36584645 Polymers Chemistry Project

7/25/2019 36584645 Polymers Chemistry Project

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Polymers Synthesis and Property Analys

Chemistry Project

Atul Singh AroraClass: XII-D

RollNo.:

eacher!s Signature


2/25

C"N#NS


3/25

Ac$no%ledgements

Aim o& the Project

'eneral "(er(ie%

)rie& heory* Synthesis and Analysis o&

+. )a$elite ,

. Polystyrene

. #po/y Resin

Result

Re&erences

CA0I"N: Somee/perimentsre1uire ha2ardous

and3orpotentiallyha2ardouschemicals. ,his re&ers tothe le(el o&caution re1uired&or eachindi(iduale/periment.


4/25

Ac$no%ledgments

I am (ery great&ul

to my chemistry

teacher* 4s.

Sadhana

)harga(a* %ho

has 5een a

constant source o&inspiration and

guidance. She

supported me %ith

all my ideas and

helped me to the

ma/imum e/tend

possi5le. She also

ga(e me enough

e/tra time to &ind

all the re1uired

in&ormation to turn my ideas into a

single project. #(en though %hat I

initially %anted to ma$e 6conducti(e

Polymers7 %asn!t possi5le to do

%ith our e/isting la5 apparatus* yet

she encouraged me to search &or

something similar* yet interesting

enough &or me. his project %ould

ne(er ha(e e/isted* i& it %asn!t &or

her passion to teach.

I %ould also li$e to than$ our la5

assistant* 4r. )a5u 8al &or all the

timely help he pro(ided. Apart

&rom this* I %ould li$e to than$ all

those people %ho!(e pu5lished

their use&ul %or$ on the internet*

%ithout %hich* I perhaps %ouldn!t

e(en ha(e enough in&ormation to

ma$e e(en a single polymer.


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Polymers Synthesis and Property Analysis

Aim o& the Projecthe aim o& this project is to &ind out the optimum conditions &or synthesis o& the &ollo%ing polymers*

1. )a$elite,

2. Polystyrene,,

3. #po/y Resin,,

and to study their physical properties li$e &le/i5ility* strength* 5ounciness* color etc.

9, Synthesi2ed using chemicals a(aila5le in the school

la5oratory 9,, Synthesi2ed using Industrial Reagents

'eneral "(er(ie%

A polymer is a large molecule 6macromolecule7 composed o& repeating structural units typically

connected 5y co(alent chemical 5onds. ;hile polymer in popular usage suggests plastic* the term

actually re&ers to a large class o& natural and synthetic materials %ith a (ariety o& properties.

Due to the e/traordinary range o& properties accessi5le in polymeric materials*

they ha(e come to play an essential and u5i1uitous role in e(eryday li&e - &rom

plastics and elastomers on the one hand to natural 5iopolymers such as DNA

and proteins that are essential &or li&e on the other. A simple e/ample is

polyethylene* %hose repeating unit is 5ased on ethylene 6I0PAC name ethene7

monomer 6Image .+7. 4ost commonly* as in this e/ample* the continuously

lin$ed 5ac$5one o& a polymer consists mainly o& car5on atoms.


6/25

Chemistry Projec

Natural polymers 6&rom the 'ree$ poly meaning >many?

and meros meaning >parts?7 are &ound in many &orms

such as horns o& animals* tortoise shell* rosin 6&rom

pine trees7* and &rom distillation o& organic materials.

"ne o& the most use&ul o& the natural polymers %as

ru55er* o5tained &rom the sap o& the he(ea tree. 6Ru55er

%as named 5y a chemist &ound that a piece o& solidi&ied

late/ gum %as good &or ru55ing out pencil mar$s on

paper. In 'reat )ritain* erasers are still called >ru55ers?.7

Natural ru55er had only limited use as it 5ecame 5rittle in the cold

and melted %hen %armed. In +@* Charles 'oodyear disco(ered*

through a luc$y accident* that 5y heating the late/ %ith sul&ur* the

properties %ere changed ma$ing the ru55er more &le/i5le andImage .

temperature sta5le. hat process 5ecame $no%n as (ulcani2ation.

he &irst synthetic polymer* a phenol-&ormaldehyde polymer* %as

introduced under the name >)a$elite? 6Image . B .7* 5y 8eo

)ae$eland in +. Its original use %as to ma$e 5illiard 5alls. Rayon*

the &irst synthetic &i5er %as de(eloped as a replacement &or sil$ in +++.

Although many polymers %ere made in the &ollo%ing years* the

technology to mass produce them %as not de(eloped until ;orld ;ar

II* %hen there %as a need to de(elop synthetic ru55er &or tires and

other %artime applications and nylon &or parachutes. Since that time*

the polymer industry has gro%n and di(ersi&ied into one o& the &astest

gro%ing industries in the %orld. oday* polymers are commonly used in

Image .thousands o& products as plastics* elastomers* coatings* and

adhesi(es. hey ma$e up a5out @ o& the organic chemical

industry %ith products produced at appro/imately +E $g o&

polymers per person annually in the 0nited States.

Furthermore* conducti(e polymers are organic polymers that conduct electricity. Such compounds

may 5e true metallic conductors or semiconductors. It is generally accepted that metals conduct

electricity %ell and that organic compounds are insulating* 5ut this class o& materials com5ines the

properties o& 5oth. he 5iggest ad(antage o& conducti(e polymers is their processi5ility. Conducti(e

polymers are also plastics 6%hich are organic polymers7 and there&ore can com5ine the mechanical

properties 6&le/i5ility* toughness* mallea5ility* elasticity* etc.7 o& plastics %ith high electrical

conducti(ities. heir properties can 5e &ine-tuned using the e/1uisite methods o& organic synthesis.

Page


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+. )a$elite8e(el o& Caution

)rie& Description

)a$elite is a material 5ased on the thermosetting phenol &ormaldehyde resin* de(eloped in +GH

+ 5y )elgian Dr. 8eo )ae$eland. Formed 5y the reaction under heat and pressure o& phenol 6a

to/ic* colourless crystalline solid7 and &ormaldehyde 6a simple organic compound7* generally %ith a

%ood &lour &iller* it %as the &irst plastic made &rom synthetic components. It %as used &or its

electrically nonconducti(e and heat-resistant properties in radio and telephone casings and

electrical insulators* and %as also used in such di(erse products as $itchen%are* je%ellery* pipe

stems* and childrens toys. In + )a$elite %as designated an ACS National


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Chemistry Projec

Precautions

1. ;ear sa&ety goggles at all times in the la5oratory.

2. Formalin is an irritant to the s$in* eyes* and mucous mem5ranes.

3. Phenol is to/ic (ia s$in contact. It is listed as a carcinogen.

4. 'lacial acetic acid is an irritant and can cause 5urns on contact.

5. ;or$ under a hood and %ear glo(es and protecti(e clothing %hen %or$ing %ith these materials

4aterials Needed

Chemicals: Apparatus:

+. Eg K &ormaldehyde +. +EC-m8 5ea$er

. g phenol . stirring rod3. EE m8 glacial acetic acid

4. conc


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;hat actually happe

I %as slightly ner(ous to try out something a5solutely ne% and %as uncertain o& its results. I too$

the chemicals gi(en to me 5y )a5oolal sir and &ollo%ed the instructions. I too$ the phenol-

&ormaldehyde reaction mi/ture in a 5ea$er* placed it o(er a sheet o& paper. oo$ a test tu5e &ull o&


10/25

Chemistry Projec

For determining the optimum conditions &or the synthesis o& )a$elite* I decided to ta$e a

reaction mi/ture in a 5ea$er* heat it to a certain temperature 6indirectly7* and then add


11/25


LL

he structure 5elo% sho%s the gro%ing molecule o& )A#8I#.

. P"8MSMR#N#8e(el o& Caution

)rie& Description

Polystyrene 6pronounced 3 p li sta ri n37 6I0PAC Poly6+-phenylethane-+*-diyl77*

sometimes a55re(iated PS* is an aromatic polymer made &rom the aromatic monomer

styrene* a li1uid hydrocar5on that is commercially manu&actured &rom petroleum 5y the

chemical industry. Polystyrene is one o& the most %idely used $inds o& plastic.Polystyrene is a thermoplastic su5stance* %hich is in solid 6glassy7 state at room temperature* 5ut &lo%s

i& heated a5o(e its glass transition temperature 6&or molding or e/trusion7* and 5ecoming solid again

%hen cooling o&&. Pure solid polystyrene is a colorless* hard plastic %ith limited &le/i5ility. It can 5e cast

into molds %ith &ine detail. Polystyrene can 5e transparent or can 5e made to ta$e on (arious colors.

Solid polystyrene is used* &or e/ample* in disposa5le cutlery* plastic models* CD and

DOD cases* and smo$e detector housings. Products made &rom &oamed polystyrene

are nearly u5i1uitous* &or e/ample pac$ing materials* insulation* and &oam drin$ cups.

Polystyrene can 5e recycled* and has the num5er J as its recycling sym5ol.

Polystyrene does not 5iodegrade* and is o&ten a5undant as a &orm o& pollution


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in the outdoor en(ironment* particularly along shores and %ater%ays.

Page G


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Chemistry Projec

Precautions


2. Styrene may pose health ris$s i& it comes in contact %ith the 5ody.

3. Styrene resin is stic$y* so use glo(es.

4. ;or$ under a hood and %ear glo(es and protecti(e clothing %hen %or$ing %ith these materials

4aterials Needed

Chemicals:Apparatus:

+. Oinyl )en2ene 6Styrene Casting Resin7 +. est tu5es

. 4ethyl ethyl $etone 6Casting resin catalyst7 . Stirring rod

. hermostat

K. 4easuring Cylinder

E. a E m8 Syringe

J. Stop ;atch

Procedure

a$e K clean* num5ered test tu5es and to each add m8 o&

Oinyl )en2ene. Fill the syringe %ith methyl ethyl $etone.

Start the stop %atch.

4a$e the (olume o& Oinyl )en2ene in test tu5e one e1ual to E m8.No% note the time as you add E di(isions o& the syringe* i.e. .E m8 to test tu5e one and stir it %el

Repeat the a5o(e steps %ith K.E m8 o& Oinyl )en2ene and +. m8 o& methyl

ethyl $etone* in the second test tu5e and so one.

Place these in the thermostat %ith temperature set to K ,C.

Pag


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;hat actually happe

Concentration of catalyst Time taken to cure

.E hours +K minutes

+. hours +@ minutes

+.E hours + minutes

. hours minutes

3.5

3

2.5

2

Time1.5

1

0.5

0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Concentration

P


15/25

Chemistry Projec

Property Analysis

Test Result

Fle/i5ility 8o%

Strength 4edium

)ounciness Negligi5le

Color Mello%ish* ransparent

e/ture SmoothInertness Sta5le in air at room temp.

Chemistry )ehind it

he chemical ma$eup o& polystyrene is a long chain hydrocar5on %ith e(ery other car5on connected to a

phenyl group 6the name gi(en to the aromatic ring 5en2ene* %hen 5onded to comple/ car5on su5stituents7.

Polystyrenes chemical &ormula is 6C@


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. #P"XM R#SIN8e(el o& Caution

)rie& Description

#po/y or polyepo/ide is a thermosetting polymer &ormed &rom reaction o& an

epo/ide resin %ith polyamine hardener. #po/y has a %ide range o& applications*

including &i5er-rein&orced plastic materials and general purpose adhesi(es.

Credit &or the &irst synthesis o& 5isphenol-A-5ased epo/y resins is shared 5y Dr.

Pierre Castan o& S%it2erland and Dr. S.". 'reenlee o& the 0nited States in +J.he applications &or epo/y-5ased materials are e/tensi(e and include coatings* adhesi(es and composite

materials such as those using car5on &i5er and &i5erglass rein&orcements 6although polyester* (inyl ester* and

other thermosetting resins are also used &or glass-rein&orced plastic7. he chemistry o& epo/ies and the range

o& commercially a(aila5le (ariations allo%s cure polymers to 5e produced %ith a (ery 5road range o&

properties. In general* epo/ies are $no%n &or their e/cellent adhesion* chemical and heat resistance* good-to-

e/cellent mechanical properties and (ery good electrical insulating properties. 4any properties o& epo/ies

can 5e modi&ied 6&or e/ample sil(er-&illed epo/ies %ith good electrical conducti(ity are a(aila5le* although

epo/ies are typically electrically insulating7. Oariations o&&ering high thermal insulation* or thermal conducti(ity

com5ined %ith high electrical resistance &or electronics applications* are a(aila5le.

Precautions


2. he hardner* riethylenetetramine may cause allergic reactions. ;ear glo(es at all times.

3. )oth the chemicals are stic$y so a(oid contact %ith 5are hands.

4. ;or$ under a hood and %ear glo(es and protecti(e clothing %hen %or$ing %ith these materials.

Page++


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Chemistry Projec

4aterials

Needed

Chemicals:+. #po/y Resin6&ormed 5yreaction

5et%eenL

epichlorohydrinand 5isphenol-

A7

.


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Concentration of catalyst

.E

+.

+.E

.

Page +


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Polymers Synthesis and Property Analysisat K ,C

30

25

20

Time (min) 15

10

5

0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Concentration

at G ,C

180

160

140

120

100Time (min)

80

60

40

20

0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Concentration

Page+


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Chemistry Projec

at G ,C

Concentration of catalyst Time taken to cure Appearance.E +G minutes almost clear

+. +E minutes almost clear* Qstarry!

+.E + minutes &e%er 5u55les* transparent

. E minutes 5u55les* almost transparent

Property Analysis

Test Result

Fle/i5ility 8o%

Strength


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L L

R#S08

)a$elite

It!s optimum synthesis temperature range %as &ound to 5e G-@ ,C. Its

synthesis re1uires high acti(ation energy 5ut the reaction is $inetically (ery &ast.

PolystyreneIt cures &aster at higher concentrations o& the catalyst. he strength o& the polymer %as

independent o& the concentration ratio o& the resin and catalyst. Its $inetics are comple/ as its

concentration (3s curing time graph %as &ound to 5e irregular. he optimum temperature range &or

synthesis o& this polymer %as &ound to 5e o(er K ,C at the tested concentrations o& the catalyst.

#po/y Resin

It cures &aster at high concentrations o& its catalyst. It also cures &aster at highertemperature. he strength o& the polymer %as independent o& the concentration ratio o& the

resin and catalyst. he reaction may 5e &ollo%ing &irst order $inetics as the concentration (3s

curing time graph %as &ound to 5e close to linear. he optimum temperature range &or

synthesis o& this polymer %as &ound to 5e E-+ ,C at the tested concentrations o& the catalyst.

Page+E


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Chemistry Projec

R#F#R#NC#S

http:33%%%.google.co.in3%e5hphlen

http:33en.%i$ipedia.org3%i$i3Polystyrene

http:33en.%i$ipedia.org3%i$i3Styrene

http:33en.%i$ipedia.org3%i$i3#po/yhttp:33en.%i$ipedia.org3%i$i3)a$elite http:33papers.ssrn.com3sol3papers.c&m

a5stractTid+KE http:33ans%ers.yahoo.com31uestion3inde/

1idG+G+KK+AAmCy5

http:33in(entors.a5out.com3od3pstartin(entions3a3plastics.htm

http:33%%%.5arrule.com3%or$shop3images3in&o3&oams3inde/.htm

http:33%%%.nc5i.nlm.nih.go(3pmc3articles3P4CK3

http:33%%%.pslc.%s3mactest3styrene.htm

http:33%%%.americanchemistry.com3sTplastics3secTp&pg.aspCID+K+BDIDE+

Page+J


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Polymers Synthesis and Property AnalysisChemistry Project

&or any &urther details orclari&ication*

suggestions etc.* contactme


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#mail: toatularoraUgmail.com V Cell: L+ @+@EEJKJ V 8andline: L+ ++ JEJ@JEG
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

36584645 Polymers Chemistry Project

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