind, encourage girls to take proactive leadership roles in organizing details of the activity. Encourage girls to plan routes, activities, rules for group living, and guidelines for dealing with problems that may arise with other groups of hikers.

Arrange for transportation and adult supervision. Ensure that the hiking adult or instructor has experience in teaching hiking techniques and trip planning. Ensure that one adult is in front of the group of hikers, and the other is in the rear of each group, and that both are familiar with the area. The recommended adult-to-girl ratios are two non-related adults (at least one of whom is female) to every:

• 6 Girl Scout Daisies • 12 Girl Scout Brownies • 16 Girl Scout Juniors • 20 Girl Scout Cadettes • 24 Girl Scout Seniors • 24 Girl Scout Ambassadors

Plus one adult to each additional: • 4 Girl Scout Daisies • 6 Girl Scout Brownies • 8 Girl Scout Juniors • 10 Girl Scout Cadettes • 12 Girl Scout Seniors • 12 Girl Scout Ambassadors

Compile key contacts. Give an itinerary to a contact person at home; call the contact person upon departure and return. Create a list of girls’ parents/guardian contact information, telephone numbers for emergency services and police, and council contacts—keep on hand or post in an easily accessible location. Also know the location of the nearest landline telephone in case cellular phones do not receive reception.

Girls share resources. Encourage girls to distribute a list of hiking gear and supplies, and to determine which resources can be shared.

Choose an appropriate hiking route. Terrain, mileage, and hiking time are known to the hikers in advance. Hikes are restricted to a reasonable length as determined by age, level of experience, nature of the terrain, physical condition of the hikers, disabilities, weather conditions, and time of day. The hiking pace always accommodates the slowest hiker.

Assess safety of hiking routes. The route is known to at least one of the adults or a report is obtained in advance to assess potential hazards such as poisonous plants, dangerous animals, unsafe drinking water, cliffs, and dropoffs. Ensure that a land-management or similar agency is contacted during the trip-planning stage to determine available routes and campsites, recommended group size, water quantity and quality, and permits needed.

Ensure that hikers have a comprehensive understanding of the trip. Group members are trained to be observant of the route, surroundings, and fatigue of individuals. Instruction is given on the

92

safety rules for hiking, such as staying together in a group, recognizing poisonous plants and biting or stinging insects and ticks, respecting wild animals, and behaving effectively in emergencies. Ensure that girls know how to read maps, use a compass, navigate a route, and estimate distance.

Take safety precautions. Search-and-rescue procedures for missing persons are written out in advance, reviewed, and practiced by girls and adults. Methods of communication with sources of emergency care, such as hospitals, and park and fire officials, are known and arranged in advance.

Prepare for emergencies. Ensure the presence of a waterproof first-aid kit and a first-aider with a current certificate in First Aid, including Adult and Child CPR or CPR/AED, who is prepared to handle cases from extremes of temperature, such as heat exhaustion, heat stroke, frostbite, cold exposure, hypothermia, as well as sprains, fractures, insect stings, tick bites, snake bites, sunburn, and altitude sickness; a first-aider with

Wilderness First Aid is present for hikes of 10 miles or more and away from emergency assistance. If feasible, a vehicle is available to transport an injured or sick person. See Volunteer Essentials for information about first-aid standards and training.

On the Day of Hiking Get a weather report. On the morning of the camping trip, check weather.com or other reliable weather sources to determine if conditions are appropriate. If severe weather conditions prevent the hiking activity, be prepared with a backup plan or alternate activity. Write, review, and practice evacuation and emergency plans for severe weather with girls. Use the buddy system. Girls are divided into teams of two. Each girl chooses a buddy and is responsible for staying with her buddy at all times, warning her buddy of danger, giving her buddy immediate assistance if safe to do so, and seeking help when the situation warrants it. If someone in the group is injured, one person cares for the patient while two others seek help. Respect the environment and keep trails clean. Use the principles of minimal-impact camping. Store garbage in insect- and animal-proof containers with plastic inner linings, and cover it securely when there is a campsite garbage-pickup service. When there is no garbage-pickup service, remove garbage from campsite in plastic bags and discard, as appropriate. Recycle whenever possible. Do not bury food; carry out grease and fuel canisters. Do not remove natural materials such as leaves or branches. In addition, avoid eating wild foods, walking on or uprooting plants, interfering with or feeding wild animals, and littering. Practice safe hiking. Instructions are given on the safety rules for hiking, which include forbidding hiking off-trail and after dusk. Girls stay on the pathway to avoid trampling trailside plants and causing erosion. In addition, take adequate rest periods, with time to replenish fluids and eat high-energy food (such as fruits and nuts). Hiking Links American Hiking Society: www.americanhiking.org Appalachian Mountain Club: www.outdoors.org Appalachian Trail Conference: www.atconf.org Leave No Trace: www.lnt.org Hiking Know-How for Girls Practice with maps and a compass. Before heading out on a lengthy hike, learn how to read a map and use a compass. Look at a map to understand where you started, and where you plan to finish. What do you anticipate you’ll see during your hike? Learn about regional nature. What flowers, trees, insects are unique to the area you’re hiking in? Hiking Jargon Blaze: A mark, often on a tree, that indicates a trail’s route; most often, the blaze is painted with a bright color Hot spot: A place on the foot that is sore as a result of a shoe’s rubbing and irritation, and where a blister will form; use moleskin to make a doughnut shape around the hot spot to prevent blisters

93

Appendix

94

95

Activity Planning Sheet The troop is at the ___________________________ step on the progression chart on page 8. Choose activities to help you reach your goal. For each activity, complete the other three columns.

Activity Safety Considerations

Girls’ Skills/Knowledge

Girls’ Choices in Planning

1.

2.

3.

The troop wants to reach the ______________________________________ step.

96

Program Ideas: Sit-Upon A sit-upon is a camping chair on the ground. A garbage bag and newspaper or magazines will do, duct tape can be used to form a waterproof edge. Why not make a seat that can tie around your waist? A pocket can be added to carry “stuff.” You’ll need: • Two squares of oilcloth or a plastic

tablecloth • Newspapers, magazines, a piece of foam

rubber, or a carpet sample • Strong thread or rug yarn

• A needle • Two pieces of cord or strapping, each about

24 inches long

(A) Put the paper, foam rubber, or carpet sample between two squares of plastic. (B) Sew all the sides with an overcast stitch. (C) At two of the corners, sew a cord into the seam so you have two cords to tie around your waist.

Bucket Sit-Upons

Use 5 gallon buckets. These are available from warehouse food stores, holding laundry detergent and from restaurants and janitorial supply houses. Make sure if you use used buckets that they held no chemicals.

• Cut a paper pattern of the lid, inside the outer ring. As you look down on the bucket you will see an indentation...this is your seating area. Use your paper pattern to trace seats out of corrugated cardboard.

• Cut a circle of fiberfill about an inch smaller around than your seating circles. • Cut a circle of vinyl tablecloth about 3 inches bigger all around than your seating circles. You can

buy these tablecloths at Wal-Mart, K-Mart, etc., pretty cheaply. • Baste all around your vinyl circle with heavy thread. Leave about an inch border outside your

sewing line. You can also trace the sewing line on the reverse of the vinyl so you will sew a round circle.

• Lay the fiberfill on the back side of the vinyl, then the cardboard. Using the end of your thread, gather the vinyl and pull tight. Tie off your stitches...you can use a piece of duct tape to tape off your thread.

• Turn over, and you should have a padded top that looks somewhat like a Frisbee. • Using auto epoxy or marine epoxy, apply as directed to both the bucket lid and the gathered side

of the pad. These types of glues hold much better than white glue, glue gun, or anything else we have tried.

• Press the top onto the bucket lid and leave to dry....pressed down by books. • If the top of the bucket has never been sealed, you may have trouble getting it to "click" down on

to the bucket. You can use a utility knife to cut "V" shaped notches in each of the circle sections around the lid.

• Decorate your bucket using permanent markers. We used "Sharpie" brand laundry type markers.

97

Your sit-upon is waterproof and dirt proof. You can take it anywhere. It will hold your supplies, your lunch, the fish you caught, or just about anything else. We have found if we are going to be out in the rain, it's nice to keep a small towel in the bucket. You can pull it out and wipe off your vinyl seat before you sit on it.

98

Program Ideas: Using a Knife Gourd Plant Hanger or Bird House You’ll need: • A long-handled gourd • A knife • Water and soap • Enamel paint • A small paintbrush • Clear shellac • A thong or cord • Pebbles • Potting soil • Ivy or another hanging plant for each participant Cut a hole in the front of the gourd to form a bowl. Scoop out the pulp and seeds. Wash and dry the gourd. (Dry the seeds too and save them for another project.) Paint designs on the outside of the gourd. (Perhaps you could make a design by drawing an outline and then removing the peel within your outlined design.) Cover the entire surface with clear shellac and let it dry overnight. Make two holes in the top of the gourd and run a cord through it to make a hanger. (You can use your gourd now for a birdhouse. Add some straw and hang it in a tree.) Fill the bowl of the gourd with a few pebbles and then potting soil and plant your vine. Perhaps punching a few holes in the bottom with a nail for drainage would be helpful for your plant. Garden Prints You’ll need: • A vegetable or fruit hard enough to ink and press lightly onto paper • A knife • Paper • Tempera paint • A paintbrush • A container of water • Rags for cleanup Cut the vegetable or fruit in half. Outline a design on the vegetable or fruit half. Carve away the background so the design stands out from the background. Brush paint on the cut design or press it into paint in a flat container. Press the painted vegetable or fruit onto paper or fabric. Lift and repeat. You could use this method to make a banner or flag, placemats, or wrapping paper or gift bags.

99

Squash-O’-Lantern You’ll need: • A large squash such as acorn, butternut, or pumpkin • A knife • A marker • Newspaper to cover your work surface • A candle or flashlight A squash-o’-lantern is like a jack-o’-lantern, but the design may include more than a face. Cut off the top of the squash and scoop out the insides so only the shell remains. If the squash does not have a flat bottom that lets it sit evenly, use your knife to slice off some of the bottom so it is flat. Draw a design on the shell of the squash. Use your knife to cut out the design. Parts of the design can be made by just peeling rather than cutting all the way through. Use a candle to light up the squash as a lantern or luminary. Soap Carving You’ll need: • A bar of soap • A knife • A potato peeler Have a small animal or other sculptures available as examples to help girls choose their designs. Carefully shape the bar of soap into your design. Use the potato peeler to carve and shape the soap; use the knife to cut off large areas. Display your soap carving or use it in the tub or sink. Moisten your carving scraps to form soap balls. Fuzz Stick Fire Starter You’ll need: • A small dry stick about as thick as a thumb and as long as a hand • A knife Make a point on one end of the stick by carving off little chips with the knife. Holding the pointed end, fuzz the stick by cutting shavings as long and thin as possible. Leave the shavings on the stick to make it look like a Christmas tree.

100

Salad version of Edible Fire: Fire Circle: paper plate, paper towel, or leaf of lettuce Rake: fork Fire bucket: Salad dressing in a small cup Wood pile: use napkin to stack the “fuel” on Fuel: carrots, celery or bread stick Kindling: split carrot or celery sections Tinder: shredded lettuce, cheese, carrot shavings, or chow mein noodles Matches: bread stick, pretzel stick, thin strip of green pepper Flame: chopped tomato or red pepper, bacon bits, croutons Emergency fire starter: slice of radish, peppermint kiss

Program Ideas: Edible Fire As you go through the steps below, each girl may build her own fire and then eat it as a snack. Many other items may be substituted for those suggested here. As you make eatable fire explain each step and discuss safety. 1. Clear the site. (You may build the fire on a

paper towel.) This includes removing old ashes, clearing away leaves and twigs, etc.

2. Put buckets of water (peanut butter, caramel or a drink in cups) and a shovel (sucker) near site.

3. Collect tinder (chow mein noodles or coconut), kindling (small pretzels or potato sticks) and fuel (larger pretzels or bread sticks).

4. Construct a woodpile far enough away from your fire so that it won’t ignite but is still handy to feed the fire.

5. Make or buy fire starters (red hots). 6. Put rocks (chocolate chips, raisins, etc.) in a

circle large enough to contain the fire. 7. For a basic A-frame fire, place three sticks

of kindling in the shape of an “A” in the circle. Build your fire inside the “A.” You will be using the “A” to support pieces of kindling so the fire can get air.

8. Begin with fire starters, add a small amount of tinder, and light the fire.

9. Slowly add more tinder until the fire is established.

10. Slowly add kindling. 11. When several pieces of kindling have

established a small bed of coals, add pieces of fuel one at a time.

12. Remember to keep the fire small. 13. Add a log (marshmallow) to sit on and a

person (Gummi Bear). Alternate recipe • 1 whole graham cracker square • peanut butter—to hold everything together • cinnamon candy (represents fire) • raisins (rocks around inner circle) • miniature marshmallows (outer circle) • pretzels (sticks to form a frame fire) • 1 stick sucker (rake or shovel) • 2 large gum drops (water & sand buckets) • gummy bears (girls)

Spread peanut butter over graham cracker. Make circle out of raisins. Make a frame fire out of pretzels. Put cinnamon candy under fire sticks to represent fire. Make outer circle of miniature marshmallows. Place sucker by fire as a rake. Place two large gum drops by fire as buckets of water and sand. If you like use gummy bears to represent girls.

101

Program Ideas: Dressing for the Out-of-Doors

Make copies of this doll and her clothes. Choose an outdoor activity and have each Girl Scout dress the doll appropriate to the weather, time of year, and location. Girls may want to color the doll and her clothes

102

103

104

105

Program Ideas: Knot Games School Mark off a starting line and a finish line at least 20 feet apart. All players, with ropes, line up along the starting line. The game leader calls out the name of a knot, and all players tie it. Judges quickly check the knots. All players who tied the knot correctly take one step toward the finish line. Continue in the same way, calling out different knots. The first player to reach the finish line wins.

Elimination Players stand in a circle or, if there are more than 12 players, form two or more circles of equal size. Decide on a knot to use. The game leader calls it out, and the players tie it as quickly as possible and drop their ropes to the ground. The first player in each group to do so steps out of the circle. The game continues with the same knot called out, and the winners of each round step out of the circle. When only one person in each group is left, these players continue to compete in the same way. Play again using a different knot. One good thing about this game is that players who need the practice the most get it.

No Peeking Blindfolded players compete to see who can tie called out knots fastest. A variation, without blindfolds, is to tie called out knots behind your back.

Knot Relay Decide on a knot to use for this game. Divide into teams of equal size and count off. Each team sits or stands in a circle, with the first player holding a piece of rope. At a given signal, the first player runs around the circle and returns to her place. She then must tie the knot correctly (if the clove hitch was chosen, she also should have a short stick to tie the knot around). She passes the rope to the player on her left, who must untie the knot before starting around the circle. Each player takes a turn until the rope has come back to the first player and she has untied the knot.

Simon Says Knots Each player must have a practice rope. A “Simon” is selected. If Simon starts her command with “Simon says,” the girls must tie the knot she commands. If the command does not start with “Simon says,” the players do nothing. A player misses if she ties the knot incorrectly, ties the wrong knot, or ties one at the wrong command. After three misses, a player is out.

Test of Strength Play this game in a grassy area so that no one gets hurt. For this game, all players need practice ropes of the same thickness. Players form a circle holding their ropes. Each girl ties one end of her rope with a square knot to the rope of the girl on her left. When all knots are tied, the girls lift the rope circle over their heads and down to the middle of their backs. At a signal, the girls lean back hard against the rope circle. If any of the square knots aren’t correctly tied, girls will fall backwards. Or, the girls can try this game by tying the knots behind their backs instead of in front or by tying the knots with their eyes shut.

106

Use Your Knowledge of Knots At Your Campsite Use a bowline and an overhand to tie your sleeping bag. Use a clove hitch to set up your clothesline or drip bag line. Use a clove hitch to secure a tarp.

Cat’s Tails Prepare 20 to 30 pieces of heavy string, each piece six inches in length. Hide all but three or four pieces of string. Divide the group into three or four teams of equal size. Each team chooses a “cat” who is given one of the extra pieces of string. At a given signal, all players, except the cats, scatter to find the hidden strings. As a girl finds one, she takes it to her cat and ties it with a square knot to the last piece of string the cat holds. The team that makes the longest tail of strings wins.

Knot Stories Use this story for teaching the bowline: There once was a princess who lived in the land of the sixes (form a loop on the standing end of rope to look like a six). She decided to sit by the lake one day (the loop is now the lake). As she was sitting there having a lovely time, a sea serpent suddenly comes up out of the lake (the working end is the serpent—bring it up through the loop). The princess is scared and begins screaming which scares the sea serpent so bad it runs around her (take the rope around standing end) and heads back into the lake (go back into loop). The sea serpent is so scared he runs into (or bites) his own tail (the end and middle of working end rope meet). We need to save the princess from falling into the lake so we pull her out (pull standing end while holding working end). The lake becomes the knot.

107

Program Ideas: WAGGGS Friendship Knot This knot symbolizes the ties that bind the girls and adults who belong to the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts and is a sign of the continuous friendships they share. The four ends of the knot represent the Promise, the ten parts of the Law, the motto, and service to others. The four squares stand for the four world centers: Pax Lodge in London, England; Our Chalet in Adelboden, Switzerland; Sangam in Pune, India; and Our Cabaña in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Wear it with pride. To make a friendship knot, you’ll need two pieces of grosgrain or velvet ribbon, each ¼ inch wide and 5 inches long.

Fold A over B (fig. 1).

Fold B behind A and then around to the front over A. (fig. 2). Weave the long end of A over B’s end and under B’s loop.

Pull gently to even the four ends of the knot (fig. 3). Check to see that the front and back of the knot look like figures 3 and 4.

Attach a small safety pin under C (fig. 4).

108

Program Ideas: Outdoor Skills Belt One recognition in preparation for outdoor activities is the outdoor skills belt. As your troop practices and develops skills in these areas, the corresponding tassel is placed on the belt. A variation might be colored beads representing the skills on a cord for a bracelet, necklace, or bookmark. You’ll need • A 10-foot piece of cord for each belt • Six strands of yarn of eight different colors, each strand six inches long • A spacer to tie a square knot around (a spacer is a piece of wood or something similar about one

inch square) Starting in the middle of the cord, tie at least nine knots around the spacer at regular intervals. Larger belts require more square knot loops. As girls acquire skills, they add tassels to their belt. To make a tassel, loop five strands of yarn in a square knot circle and tie them with the sixth strand, wrapping it around and around the knot. Use the first loop and the ends of the cord to tie the belt. The Outdoor Skills

Know and practice good outdoor manners in town and in the country (blue tassel for the sky).

Know how to dress for the outdoors in your locality in relation to expected weather (purple tassel for purple material of clothes). (OEIGS pp 8, 168) Know how to tie, use, and release a square knot and a clove hitch (brown tassel for rope). (OEIGS pp 42-45) Know how to handle and care for a knife (yellow tassel for caution). (OEIGS pp 46-48)

Know how to make, use, and put out a charcoal fire for outdoor cooking (orange tassel for flames). (OEIGS pp 56-58)

Know how to cook something for yourself and something for your patrol or troop (red tassel for apples). (OEIGS pp 48-56) Know what belongs in a first aid kit (white tassel for bandages). (OEIGS pp 83-84) Know how to protect the natural world (green tassel for trees and grass). (OEIGS 117-136)

109

Program Ideas: Outdoor Skills Bracelet You’ll need: • Two pony beads (#1427 or #1428) • Eight pony beads representing the eight outdoor skills (see previous page) • Leather lace (A) Cut the leather lace five inches longer than the measurement around your wrist. Trim the ends at an angle as shown. (B) Tie a knot at one end of the lace. Thread on two clear pony beads as shown. (C) Thread the other end of the lace through beads from the opposite direction. Tie the lace end in a knot. Adjust the size of the bracelet by pulling on the knotted lace ends.

A

B

C

110

Program Ideas: Outdoor Flag Ceremonies We honor our country’s flag at flag ceremonies to show that we are proud to be citizens of the United States of America. You can find great flag ceremony how-to’s, tips and ideas in the GSVSC Girl Scout Ceremony book, available in our Council shop. General Rules The flag should be displayed from sunrise to sunset. The flag should not be flown in rainy or stormy weather. Raise the flag briskly and proudly. Lower it slowly and ceremoniously. Never allow the flag to touch the ground. Gather and fold it correctly. During the ceremony of raising or lowering the flag, all persons, except the color guard, should stand at attention and salute. Salute with your right hand over your heart from the time the first clip is placed on the flag until it reaches the top of the pole. When lowering the flag, salute from the time the flag leaves the top of the pole until the last clip has been removed. The American flag is always raised first. The Girl Scout flag is raised second. The American flag should always be at the top of the pole, and the Girl Scout flag should be below it. Hats should be removed during the raising and lowering of the flag. This includes hats and bandanas (other than dress hats) worn by females. Basic Flag Ceremony Commands Opening Flag Ceremony "Would you all please stand for the presentation of the flag" - this is the signal that the ceremony is about to start.

"Audience Attention" - This is the signal that the audience should be ready to start. "Color Guard Attention" - The Color Guard comes to "Attention".

"Color Guard Advance” - The Color Guard carries the flag to the flagpole. "Color Guard, Post the Colors" - The Flag Bearer attaches the flag to the rope and quickly hoists the flag,

(the color guard does not salute, and audience put their hands over their hearts). Once the flag(s) reach(es) the top of the flagpole, and have been secured. Color Guard stands at attention at the base of the flags.

“Please join me in the Pledge of Allegiance”

"Color Guard Dismissed" - The Color Guard walks away from the flag pole. Girl Scouts dismissed.

111

Program Ideas: Bandanas 57 Uses of the Bandana (Adapted from a poem written about Kit Hammet by Florence Bush, Edith Macy Conference Center, 1974) Just ask a Girl Scout, “What is a bandana?” “A most useful thing,” she will say, For this bright, handy square of fabric Can be used in 57 ways. First as a triangular bandage For right hand, and left hand, and knees, For right eye, and left eye, and headache, Or for right foot, or left foot, or sneeze. You can wrap up your lunch in a jiffy. Then mop up the stuff that you spill. As a hat, it can look very spiffy. As a babushka, it will keep out the chill. It’s a flag on the top of a flagpole, Or on a grease pit to mark the place, Or a warning on trailing tent poles That extend from bulging trunk space. You can bind up a cut from the hatchet Or a slip of the wrist with the knife, Or a burn to keep down the blister. And as a warning, it may save your life. It makes a good sling for that broken arm. It braces your leg while you use a cane. On the ground, as a sit-upon, it serves you. On the trail shows the way that you came. ‘Round the neck, it is Western in flavor. On the head, a pirate so bold. Dropped coyly, it might lead to romance. As a muffler, it keeps out the cold.

In a game, it serves as a blindfold. In a relay, it’s something to pass. In a race, it marks home base line. At a square dance, marks lady from lass. As a belt, it will hold up your trousers. On a dress, it makes a fun sash. As a tie, it adds some distinction. In hip pocket, it gives certain dash. As an apron, it serves you at teatime, Or centerpiece doily, they say, Or a hot pad to lift up the coffee, Or to wrap up warm bread on a tray. In pairs its purpose is doubled. Two make a bikini, you know, Or a blouse, a skirt, or sun shade If you know how to sew. For childcare it is a blessing. Tied to chair, he or she won’t fall. Tears or tails can be dried very neatly. And for play, you can make it a doll. For knot practice, too, it is handy. Square, clove, bowline, and more. Now this makes 57 uses, And you no doubt could add more. So with this we’ll end this ditty. More uses we’d name had we chose. But we’ll add only the primary purpose, That of blowing the nose!

Have girls think of additional ways to use a bandana. Some ideas are listed below: • A cap: Fold a bandana in half diagonally. Place it on your head with the point of the “V” pointing down

the back of your head. Tie the ends behind your head, holding down the tip of the “V.” The bandana will keep your hair clean and out of the way.

• A mask: Fold a bandana in half diagonally. Tie it behind your neck. Pull the top edge over your nose. It will filter out dust and pollen.

• A bib: Holding a bandana flat across your chest, tie adjacent corners behind your neck. • A pouch: Fold a bandana lengthwise, accordion style. Tie a knot at each end. Spread out the space

between the knots to form a pouch. • A washcloth, a towel, or a napkin.

112

Program Ideas: Bandana Belt Bag

It’s handy on hikes and nature walks to have a bag in which to carry things: paper, pencil, sandwich, fruit, GORP, and things you collect along the way. You’ll need: • One square bandana • A needle and thread or fabric cement • Scissors • Two metal or plastic curtain rings (A) Fold the bandana in half, right sides together. Sew the edges together, leaving a five-inch opening. (B) Refold the tube so that the first seam is in the center. Sew the open ends. (C) Turn the bag right side out. Slide on the curtain rings to make a pouch at each end. Slide the rings to one side of the opening to put things into or to take things out of the bag. Hang the bandana bag over your belt at the front of your body or use a safety pin to attach it to your pants. (Adapted from Daisy, May 1976)

A

B

C

113

Program Ideas: Blue Jean Backpack Whether your troop is hiking, away for several days, or away for only one day, each person needs to find a way to carry her belongings. This blue jean backpack is easy and useful.

Program Ideas: Go/No Go Game The purpose of this game is to help girls learn how to dress in the out-of-doors. You’ll need: • Two bags: one marked “GO” and one marked “NO GO” • Photos of clothing from magazines and catalogs; some clothing should be appropriate for the out-of-

doors, and some should be inappropriate To play the game, choose an outdoor activity. Also choose the time of year when this activity is to take place and the location. Have girls choose clothing appropriate to the activity, time of year, and location. If the clothing is appropriate, the picture goes in the “GO” bag. If it is not appropriate, it goes in the “NO GO” bag. Then have the girls discuss why the clothing is appropriate or not appropriate.

114

Program Ideas: The Fun Doesn’t Stop When the Sun Goes Down Go exploring! Take the troop on a starlight safari. What does the night sound like? What smells weren’t there during the day but are noticeable now? Use your sense of touch: feel the textures and temperatures of your environment. Poetry comes easily in the thoughtful silence of the night. After 30 minutes in the dark, your eyes are as good as a cougar’s! You can daydream at night. Stretch out on a hilltop and watch the stars go by (satellites and meteors too), or you may want to point out constellations with a bright flashlight and read the Greek myths that tell their stories. Campfires, with or without marshmallows, are a natural at nighttime. How many songs do you know about sunsets, stars, evening time, sleeping, and dreaming? Using a sheet as a screen, see how many of your troop members can be recognized by their silhouettes. Tie up a white sheet between two trees. Shine a flashlight on it. See what is attracted to the light. Move the light and see what happens. Check the outside lights around the camp or in your neighborhood. What animals are attracted to them? If you cover your flashlight’s lens with red cellophane, its light will not be visible to many of the nocturnal animals. Fishing and other daytime activities are exciting and different at night. When it’s too dark to play hide and go seek, turn on your radar for a game of “hide and go beep.” Locate each other by sound: hidden players must “beep” every 30 seconds (count silently to 30 between beeps). Find your own constellation. Give it a name and write a legend to go with it. Pick a special star and keep it for your very own. Use it for wishing on and sharing your dreams with. Blind Eagle is a terrific stalking game to play at night in a large field or meadow. You will need a blindfold and a strong flashlight. One player, the “eagle,” stands blindfolded in the middle of the field, holding the flashlight. (Make sure that the blindfold does not cover her ears because she will depend on hearing to protect herself.) An assistant stands next to her. The other players form a large circle around the edge of the field and, on a given signal, begin to stalk toward the eagle as silently as possible. If the eagle hears anything, she aims her flashlight in the direction of the sound, snaps it on, and yells, “Freeze!” All players stop immediately. The eagle’s assistant looks to see if any players have been caught in the ray of light. If so, they are out of the game. After they have left the playing area, the assistant says, “Okay,” and the remaining players continue stalking forward. The first one to touch the eagle without being spotted is the winner. Ashes Ceremony It is a custom of Girl Scouts to save a few ashes from their campfire and use them in their next campfire. This is especially fun when the ashes have traveled to council wide, national or international gatherings. Take a list of where your ashes have been, when mixed in the fire with ashes from other places you may now have ashes which have traveled around the world. Wait until ashes are cold to collect. Film canisters or metal tins are good containers for the ashes. Have your group discuss the following imaginary situation: Imagine that when you were born, you were granted a bank account. Imagine further that this bank account contained all the money you would ever have. Once the money ran out, you would be absolutely unable to gain more from any other source.

115

Imagine, finally, that the amount of money in your account was unknown. You would always know how much you had spent, but you would never know how much was left. How would you spend the money? When your group has adequately discussed that, give them this “imaginary” situation: Imagine that when you were born, you were granted a life account. Imagine further that this life account contained all the days you would ever have. Imagine, finally, that the number of days in your account was unknown. You would always know how many days you had spent, but you would never know how many were left. How would you spend your days? And, finally, have them discuss this “imaginary” situation: Imagine that when you were born, you were granted an environmental account. Imagine further that this environmental account contained all the resources you would ever have. Once the resources ran out, you would be absolutely unable to gain more from any other source. Imagine, finally, that the amount of resources in your account was not accurately known. You couldn’t really even compute how many resources you had spent, let alone figure how many were left. How would you spend your environment? (Taken from: You Are an Environment. Noel McInnis. The Center for Curriculum Design, Evanston, Illinois, 1972.)

116

Menu Ingredients and Quantity Equipment

Day: Meal: Cooking method: Fuel: $______________ (per person or per meal)

Day: Meal: Cooking method: Fuel: $______________ (per person or per meal)

Day: Meal: Cooking method: Fuel: $______________ (per person or per meal)

Number of people: Allergies or special notes:

117

Meal Ideas: Mealtime Kaper Chart

Meal

Fire

Cook

Hostess

Cleanup

118

Meal Ideas: Equivalents or “How Much Do We Need?”

Meats Bacon

• 15 to 16 regular slices per pound • 20 thin slices per pound

Hot Dogs • 8 ordinary hot dogs per pound Ground Beef • ¼ pound per person for hamburgers

• 1½ to 2 pounds per 8 servings for one-pot meals Chicken • 3 pounds per 8 servings for one-pot meals

• ½ breast or 2 drumsticks per foil meal Sliced Sandwich Meats • 16 slices per pound Tuna Fish • 2 6½-ounce cans per 8 servings for sandwiches Canned Meats • 1½ to 2 pounds per 8 servings for one-pot meals

• 12-ounce can chopped meat (Spam) yields a maximum of 8 slices • 2½- to 4½-pound canned hams do not slice well; 5-pound canned

hams have only 3 inches of good slicing; 10-pound canned hams are best to slice but expensive

Tips • Grocery stores will slice canned meats if asked. However, this then makes refrigeration necessary. • You can stretch your meat budget by planning stews or meat dishes that use ground or chunk

meats. • The rule of thumb is to allow ¼ pound of meat per person.

Breads Regular Loaves • 16 to 20 slices Large Loaves • 22 to 24 slices Super Loaves • 32 slices French Bread • 1 inch per serving Biscuit Mix • 4 cups per person Pancake Mix • 4 cups per 8 persons Other Mixes • 1 box per 8 persons Saltines • 144 squares per pound Graham Crackers • 72 squares per pound Potato Chips • 12-ounce box or bag per 8 persons as part of a meal

• 3-pound box or bag per 50 persons as a snack

Dairy Products Milk • 1 quart per person per weekend (for cereal, drinking, and cooking) Butter/Margarine • ¼-pound stick yields 24 squares (1 teaspoon each) with a wire slicer

• ¼-pound stick yields 16 servings • 8 servings per ¼ pound for popcorn or potatoes

Cheese • 16 slices processed cheese per pound

119

Other Foods Jam/Jelly • 1/4 large jar sufficient for 16 biscuits Marshmallows • 16 marshmallows per ¼ pound Kool-Aid • 1 packages yields 8 servings (8 ounces each) Syrup • 1 pint per 8 persons Potatoes • 3 medium potatoes per pound Carrots • 7 to 8 medium carrots per pound Sauces • 2 cups sauce per 1-pound bottle Baked Beans • 3 servings per pound

Staples Liquid Soap • 1 small squeeze bottle per 8 persons per weekend (includes

dishwashing and pot soaping) Toilet Paper • 2 rolls per 8 persons per weekend Paper Towels • 1 large roll per 8 persons per weekend (for napkins and

emergencies) Charcoal • 1 pound briquettes per person per fire Scouring Pads • 1 per girl per weekend Newspaper • 1 daily newspaper (for lantern cleaning and crafts)

120

121

Meal Ideas: Vegetarian Cooking Tips Vegetarian troop members should be offered a cooked meal option whenever non-vegetarian troop members are offered a cooked meal option. “Vegetarian” does not mean “only vegetables,” so ask questions to understand what your vegetarian troop members can and cannot eat. Some may be very strict (that is, absolutely no animal products). Others may simply eliminate beef from their diets. The traditional one-pot Girl Scout meal based on browned ground beef will not work for a troop that includes vegetarians. Some other options follow: • Many common recipes do not need to contain meat (for example, macaroni and cheese and

spaghetti). • Many foods can be cooked with individual servings that do not contain meat (for example, foil

dinners). • For some foods, ingredients can be cooked individually to be mixed on the girls’ plates according to

their preferences (for example, mock tacos). • Adventuresome troops can try vegetarian recipes. This could be part of a troop program to value

diversity. When using packaged foods, be careful to read labels. You may not be aware that some contain meat (for example, meat flavorings in some vegetables and soups and animal fat/lard in some cookies and pie crusts). Do not attempt to remove the meat from a prepared and/or cooked food to create vegetarian food. Remember to arrange kapers so that vegetarian troop members are not expected to cook non-vegetarian food or clean pots and utensils used to cook non-vegetarian food. Remember to keep utensils for stirring vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods separate.

122

Meal Ideas: Salads Master Plans for Salads Combine: Lettuce Salt to taste

Apples

1 head cabbage Mayonnaise Salt Pepper Sugar

Then Add For: Green Salad Radishes Carrots Cucumbers Green peppers Mayonnaise

Waldorf Salad Celery Raisins Nuts Mayonnaise

Apple Slaw ½ pound apples ½ cup green pepper 3 cups pineapple ¼ cup vinegar

Mallow Fruit Fruit cocktail Mini-marshmallows Mayonnaise

Island Waldorf Chunk pineapple Celery Mayonnaise

Hawaiian Slaw Pineapple Shredded coconut

Bunny Salad Cottage cheese Raisins Nuts Mix and roll in lettuce leaf.

Apple and Cheese Currant jelly Cottage cheese Mix together and serve on apple slices.

Date Nut Slaw Dates Chopped nuts ½ pint sour cream

Walking Salads Core an apple, pear or remove the stone from a peach or the seeds from a pear and stuff the fruit with any of the following mixtures: raisins, nuts, and mayonnaise; cream cheese and nuts; celery and mayonnaise; or chopped dates and cream cheese. Fill celery sticks with peanut butter or cream cheese and garnish with raisins or carrots. Combine cream cheese or peanut butter and raisins and roll in a cabbage or lettuce leaf. Stuff a green pepper with cottage cheese. Roll a slice of cheese and a leaf of romaine lettuce around a sweet or dill pickle. Other possibilities include deviled eggs on lettuce wedges, carrot sticks or celery sticks, stuffed tomatoes, and green onions or radishes.

123

Meal Ideas: No cook Jungle Breakfast 1 piece of fruit 1 small box of cereal per girl (mixed varieties) Get up early and hide boxes of cereal and fruit around campsite. Girls must hunt their breakfast. No fair trading after finding them.

Small cartons of milk and other breakfast items may also be hidden. Hot Chocolate Mix Serves one troop for a weekend.

12 quart size Carnation Dry Milk 1 pound box 10X confectioners’ sugar 2 pound can powdered chocolate mix 1 pound jar coffee creamer Mix all ingredients together. Store in an airtight container. Use between 1/2 to 1/3 cup of mixture to each cup of hot water. Pita Bread Sandwich 12 servings

6 Pita Bread 4 tomatoes 2 onions 1 head of lettuce 1 bag of Cheddar cheese (2 cups) 1 pack of assorted luncheon meats 1 small bottle of sweet or dill pickles Mustard, mayonnaise, butter (if desired) Chop up meat, tomatoes, onions, and pickles. Shred lettuce. Cut the Pita bread in half, then separate. Add butter (if desired), mustard, and mayonnaise, on the inside of the bread halves. Add lettuce, meat, tomatoes, pickles, and onions. Top with Cheddar cheese. Hint: Have girls add their own ingredients. Bugs on a Log (Bumps on a Log) 6 servings

Stalk of celery—1/2 stick per girl Small jar of any kind of peanut butter, sunflower butter or cheese spread Medium box of Raisins Clean the stalks of celery thoroughly with cold water. Cut into 3 or 4 inch lengths. Fill cavity with peanut butter. Add a row of raisins on top, as little bugs.

Trail Mix—GORP (Good Old Raisins & Peanuts) 1 one pound jar unsalted peanuts, cashews, sunflower seeds

124

1 pound M&M’s or Reese’s Pieces 1 box medium size raisins 1 handful (cut) dried apricots 1 handful (cut) dried apples 1 handful dried banana chips Mini pretzels Any kind of dry cereal: Wheat Chex, Honey-Nut Cheerios, granola, oatmeal, Rice Chex, Cheerios, Oat Bran, Fruit Loops You do not have to have all the ingredients to make GORP. Mix chosen ingredients well. Give each girl a cup of the mixture in a self-sealing sandwich bag. Just a few items will be tasty. Leave out anything you don’t want. Rule of eating GORP: You have to take a handful. It’s not fair to choose only your favorite morsels and leave what you don’t like in the bag. * 1 handful = 1/2 cup Edible Candles

For each “candle” you will need: 1 slice of canned pineapple 1/2 banana 1 cherry 1 toothpick Arrange the pineapple slice in the center of the plate to be the candle holder. Peel the banana half and insert it cut end down into the center of the pineapple, to be the candle. Now light the candle; attach the cherry “flame” to the top of the banana “candle” using the toothpick “wick.” Quick-Energy Pick-Ups 15-20 servings

8 square graham crackers 2 cups powdered sugar 2 cups crunchy peanut butter 2 cups semisweet chocolate chips 1 cup instant nonfat dry milk 6 Tbl. water 1. Crush the graham cracker with your fingers onto a sheet of waxed paper. 2. Mix thoroughly remaining ingredients in a bowl. 3. Shape spoonfuls of mixture into 1 inch balls. Roll balls in the graham cracker crumbs until coated. 4. Arrange the coated balls on ungreased cookie sheet and refrigerate for about 20 minutes.

125

Eatable Necklaces

Licorice strings (red) Fruit Loops 1. Add the Fruit Loops to the licorice, much like beads. 2. Tie the ends of the licorice together to form a necklace. 3. Eat the Fruit Loops one by one. No-Bake Cookies 12-15 servings

1/2 cup light corn syrup 1/2 cup creamy peanut butter 3 cups Rice Krispies In large bowl, mix the corn syrup and peanut butter. Stir in the Rice Krispies. Drop by spoonfuls onto waxed paper and allow to set for a few minutes before eating.

No-Cook S’mores

Graham crackers Marshmallow creme 1 can ready-to-spread milk chocolate frosting For each s’more, spread 1 graham cracker square with a thick layer of chocolate frosting. Spread the second square with marshmallow creme. Put together sandwich style with frosting and marshmallow creme on the inside.

Five Cup Honey-Butter Balls Makes about 40 balls

1 cup honey 1 cup rice cereal 1 cup dry milk 1 cup peanut butter 1 cup coconut Mix the honey, rice cereal, dry milk, and peanut butter in a bowl until well mixed. Spread the coconut on waxed paper. Shape the dough mixture into small balls and roll in the coconut until covered on all sides. Place the balls on a cookie sheet and put in the refrigerator for half an hour or more before serving.

Peanut Butter Balls 1 12 ounce box vanilla wafers 1 ripe banana 3/4 cup chunky peanut butter 10X confectionary sugar Wash Hands! Mash vanilla wafer on 2 pieces waxed paper with rolling pin. Mash banana with fork and mix it with peanut butter and vanilla wafers in bowl. Make into small balls. Refrigerate. Roll in 10X confectionary sugar.

Rainbow Fruit Snacks Strawberries Blueberries

126

Green seedless grapes Orange pieces Toothpicks 1. Cut the tops off the strawberries. 2. Put the strawberries on a toothpick. 3. Do the same with the blueberries, grapes, and orange pieces. 4. Put the sticks on a plate like a rainbow. Ticks on a Toilet Seat ½ bagel ½ apple Cream cheese or peanut butter Miniature chocolate chips Spread the bagel half with the cream cheese or peanut butter. Sprinkle the miniature chocolate chips on the “seat” and lay it flat on your plate. Slice the apple half just to remove the core, but keep it intact. Then position the apple against the “seat” so that it looks like the toilet lid.

127

Meal Ideas: One-Pot Meals Master Plan for One-Pot Meal for 12 Combine in one pot: 3 pounds lean ground beef, browned 1 package dehydrated or frozen onions 1 package dehydrated or frozen sweet peppers 2 cans tomato soup Salt and pepper Then Add For: American Chop Suey 4 cans spaghetti

Spanish Rice 1 large package minute rice, cooked separately

Spaghetti 1 large package spaghetti, cooked separately

Mac Beef 1 large box macaroni, cooked separately

Hunter’s Stew 4 cans vegetable soup

Yoki Special 3 cans spaghetti 2 cans peas

Chili 4 cans kidney bans Chili powder

Squaw Corn 3 cans corn ½ pound diced cheese

Hungarian Hot Pot 4 cans baked beans

Lopalary (this recipe serves 25) 5 pounds ground beef, browned 2 packages sloppy joe mix 2 large cans tomatoes 20 potatoes, cut in small pieces (or canned potatoes)

15 carrots, sliced small (or canned carrots) 3 onions, diced Six 15-ounce cans kidney beans

Brown ground beef. Add everything else. Cook until vegetables are done. (It will take longer to cook fresh vegetables.) Breakfast Burritos Individual servings Mix a few eggs with a little milk, salt, and pepper, and store the mixture in a Ziploc bag in a cooler for future use. Brown some sausage; drain, crumble, and return the sausage to the pan. Pour in the premixed eggs or egg substitute, a little salsa, onions, peppers, mushrooms, and anything else you want to throw in. Scramble until done. Top with cheese. Scoop spoonfuls onto a flour tortilla, roll up, and enjoy.

128

Barf in a Bag Individual servings 2 eggs per camper Salt and pepper Precooked bacon, sausage or ham Mushrooms Shredded cheese Onions Green bell peppers Pint- or quart-size Ziploc freezer bags Put a large pot of water on to boil. Have each camper put eggs and other ingredients in her own bag, labeled with a permanent marker. Seal the bag and squeeze to mix. Squeeze excess air out of bag and reseal. One or two girls at a time can then place their bags into the pot of boiling water. After about 3 minutes, remove the bag from the boiling water and knead it. Return the bag to the water for 2 minutes more. The eggs will pull away from the sides of the bag when done. Breakfast Hash 8 servings This can be cooked over the fire with a bed of medium-hot coals or on a camp stove. 3 to 4 medium potatoes, diced 1 package smoky links, diced 1 medium onion, chopped (optional) 1 cup sliced mushrooms (optional) 1 cup diced green, red, or yellow pepper (optional) 8 eggs, beaten 1½ to 2 cups shredded cheddar cheese Cook the potatoes for about 10 to 15 minutes. Add the smoky links and any of the optional ingredients you choose and cook until the potatoes are cooked through. Pour in the eggs and cook until the eggs are done. Top with shredded cheese. Pancakes in a Bag 6 servings 2 cups all-purpose flour 2 tablespoons cornmeal ¼ cup brown sugar 1 teaspoon salt 1½ teaspoon baking soda 1½ teaspoon baking powder 1 teaspoon cinnamon (optional) 2 eggs 2 cups milk Mix the dry ingredients in a Ziploc bag. At camp, add the eggs and milk. Squeeze out any excess air and seal the bag. Knead and shake until thoroughly moistened. Don’t worry about small lumps but get the big ones. Open the bag just enough to pour onto a hot griddle.

129

Taco Salad in a Bag Individual servings Ground beef Taco seasoning Lettuce Tomatoes Green bell peppers Onions Shredded cheddar cheese Catalina salad dressing Crushed Doritos Brown the meat and add taco seasoning per directions. Allow the mixture to cool. In individual Ziploc bags, combine the meat with other ingredients chosen by the campers. Add salad dressing and chips. Mix.

130

Meal Ideas: Drug Store Wrap FOIL POUCHES OR EMBER COOKING For perfect meals with no pots or pans to scrub! Using individual foil packages is a clean convenient way in which to prepare food at home, to carry it, to cook it, and to eat it – all in a single container. It also allows for individual taste preferences by allowing each person to build their own personalized meal. Use heavy weight aluminum foil and wrap the food using a drugstore fold, so liquid does not run out when turned. To wrap the food, lay an individual portion of food on a sheet of foil. Bring two ends together and fold several times. Then fold each end at least 2 times. Be sure to allow some space for expansion in the package by not wrapping the raw food too tightly. Each pack may be marked with the girl’s initials, using a squeeze bottle of inexpensive mustard. This technique creates a small-scale pressure cooker and can be cooked indoors using a hot kitchen oven, on a grill, or directly over coals

When placed in a bed of hot coals with some heat on top, diced vegetables and meat cook in 20-25 minutes. Packet will “puff up” when done. For turning and removing hot foil packets from the fire use a shovel or utility tongs and work gloves. Be careful not to poke holes on top of the packet to let the hot steam escape before you start to open the top. Use your imagination for recipes: for each person allow about ½ c. vegetables (chopped, sliced, cubed, fresh, frozen, or canned) and ¼ to ½ c. meat. Use soups or sauces for seasoning.

131

Meal Ideas: Foil Cooking (Double wrap all food with heavy duty foil) Tinfoil Dinners (Silver Turtles, Hobo Dinners, Pocket Stew) Individual servings Place on a large piece of heavy-duty aluminum foil in order: raw hamburger patty; raw potato, sliced; raw carrot, sliced, or other vegetable; raw onion, sliced; salt; pepper; and butter. Wrap and seal well so juices will not escape. Place on white hot coals for 20 minutes per side. One-half boneless chicken breast can be substituted for the hamburger patty. Chicken Firecrackers 8 servings 2 cups diced, cooked chicken 1 tablespoon diced onion 1½ cups diced celery ¼ cup slivered almonds 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon pepper ½ cup mayonnaise ¼ pound shredded cheddar cheese 8 French rolls Combine the chicken, onions, celery, almonds, salt, pepper, mayonnaise, and cheese, and blend well. Scoop out the center of each French roll and fill it with the chicken mixture. Wrap each roll in aluminum foil, twisting the ends to resemble firecrackers. Place on coals and cook 20 minutes, turning frequently. Nightmares 2 cups chopped hotdogs 2 hard-boiled eggs, chopped ¼ cup pickle relish 2 cups shredded cheese ½ cup mayonnaise 2 tablespoons mustard Hotdog buns Combine the hotdogs, eggs, cheese, pickle relish, mayonnaise, and mustard. Fill the hotdog buns with the mixture, wrap them in foil, and cook them over coals until the cheese melts, about 15 minutes. Pork Chops Place seasoned pork chops on foil: Add: ½ c. frozen potatoes or 1 small sliced potato ½ c. fresh, frozen, or canned green beans 1 Tbsp. water or cream soup Wrap and bake on coals 30 minutes. Turn once Chicken For each person, lay a piece of chicken on foil. Layer pineapple chunks & coconut (optional) on top. Sprinkle with sauce (soy sauce, Teriyaki sauce or sweet ‘n sour sauce). Cook about 30 minutes, turning several times. Sausage Place sausage patty on large piece of foil. Place potatoes (peeled and cut in small pieces) on sausage. Fold securely around meat and place in coals. Check occasionally.

132

Teriyaki Chicken 1-2 pieces of chicken Pineapple chunks Teriyaki sauce Onions, sliced (optional) Place chicken on foil, add pineapple chunks, onions, and Teriyaki sauce. Fold using drugstore wrap. Place in coals or on grill for 20-30 minutes. Serves 1. Breakfast Burritos 1 flour tortilla ¼ cup shredded cheddar cheese 1 slice ham Place the ham and cheese in the center of the tortilla. Roll the tortilla like a burrito. Wrap in foil. Place the tortilla wrap on a grill above fire or charcoal. Heat until the cheese is completely melted. Meatballs Place several frozen meatballs, some slices of canned potatoes, and a spoonful of cream of chicken soup. Place on coals (never on flames). Turn after about 10 minutes. German Foil Dinner 1 thinly sliced potato, 1 chopped green onion, 1 rib of celery, chopped, 2 Tbsp. French or Italian salad dressing, 1 sliced smoky link sausage or hot dog, and salt and pepper to taste. Grill about 20 minutes. Hobo Pack On a 12” x 15” piece of heavy-duty foil per person, arrange in the following order: half of a slice carrot, half a sliced potato, ¼ lb. hamburger patty, remaining potato slices, remaining carrot slices. Season with diced onion (optional) salt, pepper, and dried gravy mix. Cook 10 minutes per side. A lettuce leaf may be placed under and over dinner in packet to protect it from burning. NOTE: Use any variety of meat you want. Ham slices, boneless chicken breast, hot dogs, etc. Also other vegetables may be used or just use vegetables if you don’t like or eat meat. Hamburger Grill Meal 1 pound ground beef One 16-ounce can green beans, drained 1 large potato, thinly sliced 1 can cream of mushroom soup Shape the ground beef into four small loaves. Place each loaf on a large square of aluminum foil. Layer the green beans, potatoes, and soup. Seal the foil securely. Cook on a grill over charcoal 30 to 40 minutes, turning once. Bacon-Cheese Dogs Split a hot dog and place a folded piece of cheese between the 2 halves. Wrap a slice of bacon around the hot dog. Wrap in foil and cook in coals 8-10 minutes per side. VARIATION: wrap the cheese around the hot dog, then wrap with bacon; cook as above. Baked Egg Use a 12” x 18” piece of heavy duty foil, folded double. Seal an egg in foil, and place on coals. Turn about every minute. Test after 5 minutes. If too soft, reseal and place on coals another 1-2 minutes. VARIATION: Soft Boiled Egg: Wrap and place in coals (large end down) for 3 minutes.

133

Baked ‘Clams’ Ground beef or sausage Cheese, tomato, onion slices Bacon For each serving, make two thin patties of beef or sausage. On one patty, put a slice of cheese, tomato, onion and bacon. Top with second patty. Wrap in heavy duty foil, greased with margarine and bake in coals for 20 minutes. Chicken and Vegetables Place chicken on the foil and add cut up vegetables (squash, potatoes, onions, celery, carrots, tomatoes, broccoli, bell peppers, mushrooms, etc.) on top. Place in embers or grill and cook for 20-30 minutes. Serves 1. NOTE: This recipe may also be made with hamburger or ground turkey. Chicken with Rice Serves 6 1 c. instant rice 3 chicken breasts halved (or 6 thighs) 1 can cream of mushroom or cream of chicken soup ½ tsp. garlic salt ¼ tsp. oregano (optional) ½ tsp. salt ¼ tsp. chili powder (optional) Place 3 Tbsp. of rice on six squares of heavy-duty foil. Arrange chicken on top. Season soup with spices. Spoon 2 Tbsp. soup over chicken. Wrap and seal tightly. Cook over medium coals 45 to 60 minutes, turning occasionally. If the chicken breasts are boneless, cook for 20 to 25 minutes. Serves 6. Chicken Leg Delight 10 servings 8 potatoes Ten 6-ounce chicken legs 5 medium onions, chopped ¼ cup vinegar Salt and pepper 1 cup ketchup Oil aluminum foil slightly. Peel and thinly slice the potatoes. Spread them evenly on the foil. Place the chicken on top of the potatoes and sprinkle with the onions, vinegar, and a little salt and pepper. Pour the ketchup over the chicken. Fold foil over the ingredients to form a sealed envelope. Broil on coals 40 minutes, turning frequently. Creamy Chicken 1 chicken breast Sliced potatoes frozen vegetables 2-3 Tbsp. cream of chicken soup salt & pepper Place chicken on a 12” x 12” square of heavy duty foil. Add potatoes, vegetables and soup. Fold, allowing 1” air space. Cook over coals for 10 minutes, turn and cook for an additional 5 minutes. Turkey and Stuffing Roll 1 thick slice turkey breast (from deli) 1 serving instant stuffing mix Margarine and water, according to stuffing package Place the turkey on a piece of heavy-duty aluminum foil sprayed with cooking spray. Top with one serving of pre-made stuffing mix. Spread the stuffing to cover the meat. Roll the meat and stuffing like a jelly roll. Wrap in foil and place on hot charcoal for 10 to 15 minutes. Turn frequently.

134

Bacon Baked Potatoes 5 pounds round white potatoes 1 pound thin sliced bacon Scrub the potatoes and poke them with a fork. Wrap each potato in one layer of bacon. Wrap in foil. Lay along the coals of the campfire, turning often with long tongs. Check for doneness by poking with a fork; when the fork slides easily into the potatoes, take them out of the fire. Serve with your choice of toppings and save any leftovers to be reheated for breakfast. Leftovers can be cut up and mixed with scrambled eggs and cheese for a quick, delicious breakfast. Spicy Cheese Roll 10 servings 2 large French rolls ½ pound shredded American cheese ½ pound butter 1 onion, chopped 1 green bell pepper, finely shredded Split each roll lengthwise and spread both sides with butter. Sprinkle liberally with the cheese, onion, and pepper. Place the halves together and wrap in foil. Bake on low heat 25 minutes, turning frequently. Apple Dessert Packets 1 large apple 1 tablespoon biscuit mix 1 teaspoon sugar Raisins Cinnamon Core and chop the apple in fairly large pieces, peeling if desired. Mix the sugar, a few raisins, and cinnamon to taste with the biscuit mix; stir into the chopped apple. Wrap in a piece of greased aluminum foil, Leaving sufficient space for steam. Cook in embers approximately 30 to 45 minutes. (The juice of the apple moistens the dough sufficiently.) Worm in the Apple 1 apple 1 sausage link Core the apple and stuff it with the sausage link. Wrap in foil. Cook over charcoal until soft, about 40 minutes. Fruity Foil Donuts 1 plain home-style donut Margarine Brown sugar 1 pineapple ring Slice the donut in half. Spread both sides with margarine and sprinkle with brown sugar. Place the pineapple ring between the slices. Cover in foil and place on coals until bubbly, about 5 minutes. Baked Apples Fill cored apples with a mixture of sugar, raisins, nuts, marshmallows, etc. Seal them in foil and bake them on top of a grill. Foil Sundaes Arrange a slice of pound cake on foil. Top with brown sugar, butter, and crushed pineapple or canned pie filling. Wrap well in foil and grill over coals.

135

Banana Boat 1 banana Miniature marshmallows Chocolate chips Raisins (optional) Brown sugar Partially peel the banana. Cut a wedge-shaped section in the banana. Remove the wedge. In the hollow space, place the marshmallows, chocolate chips, and raisins (if desired). Sprinkle lightly with brown sugar. Cover the mixture with the banana peel. Wrap the banana in foil. Place in coals until the marshmallows and chocolate chips are melted, about 5 minutes.

136

Meal Ideas: Stick Cooking Pigs in a Blanket Individual servings 1 hotdog 1 cheese slice Biscuit dough or refrigerator biscuits Slit the hotdog lengthwise and put the cheese slice in the middle. Wrap dough around the hotdog. Cook on a stick until done. Angels on Horseback 10 servings 1 pound cheese 20 slices bacon 10 split rolls with lettuce Toothpicks Cut the cheese into cubes 1 inch square. Cook the bacon on a stick or in a frying pan until it is partly done but not crisp. Wrap a slice of partly cooked bacon around a piece of cheese and secure with a twig or toothpick. Run a sharp, pointed stick through this combination. Toast over coals until the cheese begins to melt and the bacon finishes cooking. Have ready a split roll with lettuce to hold the “angel” when it is ready to eat (or if it seems likely to fall off the stick). Thin slices of cooked ham may be used in place of the bacon. Pioneer Drumsticks 10 servings 1½ cups cornflakes 2½ pounds chopped beef 2 eggs Salt and pepper Crush the cornflakes and mix thoroughly with the other ingredients. Wrap a small quantity of this mixture around a stick the size of your thumb. (Make this long and thin, not a round ball.) Cook by holding over a bed of coals and turning frequently so that all sides are cooked evenly. Some people prefer leaving the cornflakes out of the mixture and rolling the “drumsticks” in them just before cooking. Brown Bears Individual servings Dip strips of bread in melted butter and roll them in a sugar and cinnamon mixture. Toast over hot coals until crispy. Robinson Crusoe Individual servings Spread peanut butter on two graham crackers. Toast marshmallow and sandwich between the crackers. Shaggy Dogs Individual servings Heat 1 can of chocolate syrup in the can. Toast marshmallows until golden brown. Dip the marshmallows in the chocolate syrup and roll in 1 package of coconut.

137

Mock Angel Cake Individual servings Trim the crust off unsliced white bread and slice the bread _ inch thick. Cut the slices into strips _ inch wide and 2 inches long. Dip them in condensed milk and roll in shredded or flaked coconut. Pierce with stick and toast over coals. Bacon-Cheese Weenie Roast 8 servings 1 pack hotdogs American cheese 12 ounces uncooked bacon Toothpicks Split the hotdogs without cutting the whole way through. Tear strips of cheese and tuck into the slits. Wrap each hotdog with a slice of bacon and secure with a toothpick. Roast over an open flame until the bacon is crispy and tender and the hotdog is heated through. Fairy Ring Individual servings 1 glazed donut 1 marshmallow Put the donut on a stick; then put the marshmallows on the end. Toast over a fire.

138

Meal Ideas: Dutch Oven Cooking Chicken and Rice 8 servings 2 pounds chicken breast pieces 2 cups non-instant rice 2 cans “cream of something” soup Water Line a Dutch oven with aluminum foil. Put the rice in the bottom. Put in the chicken. Mix the soup with an equal amount of water and pour it over the chicken and rice. Cook until the chicken and rice are done, about 1 hour. Dutch Oven Deep-Dish Pizza 6-8 servings 2 packages pizza crust mix Water Olive oil 1 can pizza sauce Sliced pepperoni Shredded mozzarella cheese Cheddar cheese Line a Dutch oven with aluminum foil and oil lightly. Mix both packages of pizza flour with water according to the package directions. Pat out the dough in the bottom of the oven in an even layer. Bring the edges of the dough up the sides of the oven about ½ inch. Brush the dough with additional oil. Spread a thin layer of sauce over the dough. Put the remaining toppings on the pizza and then add the remaining sauce over the top. Put a lid on the oven. Place the oven on top of 8 coals with 10 on the lid. Bake 20 to 30 minutes. Quick and Easy Breakfast Casserole (or Dinner) 12 servings 8 slices bread 2 pounds sausage, cooked 16 ounces shredded cheddar cheese 12 eggs 1 quart milk 1½ teaspoon dry mustard 1 teaspoon salt Line a 12-inch Dutch oven with aluminum foil. Lightly grease the foil with cooking spray. Break up the bread into the oven. Crumble the cooked sausage over the bread and cover with cheese. In a separate bowl, mix the eggs, milk, dry mustard, and salt. Pour the egg mixture over the layered bread, sausage, and cheese in the oven. Cover and bake 35 to 40 minutes, checking occasionally. The cheese rises to the top, melting into a golden brown crust over a fluffy layer of eggs. This is a super-filling camp breakfast or dinner.

139

Yummy Chicken Casserole 6 servings Two 10-ounce cans boned chicken, or prepare chicken at home from scratch 1 can chicken gravy 1 can cream of chicken soup 1 can peas and carrots, or use partially thawed frozen peas and carrots 1 package refrigerated biscuits Combine the chicken, gravy, soup, and vegetables in a Dutch oven. Top with biscuits. Cover and bake until heated through and the biscuits are done, about 10 to 15 minutes. Crusty Baked Potatoes 8 servings 4 baking potatoes, peeled and quartered Margarine, melted 1 cup Italian breadcrumbs 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon paprika Coat the potatoes in the melted margarine. Combine the breadcrumbs, salt, and paprika. Roll the potatoes in the breadcrumb mixture. Place in a foil-lined Dutch oven, cover, and bake until the potatoes are tender, about 30 to 40 minutes. Lasagna 6 servings 6 lasagna noodles, cooked, tossed with oil, and “zip-locked” One 31-ounce jar spaghetti sauce One 16-ounce carton large-curd cottage cheese 3 cups grated mozzarella cheese, or use large slices 1 shaker parmesan cheese Grease the bottom and sides of a Dutch oven with vegetable oil. Spread a little sauce over the bottom. Lay 3 noodles over the sauce. Spread half of the cottage cheese over the noodles. Then sprinkle half of the mozzarella cheese, followed by a layer of parmesan cheese. Spread half of the remaining sauce over the cheese. Continue layering as before, ending with sauce. Cover and bake until thoroughly heated and cheeses have melted, about 30 minutes. Edges will be bubbly. Fruit Pie 6-8 servings 1 can fruit pie filling 1 package pie crust Aluminum pie tin or tuna can Follow the package directions for preparing a two-crust pie. Raise the pan in a Dutch oven with three small stones. Cover and bake until the crust is brown, about 30 to 40 minutes.

140

Pineapple Upside-Down Cake 6-8 servings 1 stick butter 3/4 cup brown sugar 1 small can sliced pineapple 1 small jar cherries 1 yellow cake mix Eggs and oil, according to cake mix package Line a Dutch oven with aluminum foil. Place the oven over hot coals and add the butter and brown sugar. Stir occasionally, being careful not to tear the foil. In a bowl or a large Ziploc bag, prepare the cake mix according to the package directions. Keep squeezing, and don’t pop the seal of the bag. When the butter and brown sugar are melted, spread them evenly and add the pineapple and cherries (remove the oven from the coals if you need to wait for the cake mix.) Pour the cake mix over the mixture. Place a lid on the oven and add a few coals on the lid. Check in 5 minutes. If a crust has started to form, the fire is too hot. Remove some coals from the lid. Check again in 20 minutes. There should be a slight crust forming. If there is a heavy crust or browning, remove most of the coals from the lid. If there is no crust forming, add coals under the oven and to the lid. Check again in 10 to 20 minutes. There should be slight browning. If not, add coals. If there is dark browning, remove all coals from the lid. Test doneness with a thin twig. When inserted into the cake, it should come out dry. Remove the cake from the fire. (If it is not done, check every 5 minutes until it is done.) Be careful when you are turning the cake out of the oven. Wear gloves. Place a platter over the cake and turn the oven over quickly, keeping it away from your body. Leave the platter on for a minute so topping can drip down on the cake. Gingerbread 1 large can or jar of applesauce 1 package gingerbread mix (just-add-water kind) Line a Dutch oven with aluminum foil. Grease the foil. Pour in the applesauce and place the oven on a fire to heat while you are mixing the gingerbread. Mix the gingerbread according to the package directions. Pour it over the applesauce. Bake until done. Note: Pies, cakes, biscuits, and rolls can be cooked in a Dutch oven in about the same amount of time it takes to bake them at home. Dump Cake 1 large can of fruit pie filling 1 box of cake mix Stick of butter (Options: canned fruit, coconut, pecans, chocolate chips, caramel sauce, etc.) Line a Dutch oven with aluminum foil. Dump 1 can pie filling into Dutch oven, sprinkle cake mix on top. Put slices of butter on top. Cook at 350 until pie filling bubbles thru cake mix topping, Begin checking after 30 minutes. If using a large Dutch Oven, you may need 2 cans of pie filling and 2 boxes of cake mix.

141

Meal Ideas: Drinks Hot Chocolate Mix 1 pkg. Instant Non-fat dry milk (25.6 oz. box = 10 2/3 c) 1 jar powdered non-dairy creamer (6 oz.) 2 c. powdered sugar 1 can instant chocolate drink mix (16 oz.) Combine all ingredients in a large bowl. Mix well. Put in a large airtight container. Label. Add 3 Tbsp. Hot Chocolate Mix to 1 c. hot water. Stir to dissolve. Mini-marshmallows may be added. Sun Tea 3 tea bags per quart of water 1 orange Cold water ½ lemon Slice unpeeled orange and lemon into small pieces. Fill large jar with cold water. Add tea bags and fruit. Put tight fitting lid on jar and place in full sunlight for about 2 hours to brew. Tangy Tea 2 c. Tang (orange drink mix) 1 pkg. lemonade mix ¾ c. instant tea ¼ t. cloves Mix all together. Use as desired in cup of hot water.

142

Meal Ideas: Just for Fun Ants in the Sand 4 servings One 3-ounce package instant pudding Milk, according to pudding package 4 graham crackers 1 cup Cool Whip Chocolate sprinkles Put each full graham cracker into its own sandwich bag. Have each person crush the crackers in the bag into fine crumbs. Mix the pudding according to the package directions for pie filling. When the pudding has set, scoop it onto four plates. Add a dollop of Cool Whip on the pudding to create a mound. Sprinkle the mound with graham crackers. This should look like an ant hill. Top with chocolate sprinkles, or “ants.” Breakfast Parfait 1 cup low-fat vanilla yogurt or other flavor of choice 1 tablespoon brown sugar Strawberries or other fruit of choice 1 cup granola Combine the yogurt and brown sugar. Spoon half of the yogurt into a cup, layer with strawberries, and repeat. Top with granola.

COOKING IN ORANGE SHELLS

After you have cut an orange in half and eaten the pulp inside, save the peel to use as a utensil to cook eggs, vegetables or cake. Label the individual orange shells with marking pens if you like. Be sure to remove any membrane that might be left in the peel. Cake in an Orange 12 oranges Cake mix (white, yellow, gingerbread) Ingredients needed to make cake mix Slice orange 1/3 down from the top and spoon pulp out of bottom 2/3, leaving an empty shell. Spoon pulp out of top 1/3 also. Eat pulp or use in a salad. Prepare cake mix according to directions on box (you can do this in a large Ziploc bag). Fill orange shell ½ full with cake mix. Place lid back on orange. Wrap securely in foil. Place in coals. Cook 15 to 20 minutes. Serves 12. Orange Muffins 1 pkg. muffin mix Milk and egg as noted for mix 12 orange half peels (6 oranges) Mix muffins as directed on package. Fill orange peels half way with batter. Place directly on coals and bake until tops are brown. Serves 12.

143

Ham, Eggs, & Potatoes 1 large naval orange (thick skinned) 2 eggs Salt & pepper 1 Tbsp. milk or water ½ c. canned shoestring potatoes (the crunchy kind) ½ c. chopped ham or sliced ham luncheon meat Cut orange in half and scoop out the inside. Combine eggs, salt, pepper, and Tbsp. of milk or water. Mix until yokes are broken. Pour half of the mixture into each orange shell. Gently set shells on grill over coals using long-handled tongs. Cook until eggs are firm, about 10 minutes. Remove the shells from the grill with the tongs. To serve, mound potatoes onto plate and top with ham (warmed in foil pouch on coals if you want). Then scoop egg out of shell onto potatoes and ham. Breakfast Egg 12 eggs 12 orange half peels (6 oranges) 12 slices bacon (optional) Salt & pepper Break an egg into the orange shell, season with salt & pepper. Set in the coals to bake. The shell may be lined with bacon or wax paper. Orange Gingerbread 1 (14 oz.) pkg. gingerbread mix Additional ingredients for mix 12 orange half shells (6 oranges) Make gingerbread mix batter, and half fill empty orange shells with batter. Cook in embers until done. VARIATION: Slice off 1/3 from top of orange; spoon out fruit, leaving shell empty. Mix gingerbread in a Ziploc bag according to package directions. Fill orange shell ½ full of batter. Wrap in foil leaving small air space on top. Place in coals and bake 10-15 minutes. Enough batter for 10-12 oranges. Orange Sweet Potatoes 6 c. canned sweet potatoes ¾ c. brown sugar 12 orange half peels (6 oranges) 12 marshmallows Mash sweet potatoes. Pack potatoes into orange half. Sprinkle with brown sugar and top with marshmallows. Bake in coals until heated through. Serves 12.

144

145

Google Docs & Google Drive Instructions

146

147

Each patrol member will receive an email link from the OE Trainer with an invitation to edit or collaborate on a Google Doc. This Google Doc is the OE menu planning worksheet. Each patrol member will receive this email and is required to collaborate and participate in the menu planning process. Click on this link to the Google Doc:

If you do not have a “Gmail” email account, please SAVE this email or bookmark the link to the document. This will be your only access to the Google Doc. You may need to access this document several times before the menu has been completed. You can click on the document hyperlinks to access the document at any time. Once you click on the Google Doc link in your email, it will open the Google Doc – OE Menu Planning Worksheet in your web browser as seen below. You may begin completing section 1. Please read all instructions carefully as this is a Group assignment.

You will be able to edit the document with others in your patrol. Remember that this is a “live” document. Changes to the document are saved automatically as you type. Please DO NOT download the document and work offline, as the trainer will not be able to see your additions or changes to the document.

If your email address is “Gmail,” you can access this “shared” file by logging into your individual Gmail account.

148

Once you have signed in, click on the google apps icon (groups of squares), then click on Drive.

Next, locate the file under “shared with me” tab.

1

2

149

Chat When you’re working on a file at the same time as others, you can chat with the group viewing the file so that you don’t have to email back and forth while you work. Anyone viewing the file can be included in the

chat. Start a chat in a file. Click the button in the top-right corner of the screen. This icon only appears when two or more are viewing the document. Begin typing into the chat box. When you’re finished, click X to close the chat window.

150

Comments You can leave a comment for others to view later if no one is available for chat. Please note that even if you're viewing or editing a file anonymously comments that you add to the file will be seen.

Add a comment by opening a document. Click the Comment button in the toolbar. Type your comment in the box that appears to the right of the file. Click Comment to save the comment.

Edit or delete a comment by opening the file where you made the comment. Select the comment you want to edit or delete. Click three dots next to Resolve to the right in your comment text to Edit or Delete

1

2

3

151

See the history of changes made to a file

152

If you want to see all of the changes you and others have made to a document, you can check your revision history. You can view and revert back to earlier versions of your file and see which person made specific edits. To see revision history for a file, follow these steps:

1. Open a document. 2. Click the File menu and select See revision history. 3. Click a time stamp in the panel on the right to see a previous version of the file. You’ll also see the

people who edited the file below the time stamp, and the edits that each person made is shown in the color that appears next to their name.

4. If you want to revert to the version you're currently viewing, click Restore this revision. 5. If you'd like to return to the current version of your document to continue editing, click the X in the

upper right of the 'Revision history' panel. 6. Reverting your document to a previous version doesn’t eliminate any versions of your file, but it moves

this previous version to the top of your revision history.

See your edits in more detail Revisions are grouped into short time periods to make it easier for you to see the slight differences between previous document versions. If you want to see more fine-grained revisions, click Show more detailed revisions in the lower right corner of the revision history panel.

153

Overnight Preparation Please do the following in preparation for the overnight session of Outdoor Education:

Read the GSVSC Outdoor Education Manual (#3410).

Plan menu with your patrol, using Google Docs, by deadline date. Patrol info will be sent to you by your lead trainer.

Trainer will send email containing the following, complete and return (via email).

Resource Search

Needs Assessment

Health History (#2072) if not already submitted Each participant is to bring the following resources to the overnight session:

Outdoor Education Manual (#3410) (If downloaded and printed, if not – a copy will be provided)

GSVSC Program Centers Manual (If downloaded and printed, if not – a copy will be provided)

Volunteer Essentials (Current year) (bring troop copy, online at GSVSC.org or one will be available for reference)

Personal clothing and equipment including a cup for drink/coffee/tea… (pg. 18 in OEM)

Kaper chart based on your patrol menu (pg. 43-44 in OEM)

Charcoal chimney (pg. 64 in OEM) (school cafeterias or restaurants are a good source for #10 cans)

Pocket knife

Pen/paper/notebook

One rainy day activity to share as time permits

One campfire activity to share as time permits

Each patrol needs to bring the following items to the overnight session:

Assigned cooking equipment or food.

One goop can (pg. 52 in OEM) and one handwashing setup (pg. 54 in OEM) per patrol. Camp: __________________________________________ Unit: ______________________________ Session begins at: _________________________________ on:________________________________ and is scheduled to end at: __________________________ on:________________________________ If you have an emergency and cannot attend, as soon as possible, please call: _______________________________________________ at: _________________________________

154

Girl Scouts of Virginia Skyline Council, Inc. Outdoor Education Course Evaluation - Overnight

1. I would rate the overall session as:

Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor

2. If your answer was good or below what would have made it very good or excellent?

3. What did you learn that you could use with your troop/group?

4. What area on the needs assessment have you most improved on?

5. Rate your comfort level in leading your troop in outdoor activities.

(Ready to roll) 5 4 3 2 1 (Not going to leave home)

6. Did trainers work together as a team? If not, please explain.

7. Were the trainers effective in conveying information? Yes No Explain…

8. Would you like more information on any of the topics covered?

9. Do you feel there are any areas that should have been covered and were not?

10. I need specific help with (please leave name, phone # and e-mail): Name: __________________________________________________________________

Phone: _________________________ E-mail: __________________________________

11. I am interested in becoming part of the training team. Yes No

If yes, please complete information below:

Name: ___________________________________________________________________ Phone: __________________________ E-mail: __________________________________

Please put additional comments on the back.

155

Girl Scouts of Virginia Skyline Council, Inc. Outdoor Education Course Evaluation - Planning

1. I would rate the overall session as:

Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor

2. If your answer was good or below what would have made it very good or excellent?

3. What did you learn that you could use with your troop/group?

4. What area on the needs assessment have you most improved on?

5. Rate your comfort level in leading your troop in outdoor activities.

(Ready to roll) 5 4 3 2 1 (Not going to leave home)

6. Did trainers work together as a team? If not, please explain.

7. Were the trainers effective in conveying information? Yes No Explain…

8. Would you like more information on any of the topics covered?

9. Do you feel there are any areas that should have been covered and were not?

10. I need specific help with (please leave name, phone # and e-mail): Name: __________________________________________________________________

Phone: _________________________ E-mail: __________________________________

Please put additional comments on the back.