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P O W E R S Y S T E M A N A LY S I SA N D D E S I G N

T H I R D E D I T I O N

; . DUNCAN GLOVEREXPONENT

MULUKUTLA S. SARMA

NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY

B R O O K S / C O L E*

T H O M S O N L EA RIM IIM G

Au stralia Canada Me xico Singapore Spain Un ited States

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C O N T E N T S

Preface ixList of Sym bols, Un its, and N ota tion xiii

CHA PTER I Int roduct ion I

Case Study: Restructuring and Reregulation of the U.S. Electric UtilityIndustry 2

1.1 Histo ry of Electric Pow er Systems 51.2 Present and Fu tur e Tre nds 121.3 E lectric Utility Indu stry Structure 15

1.4 C om pu ters in Pow er System Engine ering 161.5 Po wer W orld Sim ulator 17

CHAP TER 2 Fundam entals 25

Case Study: Restructuring the Thin-Stretched Grid 262.1 Phas ors 342.2 Insta ntan eou s Pow er in Single-Phase ac Circuits 362.3 Com plex Power 412.4 Netw ork Equ ations 46

2.5 Balance d Thre e-Pha se Circuits 492.6 Power in Balanc ed Three -Phas e Circuits 572.7 Adv antag es of Balanced Three-Phas e versus Single-Phase Systems 61

CHAPTER 3 Power Trans form ers 71

Case Study: How Electric Utilities Buy Quality When They BuyTransformers 72

3.1 The Ideal Transformer 763.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Trans form ers 82

3.3 Th e Per -Un it System 883.4 Three -Phas e Tran sform er Co nnec tions and Phas e Shift 963.5 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding

Transformers 1013.6 Three-Winding Transformers 1063.7 Autotransform ers 1093.8 Transformers with Off-Nominal Turn s Ra tios 111

v

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CONTENTS v

6.8 Sparsity Techn iques 2966.9 Fas t Decoupled Power Flow 299Desig n Projects 1-5 307

CHA PTER 7 Sym m etr ica l Faults 319

Gase Study: The Problem of Arcing Faults in Low-Voltage Power DistribuSystems 320

7.1 Series R-L Circuit Tran sients 3227.2 Three-Phase Short Circuit Unlo aded Synchronous Ma chine 3257.3 Power System Three-P hase Sho rt Circuits 3287.4 Bus Impeda nce M atrix 3327.5 Circuit Breake r and Fuse Selection 340Design Project 4 (continued) 354

CHAPTER 8 Sym me t r ica l Com ponents 356

8.1 Definition of Sym metrical Co m po nen ts 3578.2 Sequence Netw orks of Imped ance Loa ds 3628.3 Sequence Ne two rks of Series Imp edanc es 3708.4 S equence Ne two rks of Three-P hase Lines 3728.5 S equence Netw orks of Ro tating Mach ines 3748.6 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding

Transformers 3808.7 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding

Transformers 3858.8 Pow er in Sequence Ne two rks 388

CHAP TER 9 Un sym m etr ical Faults 396

Gase Study: Fires at U.S . Utilities 3979.1 System Re pres entatio n 3989.2 Single Line-to-G round Fau lt 4039.3 Line-to-Line Fa ult 4089.4 Dou ble Line-to-G round Fa ult 4109.5 Sequence Bus Imp edan ce M atrices 417Design Project 4 (continued) 435Design Project 6 436

CHA PTER 10 System Protec t ion 438

Gase Study: Digital Relay Re po rts Verify Pow er System M odels 43910.1 System Protection Com pon ents 44910.2 Instrum ent Transformers 45010.3 Overcurrent Relays 45710.4 Rad ial System Protection 46110.5 Reclosers and Fuses 46610.6 Directional Relays 469

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viii CONTENTS

10.7 Protection of Two-Source System with Directional Relays 47110.8 Zones of Protection 47210.9 Line Protection with Impedance (Distance) Relays 47510.10 Differential Relays 48210.11 Bus Protection with Differential Relays 48410.12

Transformer Protection with Differential Relays 48510.13 Pilot Relaying 49010.14 Digital Relaying 491

CH APTE R 11 Power System Con trols 504Case Study: Meet the Emerging Transmission Market Segments 50711.1 Generator-Voltage Control 51611.2 Turbine-Governor Control 51711.3 Load-Frequency Control 52111.4

Economic Dispatch 52511.5 Optimal Power Flow 538

CHAPTER 12 Transmiss ion Lines: Tran sient Op era t ion 547

Case Study: Protecting Com puter Systems Against Power Transients 548Case Study: VariSTAR Type AZE Surge Arresters 55512.1 Traveling Waves on Single-Phase Lossless Lines 55812.2 Boundary Conditions for Single-Phase Lossless Lines 56112.3 Bewley Lattice Diagram 57012.4

Discrete-Time Models of Single-Phase Lossless Lines and LumpedRL C Elements 57512.5 Lossy Lines 58212.6 Multiconductor Lines 58612.7 Power System Overvoltages 58912.8 Insulation Coordination 596

CHA PTER 13 Tra nsie nt Stabil i ty 608

Case Study: The Great Blackout 61013.1

The Swing Equation 61313.2 Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents 613.3 The Equal-Area Criterion 62113.4 Num erical Integration of the Swing Equation 62813.5 Multimachine Stability 63313.6 Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability 638

Appendix 644Index 648