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Airline Reservation System

PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

UNDER THE SUPERVISION

MEWAR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

Sec-4 Vasundra! "a#ia$ad %UP&A''iliated to (audary (aran Sin) University! *eerut %U+P&

SU,*ITTED ,

ARUN TYAGI

(92042034)

ASHEESH PANDEY(Pro!"# G$%&!)

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A"'o*!&+!,!#

(om.letin) a tas/ is never one-man e''ort+ It is o'ten te result o' invalua$le

contri$ution o' num$er o' individuals in a direct or indirect manner tat

el.s in sarin) a ma/in) success+

I ta/e tis o..ortunity to e0.ress my dee. sense o' )ratitude and 1ole

earted tan/s to my )uide A-.!!-. P/&! 'or teir valua$le )uidance and

/ee. interest and a''ection encoura)ement tou)t te 1or/++

2e ta/e tis o..ortunity to all tose 1o ave directly or indirectly el.edme durin) te course o' tis tas/++

INDE1

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CHAPTER NAME

CHAPTER I#ro&$"#%o O5!"#%6!-

3+3 Introduction

CHAPTER 2 S-#!, A/*-%-

+3 System Analysis+ Identi'ication o' Need

+5 Preliminary Investi)ation

+4 6easi$ility Study

+4+3 Tecnical 6easi$ility+4+ O.erational 6easi$ility

+4+5 Economic 6easi$ility

+4+5+3 (ost Estimation o' Te Pro7ect

+4+4 Social 6easi$ility

CHAPTER 3 So7#/r! E+%!!r%+ P/r/&%+,

5+3 2ater'all *odel

CHAPTER 4 So7#/r! R!8$%r!,!#- S!"%7%"/#%o

4+3 So't1are Re8uirements S.eci'ication

4+3+3 6unctional Re8uirements

4+3+ Pur.ose o' te Document

4+3+5 Sco.e o' te Develo.ment Pro7ect4+3+4 Overvie1 o' te Document

4+3+9 "eneral Descri.tion

4+3+: Hard1are Inter'ace Re8uirement4+3+; Per'ormance Re8uirement

CHAPTER : D!-%+

9+3 Desi)n O$7ectives

9+ Introduction

9+5 So't1are Desi)n

9+4 Desi)n

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9+>+3+ Tri))ers

9+>+ Arcitectural Desi)n

9+>++3 (onte0t 6lo1 Dia)ram9+>++ Summary o' te *odules

9+>++5 Data 6lo1 Dia)rams

9+>+5 Inter'ace Desi)n9+>+5+3 In.ut ? Out.ut 6orms

CHAPTER ; Co&%+

CHAPTER /#%o o7 Co&!

CHAPTER 9 ?/*%&/#%o C.!"'-

CHAPTER 0 T!-#%+3@+3 Testin) O$7ectives

3@+ Testin) Princi.les3@+5 Testin) 6undamentals

3@+4 Test (ases Test (riteria

3@+9 ,lac/ ,o0 Testin)3@+: 2ite ,o0 Testin)

3@+; ,oundary Value Analysis

3@+= 6unctional Testin)

3@+> Structural Testin)3@+3@ Bevels o' Testin)

3@+3@+3 Unit Testin)

3@+3@+ Inte)ration Testin)3@+3@+5 Re)ression Testin)

3@+3@+4 Validation Testin)

3@+3@+9 System Acce.tance Testin)

CHAPTER I,*!,!#/#%o

CHAPTER 2 M/%#!/"!

CHAPTER 3 R!or#-

CHAPTER 4 B%5*%o+r/.

3+ INTRODU(TION

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It is a sam.le .ro7ect! 1ic so1s te 'unctionin) o' airline reservation o' anyair.ort+ In tis .ro7ect 1e use V, as 'ront end and Access as $ac/ end+

Te main o$7ectives 'or develo.in) tis .ro7ect areC

*ana)in) all main 'unctionin) o' airline reservation+

*ana)in) records o' customer as 1ell teir tic/et in'ormation+

*ana)in) 6li)t in'ormation+

*ana)in) user in'ormation+

+ SSTE* ANABSIS

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2@ SYSTEM ANALYSIS

System analysis is conducted 1it te 'ollo1in) o$7ectives in mind

I+ Identi'y te customers need+

II+ Evaluate te system conce.t 'or 'easi$ility+

III+ Per'orm economic and tecnical analysis+

IV+ Allocate 'unctions to ard1are! so't1are! .eo.le! data$ase and oter system

elements+

V+ Esta$lis cost and scedule constraints+

VI+ (reate a system de'inition tat 'orms te 'oundation 'or all su$se8uent

en)ineerin) +

2@2 IDENTIFICATION OF NEED

Te analyst meets te customer and te end user%i' di''erent 'rom te customer&+

Te customer may $e a re.resentative o' te com.any 'or 1ic te so't1are is

$ein) develo.ed! or te mar/etin) de.artment o' te develo.in) com.any etc+ Here

te intent is to understand te .roduct o$7ectives and to de'ine te )oals to 'ul'ill

te re8uirements+

2@3 PRELIMINARY IN?ESTIGATION

Te .ur.ose o' te .reliminary investi)ation is to evaluate .ro7ect re8uests+ It is not

a desi)n study nor does it include te collection o' details to descri$e te $usiness

system in all res.ects+

Analysts 1or/in) on te .reliminary investi)ations sould accom.lis te

'ollo1in) o$7ectives

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(lari'y and understand te .ro7ect re8uest+

Determine te si#e o' te .ro7ect+

Assess costs and $ene'its o' alternative a..roaces+

Determine te tecnical and o.erational 'easi$ility o' alternative a..roaces+

Re.ort te 'indin)s to mana)ement! 1it recommendations outlinin) te

acce.tance or re7ection o' te .ro.osal+

2@4 FEASIBILITY STUDY

Te conce.t o' 'easi$ility is to determine 1eter or not a .ro7ect is 1ort

doin)+ Te .rocess 'ollo1ed in ma/in) tis determination is called

'easi$ility study+ Once it as $een determined tat a .ro7ect is 'easi$le! te

system analyst can )o aead and .re.are te .ro7ect s.eci'ication 1ic

'inali#es .ro7ect re8uirements+

T!- o7 7!/-%5%*%#

3+ Tecnical 6easi$ility

+ O.erational 6easi$ility

5+ Economic 6easi$ility

4+ Social 6easi$ility

9+ *ana)ement 6easi$ility

:+ Be)al 6easi$ility

;+ Time 6easi$ility

Here 1e descri$e only 'e1 o' tese in detail -

2@4@ TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

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Tis is concerned 1it s.eci'yin) e8ui.ment and so't1are tat 1ill

success'ully satis'y te user re8uirement+ Tecnical needs o' te system

include -

6acility to .roduce out.uts in a )iven time

Res.onse time under certain conditions

A$ility to .rocess a certain volume o' transaction at a .articular .eriod

6acility to communicate data to distant location

In e0aminin) tecnical 'easi$ility! con'i)uration o' te system is )iven more

im.ortance tan te actual ma/e o' ard1are+ (on'i)uration sould )ive

te com.lete .icture a$out te systems re8uirements o1 many

1or/stations are re8uired! o1 tese units are interconnected so tat tey

could o.erate and communicate smootly+ 2at s.eeds o' in.ut and out.ut

sould $e acieved at .articular 8uality o' .rintin)+

Te com.uters are easily availa$le in almost all te .laces! even in villa)es+

Te ard1are needed to carry out tis .ro7ect include 1or/stations 1it :4

*, o' RA* and ", HDD+

Te so't1are needed to carry out tis .ro7ect include Visual ,asic :+@ as

'ront end and Oracle = as $ac/end+ So te tecnolo)y re8uired to carry out

te .ro7ect is easily availa$le and a''orda$le! ence tis .ro7ect is

tecnically 'easi$le+

Due to all tese reasons im.lementation o' suc system $ecomes not only

'easi$le $ut re.uted to te or)ani#ation+

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e''ectiveness o' a .ro.osed system+ *ore commonly /no1n as cost-$ene'it analysisG te

.rocedure is to determine te $ene'its and savin)s tat are e0.ected 'rom a

.ro.osed system and com.are tem 1it costs+ I' $ene'its out1ei) costs! a

decision is ta/en to desi)n and im.lement te system+

Co-#5!!7%# //*-%-

Since cost .lays an im.ortant role in decidin) te ne1 system! it must $e identi'ied

and estimated .ro.erly+ ,ene'its are also o' di''erent ty.es and can $e )rou.ed on

te $asis o' advanta)es tey .rovide to te mana)ement+

Co-#-/6%+ 5!!7%# leads to reduction in administrative and o.erational costs+

Co-#/6o%&/"! 5!!7%#- eliminate 'uture administrative and o.erational costs

I,ro6!&-!r6%"!*!6!* 5!!7%#- are tose 1ere te .er'ormance o' te system is

im.roved $y a ne1 com.uter $ased metod e+)+ servicin) a customer in t1o

minutes rater tan 'ive to ten minutes is an e0am.le o' tis ty.e o' $ene'it+

I,ro6!&%7or,/#%o 5!!7%#- is 1ere com.uter $ased metods lead to $etter

in'ormation 'or decision ma/in)

D%r!"# Or I&%r!"# Co-#- A& B!!7%#-

D%r!"# "o-#-are tose 1ic are directly associated 1it a system+ Tey are a..lied

directly to te o.erator+

D%r!"# 5!!7%#-also can $e s.eci'ically attri$uta$le to a )iven .ro7ect+

I&%r!"# "o-#-are not directly associated 1it a s.eci'ic activity in te system+ Tey

are o'ten re'erred to as overead e0.enses+6or e0am.le cost o' s.ace to install a system! maintenance o' com.uter center!

eat! li)t and air-conditionin) are all tan)i$le costs $ut teir .ro.ortion is

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di''icult to calculate to a s.eci'ic activity li/e re.ort+

I&%r!"# 5!!7%#-are reali#ed as $y-.roducts o' anoter system+

2e can de'ine cost-$ene'it analysis as -

3+ Tat metod $y 1ic 1e can 'ind and estimate te value o' te )ross $ene'its o' a

ne1 system s.eci'ication+

+ Tat metod $y 1ic 1e 'ind and determine te increased o.eratin) costs associated

1it te )ross $ene'its

5+ Te su$traction o' tese o.eratin) costs 'rom te associated )ross $ene'its to arrive atnet $ene'its+

4+ Tat metod $y 1ic 1e 'ind and estimate te monetary value o' te develo.ment

costs tat .roduce te $ene'its

9+ Tose metods $y 1ic 1e so1 te time-relationsi. $et1een net $ene'its and

develo.ment costs as tey relate to cas 'lo1! .ay$ac/ on investment! and time-in

.rocess ta/in) into o.eration 'actors suc as in'lation etc+

2@4@3@ COST ESTIMATION OF THE PROJECT

Te .rimary reason 'or cost and scedule estimation is to ena$le te client

or develo.er to .er'orm a cost-$ene'it analysis and 'or .ro7ect monitorin)

and control+ (ost and scedule estimates are also re8uired to determine te

sta''in) level 'or a .ro7ect durin) di''erent .ases+

(ost in a .ro7ect is due to te re8uirements 'or so't1are! ard1are! and

uman resources+ Hard1are resources are suc tin)s as te com.uter

time! terminal time and memory re8uired 'or te .ro7ect! 1ereas so't1are

resources include te tools and te com.ilers needed durin) develo.ment+

Te $ul/ o' te cost o' so't1are develo.ment is due to te uman resources

needed! and most cost estimation .rocedures 'ocus on tis as.ect+ *ost o'

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te estimates are determined in terms o' .erson-monts %P*&

Te .rimary 'actor tat controls cost is te si#e o' te .ro7ect! i+e+! te lar)er

is te .ro7ect! te i)er te cost and resource re8uirement+ Oter 'actors

tat a''ect te cost include .ro)rammer a$ility! e0.erience o' te develo.er

in te area o' interest! com.le0ity o' te .ro7ect! and relia$ility

re8uirements+

Te most common a..roac 'or estimatin) e''ort is to ma/e it a 'unction o'

a sin)le varia$le i+e+ ! te .ro7ect si#e+ Te e8uation o' e''ort is

E66ORT a SIJE $

1ere a and $ are constants+ Also!

E66ORT a SIJE K $

*ost models ave used BO( %lines o' code& as te si#e measure+

Te (O(O*O %(onstructive (ost *odel& *odel estimates te total e''ort

in terms o' P* o' te tecnical .ro7ect sta''+ Te $asic ste.s in tis model

are -

3& O$tain an initial estimate o' te develo.ment e''ort 'rom te Estimate o'tousands o' delivered lines o' source code+

& Determine a set o' 39 multi.lyin) 'actors 'rom di''erent attri$utes o' te

.ro7ect+

5& Ad7ust te e''ort estimate $y multi.lyin) te initial estimate 1it all te

multi.lyin) 'actors+

Te initial estimate is determined $y an e8uation o' te 'orm used in te

static sin)le-varia$le models! usin) LDBO( as si#e measure+

EFFORT / (DLOC) 5

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Te values o' a and $ de.end on te .ro7ect ty.e+

Tere are 39 di''erent attri$utes! called cost driver attri$utes! tat determine te

multi.lyin) 'actors -

COST DRI?ERS RATING

?!r *o Lo Nor,/* H%+. ?!r .%+.

PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES @+;9 @+== 3+@@ 3+39 3+4@

REB! re8uired relia$ility @+>4 3+@@ 3+@= 3+3:

DATA! data$ase si#e @+;@ @+=9 3+@@ 3+39 3+5@

(PBM! .roduct com.le0ity

COMPUTER ATTRIBUTES 3+@@ 3+33 3+5@

TI*E! e0ecution time

constraint

3+@@ 3+@: 3+3

STOR! main stora)e constraint @+=; 3+@@ 3+39 3+5@

VITR! virtual macine volatility @+=; 3+@@ 3+@; 3+39

TURN! com.uter turnaroundtime

PERSONNEL ATTRIBUTES 3+4: 3+3> 3+@@ @+=: @+;3

A(AP! analyst ca.a$ility 3+> 3+35 3+@@ @+>3 @+=

AEMP! a..lication e0.erience 3+4 3+3; 3+@@ @+=: @+;@

P(AP! .ro)rammer ca.a$ility 3+3 3+3@ 3+@@ @+>@

VEMP! virtual macine

e0.erience

3+34 3+@; 3+@@ @+>9

PROJECT ATTRIBUTES

*ODP! modern .ro)rammin).ractices

3+4 3+3@ 3+@@ @+>3 @+=

TOOB! use o' S?2 tools 3+4 3+3@ 3+@@ @+>3 @+=5

S(HED! develo.ment scedule 3+5 3+@= 3+@@ 3+@4 3+3@

Te multi.lyin) 'actors 'or all 39 cost drives are multi.lied to )et te e''ort

ad7ustment 'actor %EA6&+ Te 'inal e''ort estimate! E! is o$tained $y multi.lyin)

te initial estimate 1it EA6 -

E EA6 Ei

A%r*%! R!-!r6/#%o Pro!"# )enerally re8uire only one time investment 1ic are

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not muc 'or suc an industry+ Hard1are cost is $ecomin) very lo1 day $y day! so

tat com.uters are no1 easily a''orda$le+ 6or u.dation o' te system 1e re8uire

little money and resources+ It ma/es suc a .ro7ect economically 'easi$le+

2@4@4 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

It is te determination o' 1eter a .ro.osed .ro7ect 1ill $e acce.ta$le to te

.eo.le or not+ Tis determination ty.ically e0amines te .ro$a$ility o' te .ro7ect

$ein) acce.ted $y te )rou. directly a''ected te .ro.osed system can)e+

To solve te actual .ro$lems in an industry settin)! a so't1are or a team o'

en)ineers must incor.orate a develo.ment strate)y tat encom.asses te .rocess!

metods! and tools layers+ Tis strate)y is o'ten re'erred to as a ro"!-- ,o&!* or a

-o7#/r! !+%!!r%+ /r/&%+,+ A .rocess model 'or so't1are en)ineerin) is

cosen $ased on te nature o' te .ro7ect and a..lication! te metods and tools to

$e used and te controls and delivera$les tat are re8uired+

Te so't1are en)ineerin) .aradi)m tat 1e ave cosen 'or te .ro7ect is W/#!r7/**

,o&!*@

5+ SO6T2ARE EN"INEERIN" PARADI"*

3@ WATERFALL MODEL

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Tis model is also /no1n as Binear Se8uential *odel or (lassic Bi'e (ycle *odel+

It states tat te .ases are or)ani#ed in a linear order+ 2it tis model! te

se8uence o' activities is .er'ormed in a so't1are develo.ment .ro7ect is

Re8uirement Analysis

Pro7ect .lannin)

System desi)n

Detailed desi)n

(odin) and unit testin)

System inte)ration and testin)

Binear orderin) o' activities as some im.ortant conse8uences+ 6irst to clearly

identi'y te end o' a .ase and te $e)innin) o' te ne0t! some certi'ication

mecanism as to $e em.loyed at te end o' eac .ase+ tis is usually done $y te

some veri'ication and validation means tat 1ill ensure tat te out.ut o' a .ase is

consistent 1it te in.ut o' te .ase! and tat te out.ut o' te .ase is consistent

1it te overall re8uirements o' te system+ Te conse8uence o' te need 'or

certi'ication is tat eac .ase must ave some de'ined out.ut tat can $e

evaluated and certi'ied+ Te out.uts o' te .ases are o'ten called 1or/ .roducts

and are usually in te 'orm o' documents li/e re8uirements document or desi)n

document+ 6or te codin) .ase! te out.ut is code+

Tere are t1o $asic assum.tions 'or 7usti'yin) te linear orderin) o' te .ases in

te manner .ro.osed $y te 1ater'all model

3+ 6or a success'ul .ro7ect resultin) in a success'ul .roduct! all .ases listed in te

1ater'all model must $e .er'ormed any1ay+

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+ Any di''erent orderin) o' te .ases 1ill result in a less success'ul .roduct+

A success'ul so't1are .roduct is one tat satis'ies all te o$7ectives o' te

develo.ment .ro7ect+ Tese o$7ectives include satis'yin) te re8uirements and

.er'ormin) te develo.ment 1itin te time and cost constraints+

LIMITATIONS OF THE WATERFALL MODEL

Te 1ater'all model altou) 1idely used! as received some criticism 1ic are as'ollo1s

Te 1ater'all model assumes tat te re8uirements o' a system can $e 'ro#en $e'ore

te desi)n $e)ins+ Tis is .ossi$le 'or te systems desi)ned to automate an e0istin)

manual system+ 6or our .ro7ect tis limitation o' te 1ater'all model as $ecome a

virtue+ ,ut 'or ne1 systems! determinin) te re8uirements is di''icult as te users

does not even /no1 te re8uirements+ Hence avin) uncan)in) re8uirements is

unrealistic 'or suc .ro7ects+

6ree#in) te re8uirements usually re8uires coosin) te ard1are+ A lar)e .ro7ect

mi)t ta/e a 'e1 years to com.lete+ I' te ard1are is selected early! ten due to te

s.eed at 1ic ard1are tecnolo)y is can)in)! it is li/ely tat te 'inal so't1are

1ill use a ard1are tecnolo)y on te ver)e o' $ecomin) o$solete+ Tis is clearly

not desira$le 'or suc e0.ensive .ro7ects+ Since our .ro7ect is a medium scale

.ro7ect! te cances o' ard1are $ecomin) o$solete are very lo1+

Te 1ater'all model sti.ulates tat te re8uirements $e com.letely s.eci'ied $e'ore

te rest o' te develo.ment can .roceed+ In some situations! it mi)t $e desira$le to

'irst develo. a .art o' te system com.letely and ten later enance te system in

.ases+

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It is a document driven .rocess tat re8uires 'ormal documents at te end o' eac

.ase+ Tis a..roac tends to ma/e te .rocess o' documentation eavy and is not

suita$le 'or many a..lications .articularly interactive a..lications 1ere

develo.in) ela$orate documents o' te user inter'aces is not 'easi$le+

6easi$ility Re.ort

Re8uirements Document

And Pro7ect Plan

System Desi)n

Document

Detailed Desi)n

Document

Pro)rams

Test Plan! Test Re.ort

*anuals

Installation Re.ort

System 'easi$ility

Re8uirement

Analysis

Pro7ectPlannin)

validation

System Desi)n

Veri'ication

Detailed Desi)n

Veri'ication

(odin)Testin) Inte)ration

Installation O.erations *aintenance

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4+ SO6T2ARE RE

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documented+ Hard1are! so't1are and uman inter'aces are descri$ed 'or e0ternal system

elements and internal so't1are 'unctions+

A descri.tion o' eac 'unction is re8uired to solve te .ro$lem! is .resented in te

7$"#%o/* &!-"r%#%o+

Te 5!./6%or/* &!-"r%#%o section o' te s.eci'ication e0amines te o.eration o' te

so't1are as a conse8uence o' e0ternal events and internally )enerated control

caracteristics+

In 6/*%&/#%o "r%#!r%/ 1e s.eci'y! 1at classes o' tests must $e conducted to validate

'unction! .er'ormance and constraintsF (onstraints identi'y limits .laced on te so't1are

$y e0ternal ard1are! availa$le memory or oter e0istin) systems

Te 5%5*%o+r/. contains re'erences to all documents tat relate to te so't1are+ Tese

include oter so't1are en)ineerin) documentation! tecnical re'erences! vendor

literature! and standards+

Te /!&% contains in'ormation tat su..lements te s.eci'ication+ Ta$ular data!

detailed descri.tion o' al)oritms! carts and )ra.s are .resented as a..endices+

4@@ FUNCTIONAL REUIREMENTS

6unctional re8uirements s.eci'y 1ic out.uts sould $e .roduced 'rom te )iven in.uts+

Tey descri$e te relationsi. $et1een te in.ut and out.ut o' te system+ 6or eac

'unctional re8uirement! a detailed descri.tion o' all te data in.uts and teir source! te

units o' measure! and te ran)e o' valid in.uts must $e s.eci'ied+

All te o.erations to $e .er'ormed on te in.ut data to o$tain te out.ut sould $e

s.eci'ied+ Tis includes s.eci'yin) te validation cec/s on te in.ut and out.ut data +

4@@2 PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT

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Te .ur.ose o' tis document is to convey te re8uirements o' te .ro7ect %as s.eci'ied

$y

te client& to te .ro)rammers to ensure tat te .ro)rammers understand and 'ul'ill te

re8uirements to te e0.ectation o' te client+

Secondly! tis document is used to ensure tat te develo.ment team understands te

re8uirements s.eci'ied $y te client+ Tis document 1ill act as te contract 'or all 'uture

develo.mentG all develo.ment s.a1ns 'rom and aderes to te details in te

re8uirements+ Te SRS also outlines te .er'ormance re8uirements tat may $e set and

re8uired $y te client?user+

R!7!r!"!-

So't1are En)ineerin) 6undamentals $y Ali ,e'oroo# and 6rederic/ + Hudson%O0'ord University Press! 3>>:&+

So't1are En)ineerin)! A Pro)rammin) A..roac $y Pressman%nd Edition! Prentice

Hall! 3>>&+

An inte)rated a..roac to So't1are En)ineerin) $y Pan/a7 alote %Narosa Pu$lisin)

House! ndedition&+ URB o' ome .a)e is tt.??111+s.rin)er-

ny+com?su..lements?7alote

6undamentals o' So't1are En)ineerin) $y (arlo "e##i! *edi a#ayeri! Dino *andrioli

%Prentice Hall India&+

4@@4 O?ER?IEW OF DOCUMENT

Te remainder o' tis document descri$es te intended users tat 1ould $e e0.ected to

interact 1it te system 're8uently! and a sim.le .ro'ile o' eac user ty.e is .rovided as a

sam.le+ Tis document no1 1ill )o into more detail on te e0.ected users teir inter'ace

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and interaction 1it te .roduct and more on te tecnical a..roac and considerations

to $e im.lemented+

4@@: GENERAL DESCRIPTION

U-!r P!r-o- /& C./r/"#!r%-#%"-

Te .rimary users o' tis .roduct are te colle)e em.loyees! director .ers.ective

candidates+ *ost o' tem already ave some e0.erience in usin) com.uter com.onents

%mouse and /ey$oard&! and are 1illin) to learn and e0.lore under te su.ervision o'

teir su.eriors+ Te em.loyees ave ade8uate /no1led)e so tat tey can $e trained

easily to o.erate te system+

O6!r6%! o7 F$"#%o/* R!8$%r!,!#-

Our .roduct 1ill $e stand alone and 1ill ave an inter'ace! 1ic can $e accessed on

more tan one-com.uter at te same time! suc as com.uters connected 1it BAN+ Our

main )oal is to .resent 'acts on a com.reensive level! and ma/e it easier as 1ell+

4@@; HARDWARE INTERFACE REUIREMENTS

Our .roduct 1ill re8uire at least a Po1erP( *acintos or a Pentium class P( 1it :4

*, o' RA* %:4K recommended&! and color dis.lay+

O#.!r So7#/r! Co,o!#-

O.eratin) System 2indo1*E?NT?@@@

D!#/%* D!-"r%#%o o7 F$"#%o/* R!8$%r!,!#-

T!,*/#! 7or &!-"r%5%+ 7$"#%o/* r!8$%r!,!#-

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Pur.ose A descri.tion o' te 'unctional re8uirement and its

motivations%s&

In.uts 1ic in.utsG in 1at 'orm?'ormat 1ill in.uts

arriveG 'rom 1at sources in.ut 1ill $e derivedG

le)al domains o' eac in.ut element

Processin) Descri$es te outcome rater tan te

im.lementationG include any validity cec/s on tedata! e0act timin) o' eac o.eration %i' needed&!

o1 to andle une0.ected or a$normal situations

Out.uts te 'orm! sa.e! destination! and volume o' te

out.utG out.ut timin)G ran)e o' .arameters in te

out.utG unit measure o' te out.utG .rocess $y

1ic te out.ut is stored or destroyedG .rocess 'orandlin) error messa)es .roduced as out.ut+

PERFORMANCE REUIREMENTS

Te so't1are is inerently desi)ned to andle multi.le users accessin) te same data$ase

system+ *ulti.le user sessions 1ill concurrently e0ist+ Eac session 1ill receive its o1n

tread o' e0ecution 1ic is invisi$le to all oter com.onents o' te system! $ut 1ill

.rovide relia$ility! e''iciency! and e0cellent res.onse time+ Te actual ca.acity o' users

tat te system can andle is out o' te sco.e o' tis document %tis is a systems issue

tat

sould $e considered at a maintenance ?administrator desi)n level&+

9+ DESI"N

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:@ DESIGN OBJECTI?ES

Te .rimary o$7ective o' desi)n is to deliver te re8uirements as s.eci'ied in te

'easi$ility re.ort+ 6ollo1in) o$7ectives sould $e /e.t in mind -

/) PRACTICALITY

Te system must $e sta$le and can $e o.erated $y .eo.le 1it avera)e intelli)ence+

5) EFFICIENCY

Tis involves accuracy! timeliness and com.reensiveness o' te system out.ut+

C) COST

It is desira$le to aim 'or a system 1it a minimum cost su$7ect to te conidition tat it

must satis'y all te re8uirements+

D) FLE1IBILITY

Te system sould $e modi'ia$le de.endin) on te can)in) needs o' te user+ Suc

modi'ications sould not entail e0tensive reconstruction or recreation o' so't1are+ It

sould also $e .orta$le to di''erent com.uter systems+

E) SECURITY

Tis is very im.ortant as.ect o' te desi)n and sould cover areas o' ard1are

relai$ility! 'all $ac/ .rocedures! .ysical security o' data and .rovision 'or detection o'

'raud and a$use+

:@2 INTRODUCTION

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Te aim o' system desi)n! 1ic is sometimes also re''erred to as #o*!6!* &!-%+ is to

identi'y te modules tat sould $e in te system! te s.eci'ications o' tese modules!and

o1 tey interact 1it eac oter to .roduce te desired results+ At te end o' te system

desi)n all te ma7or data structures! 'ile 'ormats! out.ut 'ormats and te ma7or modules

in te system and teir s.eci'ications are needed+

:@3 SOFTWARE DESIGN

So't1are desi)n is an iterative .rocess trou) 1ic re8uirements are translated

into a $lue.rintQ 'or constructin) te so't1are+ (aracteristics tat serve as a

)uide 'or te evaluation o' a )ood desi)n -

3+ Te desi)n must im.lement all o' te e0.licit re8uirements contained in te

analysis model! and it accommodate all o' te im.licit re8uirements desired $y

te customer+

+ Te desi)n must $e a reada$le! understanda$le )uide 'or tose 1o )enerate

code and 'or tose 1o test and su$se8uently maintain te so't1are+

5+ Te desi)n sould .rovide a com.lete .icture o' te so't1are! addressin) te

data! 'unctional! and $eavioral domains 'rom an im.lementation .ers.ective+

:@4 DESIGN UALITY CRITERIA

3+ A desi)n sould e0i$it a ierarcical or)ani#ation tat ma/es

intelli)ent use o' control amon) te elements o' so't1are+

+ A desi)n sould $e modular i+e+ te so't1are sould $e lo)ically

.artitioned into elements tat .er'orm s.eci'ic 'unctions and su$'unctions+

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5+ A desi)n sould contain $ot data and .rocedural a$straction+

4+ A desi)n sould lead to modules tat e0i$it inde.endent'unctional caracteristics+

9+ A desi)n sould lead to inter'aces tat reduce te com.le0ity o'connections $et1een modules and 1it te e0ternal environment+

:+ A desi)n sould $e derived usin) a re.eata$le metod tat isdriven $y in'ormation o$tained durin) so't1are re8uirement

analysis+

All tese tin)s are im.lemented in our .ro7ect usin) o.tions on te main menu

screen+ Eac o.tion .rovides a di''erent /ind o' in'ormation! .rovidin) modular

a..roac+ Data is su$mitted to te data$ase as server side .ro)rammin)! 1ic

)ives a$straction to te data usin) middle tier conce.ts 1it 'ully O$7ect-Oriented

.ro)rammin)+

:@: DESIGN CONCEPTS

A set o' 'undamental so't1are desi)n conce.ts as evolved -

3+ 2at criteria can $e used to .artition so't1are into individualcom.onentsF

+ Ho1 is 'unction or data structure detail se.arated 'rom a conce.tualre.resentation o' te so't1areF

5+ Are tere uni'orm criteria tat de'ine te tecnical 8uality o' a

so't1are desi)nF

:@:@ TOPDOWN AND BOTTOM UP STRATEGIES

A system consists o' com.onents! 1ic ave te com.onents o' teir o1n!

indeed

a system is a ierarcy o' com.onents+ Te i)est level com.onent corres.onds

to te total system+

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A to.-do1n desi)n a..roac starts 1it identi'yin) te ma7or com.onents o' te

system! decom.osin) tem into teir lo1-level com.onents and iteratin) until te

desired level o' detail is acieved+ To.-do1n desi)n metods o'ten result in some

'orm o' ste.1ise re'inement+ Startin) 'rom an a$stract desi)n! in eac ste. te

desi)n is re'ined to a more concrete level! until 1e reac a level 1ere no more

re'inement is needed and te desi)n can $e im.lemented directly+

A $ottom-u. desi)n a..roac starts 1it desi)nin) te most $asic or .rimitive

com.onents and .roceeds to i)er-level com.onents tat use tese lo1er-level

com.onents+ ,ottom-u. metods 1or/s 1it layers o' a$straction+ Startin) 'rom

te very $ottom! o.erations tat .rovide a layer o' a$straction are im.lemented+

Te o.erations o' tis layer are ten used to im.lement more .o1er'ul o.erations

and a still i)er layer o' a$straction! until te sta)e is reaced 1ere te

o.eration su..orted $y te layer are tose desired $y te system+

:@; ABSTRACTION

Te .sycolo)ical notion o' a$stractionQ .ermits one to concentrate on a .ro$lem at

some level o' )enerali#ation 1itout re)ard to irrelevant lo1 level detailsG use o'

a$straction also .ermits one to 1or/ 1it conce.ts and terms tat are 'amiliar in te

.ro$lem environment 1itout avin) to trans'orm tem to an un'amiliar structure+++Q

/@ Pro"!&$r/* /5-#r/"#%o

5@ D/#/ /5-#r/"#%o

/) PROCEDURAL ABSTRACTION

It is a named se8uence o' instructions tat as a s.eci'ic and limited 'unction+

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5) DATA ABSTRACTION

It is a named collection o' data tat descri$es a data o$7ect+

:@< REFINEMENT

Ste.1ise re'inement is a to.-do1n strate)y and te arcitecture o' a .ro)ram is

develo.ed $y successive re'inin) levels o' .rocedural details

In eac ste. o' re'inement! one or more instructions o' te )iven .ro)ram are

decom.osed into more detailed instructions+ Tis successive decom.osition or

re'inement o' s.eci'ications terminates 1en all instructions are e0.ressed in

terms o' an underlyin) com.uter or .ro)rammin) lan)ua)esC As tas/s are

re'ined! so te data may ave to $e re'ined! decom.osed! or structured! and it is

natural to re'ine te .ro)ram and te data s.eci'ications in .arallel+Q

Every solution is al1ays re'ina$le de.endin) on time .eriod and availa$ility o'

in'ormation+

:@= MODULARITY

*odularity is te sin)le attri$ute o' so't1are tat allo1s a .ro)ram to $e

intellectually mana)ea$leQ+ *onolitic so't1are cant $e easily )ras.ed $y a

reader+ Te num$er o' control .ats! s.an o' re'erence! num$er o' varia$les! and

overall com.le0ity 1ould ma/e understandin) close to im.ossi$le+

STRUCTURED DESIGN

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Structured desi)n metodolo)y vie1s every so't1are system as avin) some in.uts tat

are converted into te desired out.uts $y te so't1are system+ Te so't1are is vie1ed asa

trans'ormation 'unction tat trans'orms te )iven in.uts into te desired out.uts! and te

central .ro$lem o' desi)nin) tis trans'ormation 'unction+ Due to tis vie1 o' so't1are!

te structured desi)n metodolo)y is .rimarily 'unction oriented and relies eavily on

'unctional a$straction and 'unctional decom.osition+ Te a..raoc $e)ins 1it a system

s.eci'ication tat identi'ies in.uts and out.uts and descri$es te 'unctional as.ects o' te

system+ Te ne0t ste. is te de'inition o' te modules and teir relationsi. 1it one

anoter in a 'orm called a structure cart! usin) data dictionary and oter structured

tools+

E#%#r!*/#%o-.% &%/+r/,

Te E-R dia)ram ena$les a so't1are en)ineer to 'ully s.eci'y te data o$7ects tat are

in.ut and out.ut to?'rom a system! te attri$utes tat de'ine te .ro.erties o' tese

o$7ects! and te relationsi. $et1een te o$7ects+ Te 'ollo1in) a..roac is ta/en -

3+ Durin) re8uirements )aterin)! customers are as/ed to list te tin)sQ

tat te a..lication or $usiness .rocess addresses+ Tese tin)sQ evolve into a

list o' in.ut and out.ut data! o$7ects as 1ell as e0ternal entities tat .roduce or

consume in'ormation+

+ Ta/in) te o$7ects one at a time! te analyst and customer de'ine 1eter

or not a connection %unnamed at tis sta)e& e0ists $et1een te data! o$7ect+ and oter o$7ects+

5+ 2erever a connection e0ists! te analyst and customer create one or more

o$7ect-relationsi. .airs+

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4+ 6or eac o$7ect-relationsi. .air! cardinality and modality are e0.lored+

9+ Ste.s trou) 4 are continued iteratively until all o$7ect-relationsi..airs ave $een de'ined+ It is common to discover omissions as tis .rocess

continues+ Ne1 o$7ects and relationsi.s 1ill invaria$ly $e added as te

num$ers o' iterations )ro1s+

:+ Te attri$utes o' eac entity are de'ined+ An entity-relationsi. dia)ram is

'ormali#ed in revie1+

;+ Ste.s 3 trou) ; are re.eated until data modelin) is com.lete+

DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS AND DATA DICTIONARY

D6Ds are commonly used durin) .ro$lem analysis+ Data 'lo1 dia)rams are not limited

to .o$lem analysis 'or so't1are re8uirement s.eci'ication+

A D6D so1s te 'lo1 o' data trou) te system+ It vie1s a system as a 'unction tat

trans'orms te in.uts into desired out.uts+ Te D6D aim to ca.ture te trans'ormations

tat ta/e .lace 1itin a system to te in.ut data so tat eventually te out.ut data is

.roduced+ Te a)ent tat .er'orms te trans'ormation o' data 'rom one state to anoter is

called a .rocess %or $u$$le&+ Te .rocesses are so1n $y named circles and data 'lo1s

are re.resented $y named arro1s enterin) or leavin) te $u$$les+ A rectan)le re.resents

a sourcs or sin/ and is a net ori)inator or consumer o' data+

It sould $e .ointed out tat D6D is not a 'lo1cart+ A D6D re.resents te 'lo1 o' data!

1ile a 'lo1cart so1s te 'lo1 o' control+ A D6D does not re.resent .rocedural

in'ormation+ In dra1in) te D6D te desi)ner as to s.eci'y te ma7or trans'orms in te

.at o' te data 'lo1in) 'rom in.ut to out.ut+

DATA DICTIONARY

Data dictionary is a re.ository o' various data 'lo1s de'ined in data 'lo1 dia)ram+ Te

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associated data dictionary states .recsiely te structure o' eac data 'lo1 in D6D+

Altou) te 'ormat o' dictionaries varies 'rom tool to tool! most consists o' te

'ollo1in) in'ormation

Name te .rimary name o' te data or control item! te data store or an e0ternal

entity

Alias oter names used 'or te 'irst entry

2ere-used?o1-used a listin) o' te .rocesses tat used te data or control item

and o1 it is used %E+)+ in.ut to te .rocess! out.ut 'rom te .rocess! as a store! as an

e0ternal entity&

(ontent descri.tion a notation 'or re.resentin) content

Su..lementary in'ormation oter in'ormation a$out data ty.es! .reset values %i'

/no1n&! restrictions o' limitation

:@9 DETAILED DESIGN

Durin) detailed desi)n! te internal lo)ic o' eac o' tese modules s.eci'ied in system

desi)n is decided+ Durin) tis .ase 'urter details o' data structures and al)oritmic

desi)n o' eac o' te modules is s.eci'ied+ Te lo)ic o' a module is s.eci'ied in a i)-

level desi)n descri.tional lan)ua)e! 1ic is inde.endent o' te tar)et lan)ua)e in 1ic

so't1are 1ill eventually $e im.lemented+

:@9@ DATA DESIGN

Te Data desi)n trans'orms te in'ormation domain model created durin) analysis into

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te data structures! tat 1ill $e re8uired to im.lement te so't1are+ Te data o$7ects and

te relationsi.s de'ined in te entity relationsi. dia)ram and te detailed data content

de.icted in te data dictionary .rovide te $asis 'or te data desi)n activity+

:@9@@ DATA STRUCTURES (TABLES ETC@ ) OF ALL MODULES

D/#/ S#r$"#$r!- ( T/5*!- ) O7 E/". Mo&$*!

T/5*! N/,! FLIGHT

Field Name Description Field Type Field size Nullability6li)tNo 6li)t Num$er+ Varcar+ @+ Not Null+

6li)tName+ 6li)t Name+ Varcar+ 5@+ Not Null+

Source+ 6li)t Source Varcar+ @+ Null+

Destination 6li)t Destination Varcar @+ Not Null+

Days 6li)t Runnin) Days Varcar+ 5@+ Null+

Route+ 6li)t Route Varcar @ Not Null+

Pr%,/r '! F*%+.# Not+

T/5*! N/,! F/r!

Field Name Description Field Type Field size Nullability

6No 6li)t Num$er Varcar+ 5@+ Not Null+

6Name 6li)t Name Varcar+ @+ Not Null+

EM6are E (lass 6are Rate Num$er 3@! Not Null+

,6are , (lass 6are Rate Num$er 3@! Not Null+

Pr%,/r ! FNo

T/5*! N/,! T%"'!#

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TNo+ Tic/et Num$er Varcar+ 5@+ Not Null+

6No+ 6li)t Num$er Varcar+ 5@+ Not Null+

6Name 6li)t Name Varcar 5@ Not Null+

Source Source Place Varcar @ Not Null+

Destination Destination Place Varcar @+ Not Null+Date Date o' 7ourney Date = Not Null+

Name Passen)er Name Varcar 5@ Not Null+

A)e A)e Num$er Not Null+

Se0 Se0 (ar 9 Not Null+

SeatNo Seat Num$er Varcar 3@ Not Null

6are 6are O' 6li)t Num$er 3@! Not Null

Status Tic/et Status Varcar 3 Not Null+

Pr%,/r ! TNo

T/5*! N/,! U-!rP&


UId User Id Varcar+ 5@+ Not Null

P1d Pass1ord Varcar 5@ Not Null+

Pr%,/r ! StateName+

:@9@2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Arcitectural desi)n re.resents te structure o' data and .ro)ram com.onents tat are

re8uired to $uild a com.uter $ased system+ It considers te arcitectural style tat te

system 1ill ta/e! te structure and .ro.erties o' te com.onents tat constitute te

system! and te interrelationsi.s tat occur amon) all arcitectural com.onents o' a

system+ Te arcitectural desi)n de'ines te relationsi. $et1een ma7or structural

elements o' te so't1are! te desi)n .atternsQ tat can $e used to acieve te

re8uirements tat ave $een de'ined 'or te system! and te constraints tat a''ect te

1ay in 1ic arcitectural desi)n .atterns can $e a..lied+ Te arcitectural desi)n

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re.resentation-te 'rame1or/ o' a com.uter $ased system-can $e derived 'rom te

system s.eci'icaion! te analysis model and te interaction o' su$systems de'ined 1itin+

DFD FOR PASSENGER REGISTRATION

PASSEN"E

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DFD FOR CHANGE PASSWORD

Ne1 Pass1ordIn'ormation U.datin) Pass1ord

Valid User 6or Ne1Pass1ord

User Enter Teir Id And Pass1ord

6or (an)in) Pass1ord

Accessin) User In'o

Invalid Pass1ord

Invalid Data

Invalid 6li)t

6ee In'ormation

Accessin) 6are Detail

Valid 6li)t 6or 6are In'o

Valid Data

Accessin) (ourse

Detail

Storin) Seat Details

Storin) Passen)er In'o

Passen)er Enter Teir In'ormation

6or Re)istration+

D/#/ ?/*%&%#

Pro"!--

F*%+.# ?/*%&%#

6are In'o

3 P/--!+!r

2 F*%+.#

3 F/r!

USER

U-!rI& A&

P/--or&

?/*%&%# Pro"!--

Pass1ord

U.dation Process

U-!rI&

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DFD FOR CHANGE PASSWORD

:+ 6OR*S 2ITH (ODIN"

Invalid User *atced

Invalid User Ty.e *atced

Accessin) User In'ormation

Accessin) User In'ormation

Valid User 6or Ty.e *atcin)

User Enter Teir Pass1ord Userid 'or o.enin)

te a..lication

USER

P/--or&

?/*%&%#

Pro"!--

U-!r T!

?/*%&%#Pro"!--

3 USERID

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Private Su$ cmd(ancel(lic/%&End

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Private Su$ cmdOL(lic/%&Data3+Recordset+*ove6irst

2ile Not Data3+Recordset+EO6

I' Te0t3+Te0t Data3+Recordset+6ields%@& And Te0t+Te0t Data3+Recordset+6ields%3& Ten

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2end*s),o0 Invalid Pass1ord+++++! v$(ritical

Te0t3+Set6ocus

SendLeys WHO*EXKWENDXEnd Su$

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Dim s As Inte)er

Dim / As Dou$le

Dim $ As Inte)er

Private Su$ Timer3Timer%&

Select (ase /(ase @ l$3+6ore(olor v$Red

l$+6ore(olor v$ello1

(ase 5 l$3+6ore(olor v$ello1

l$+6ore(olor v$Red

(ase : l$3+6ore(olor v$,lue

l$+6ore(olor v$,lac/

(ase > l$3+6ore(olor v$,lac/

l$+6ore(olor v$,lue

(ase 3 l$3+6ore(olor v$2ite

l$+6ore(olor v$"reen(ase 39 l$3+6ore(olor v$"reen

l$+6ore(olor v$2ite

End Select

/ / K @+9

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I' / Y 3= Ten

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Private Su$ TimerTimer%&

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8/13/2019 33864

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Private Su$ calculator(lic/%&

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Private Su$ e0cel(lic/%&

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s *s),o0%R U Sure 2ant To Beave+++F! v$

8/13/2019 33864

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s *s),o0%R U Sure 2ant To Beave+++F! v$

8/13/2019 33864

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a a K 3

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I' (ommand3+(a.tion Add Ten

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(ommand3+(a.tion SaveElseI' (ommand3+(a.tion Save Ten

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s *s),o0%R U Sure 1ant To Save+++F! v$

8/13/2019 33864

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E0it Su$

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*s),o0 ,ot Pass1ord Not *atced+++++! v$(ritical

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8/13/2019 33864

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Data3+Recordset+*ove6irst


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8/13/2019 33864

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I' (ommand3+(a.tion EDIT Ten

Te0t3+Set6ocus

(ommand3+(a.tion SAVEElseI' (ommand3+(a.tion SAVE Ten



I' Data3+Recordset+6ields%@& Te0t3+Te0t

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(ommand3+(a.tion EDIT

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End I'


2end

*s),o0 Record Not 6ound+++++! v$(ritical

Te0t3+Te0t

Te0t+Te0t

Te0t5+Te0t

Te0t4+Te0t

Te0t3+Set6ocus

End I'End Su$


Unload *e

End Su$

8/13/2019 33864

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Dim d$ As Data$ase

Dim rs As Recordset

Dim ino As Inte)er

Private Su$ dis.%&On Error "oTo cec/

6or i @ To ;

Te0t3%i&+Te0t rs+6ields%i&

Ne0t

E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$

Private Su$ save%&

On Error "oTo cec/

6or i @ To ;

rs+6ields%i& Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0t

E0it Su$

8/13/2019 33864

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cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$

Private Su$ (md3(lic/%&

On Error "oTo cec/

I' rs+EO6 [Y True Ten

rs+*ove6irst

(all dis.

End I'

E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$

Private Su$ (md(lic/%&

On Error "oTo cec/

rs+*ovePrevious

I' rs+,O6 True Ten

rs+*oveBast

End I'

(all dis.

E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$


On Error "oTo cec/

rs+*oveNe0t

I' rs+EO6 True Ten

rs+*ove6irst

End I'

(all dis.E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$

8/13/2019 33864

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On Error "oTo cec/


rs+*oveBast

(all dis.

End I'

E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$


I' (md9+(a.tion ADD Ten

(md3+Ena$led 6alse

(md+Ena$led 6alse(md5+Ena$led 6alse

(md4+Ena$led 6alse

(md:+Ena$led 6alse

(md;+Ena$led 6alse

(md=+Ena$led 6alse

(md9+(a.tion SAVE

6or i @ To ;

Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0t

Te0t3%@&+Set6ocus

Else

(md9+(a.tion ADD

Res *s),o0%save tis record F! v$In'ormation K v$esNo&

(md3+Ena$led True

(md+Ena$led True

(md5+Ena$led True

(md4+Ena$led True

(md:+Ena$led True

(md;+Ena$led True(md=+Ena$led True

I' Res v$es Ten

rs+AddNe1

(all save

rs+U.date

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rs+Re8uery

Else

Set rs d$+O.enRecordset%select 'rom 6li)t&

(all dis.

End I'

End I'

End Su$

Private Su$ (md:(lic/%&

I' (md:+(a.tion *ODI6 Ten

(md3+Ena$led 6alse

(md+Ena$led 6alse

(md5+Ena$led 6alse

(md4+Ena$led 6alse

(md9+Ena$led 6alse(md;+Ena$led 6alse

(md=+Ena$led 6alse

(md:+(a.tion UPDATE

ElseI' (md:+(a.tion UPDATE Ten

Res *s),o0%modi'y tis recordF! v$In'ormation K v$esNo&

(md3+Ena$led True

(md+Ena$led True

(md5+Ena$led True

(md4+Ena$led True

(md9+Ena$led True

(md:+Ena$led True

(md;+Ena$led True

(md=+Ena$led True

I' Res v$es Ten

rs+Edit

(all save

rs+U.date

(md:+(a.tion *ODI6

Else(all dis.

End I'

End I'

End Su$

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Private Su$ (md;(lic/%&

On Error "oTo cec/

Res *s),o0%Delete tis recordF! v$In'ormation K v$esNo&

I' Res v$es Ten

rs+Delete

6or i @ To ;

Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0t

rs+*ove6irst

(all dis.

End I'

E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$

Private Su$ (md=(lic/%&

Unload *e

End Su$


6orm4+So1

End Su$

Private Su$ 6ormBoad%&

Ba$el3+(a.tion 6BI"HT *ASTER 6OR*

Set d$ O.enData$ase%(ZAIRBINEZAirlines+md$&

Set rs d$+O.enRecordset%select 'rom 6li)t&

I' rs+EO6 True Ten

*s),o0 Tere Is No Record! v$(ritical

Else

6or i @ To ;


Ne0tEnd I'

End Su$


Dim a As Inte)er

8/13/2019 33864

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a Ba$el3+Be't

a a - 3@@

I' a [ -;:@ Ten

a 33==@

End I'

Ba$el3+Be't a

End Su$

Dim d$ As Data$ase

Dim rs As Recordset


On Error "oTo cec/


rs+*ove6irst

(all dis.

End I'

8/13/2019 33864

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E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$


On Error "oTo cec/

rs+*ovePrevious

I' rs+,O6 True Ten

rs+*oveBast

End I'

(all dis.

E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0tEnd Su$


On Error "oTo cec/

rs+*oveNe0t

I' rs+EO6 True Ten

rs+*ove6irst

End I'

(all dis.

E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$


On Error "oTo cec/


rs+*oveBast

(all dis.End I'

E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$

8/13/2019 33864

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I' (md9+(a.tion ADD Ten

(md3+Ena$led 6alse

(md+Ena$led 6alse

(md5+Ena$led 6alse

(md4+Ena$led 6alse

(md:+Ena$led 6alse

(md;+Ena$led 6alse

(md=+Ena$led 6alse

(md9+(a.tion SAVE

6or i @ To

Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0t

Te0t3%@&+Set6ocus

ElseRes *s),o0%save tis record F! v$In'ormation K v$esNo&

(md3+Ena$led True

(md+Ena$led True

(md5+Ena$led True

(md4+Ena$led True

(md:+Ena$led True

(md;+Ena$led True

(md=+Ena$led True

I' Res v$es Ten

(md9+(a.tion ADD

rs+AddNe1

(all save

rs+U.date

rs+Re8uery

Else

Set rs d$+O.enRecordset%select 'rom 6are&

(all dis.

End I'

End I'End Su$

Private Su$ dis.%&

6or i @ To


Ne0t

8/13/2019 33864

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End Su$

Private Su$ save%&

On Error "oTo cec/

6or i @ To

rs+6ields%i& Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0t

E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$

Private Su$ (md:(lic/%&

I' (md:+(a.tion *ODI6 Ten

(md3+Ena$led 6alse(md+Ena$led 6alse

(md5+Ena$led 6alse

(md4+Ena$led 6alse

(md9+Ena$led 6alse

(md;+Ena$led 6alse

(md=+Ena$led 6alse

(md:+(a.tion UPDATE

ElseI' (md:+(a.tion UPDATE Ten

Res *s),o0%modi'y tis recordF! v$In'ormation K v$esNo&

(md3+Ena$led True

(md+Ena$led True

(md5+Ena$led True

(md4+Ena$led True

(md9+Ena$led True

(md:+Ena$led True

(md;+Ena$led True

(md=+Ena$led True

I' Res v$es Ten

rs+Edit(all save

rs+U.date

(md:+(a.tion *ODI6

Else

(all dis.

8/13/2019 33864

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End I'

End I'

End Su$

Private Su$ (md;(lic/%&

On Error "oTo cec/

Res *s),o0%Delete tis recordF! v$In'ormation K v$esNo&

I' Res v$es Ten

rs+Delete

6or i @ To

Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0t

rs+*ove6irst

(all dis.

End I'E0it Su$

cec/

Resume Ne0t

End Su$

Private Su$ (md=(lic/%&

Unload *e

End Su$


Dim a As Inte)er

a Ba$el3+Be't

a a - 3@@

I' a [ -;:@ Ten

a 33==@

End I'

Ba$el3+Be't a

End Su$


Ba$el3+(a.tion 6li)t 6are 6orm

Set d$ O.enData$ase%A..+Pat K ZAirlines+md$&

Set rs d$+O.enRecordset%select 'rom 6are&

I' rs+EO6 True Ten

8/13/2019 33864

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*s),o0 Tere Is No Record! v$(ritical

Else

6or i @ To


Ne0t

End I'

End Su$


Randomi#e

I' (md3+(a.tion NE2 TI(LET Ten

Te0t3+Te0t

Te0t+Te0t

Te0t:+Te0t

Te0t;+Te0t

8/13/2019 33864

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(om$o3+Te0t Select (lass

Te0t3+Set6ocus

(md3+(a.tion SAVE

ElseI' (md3+(a.tion SAVE Ten



I' Data3+Recordset+6ields%@& Te0t3+Te0t Ten

Select (ase (om$o3+Te0t

(ase E-(BASS

$ Data3+Recordset+6ields%:&

I' $ Y @ Ten



I' Data3+Recordset+6ields%@& Te0t3+Te0t Ten

( Val%Te0t>+Te0t& Val%Data5+Recordset+6ields%3&& "oTo OUT

End I'


2end

*s),o0 6ARE DETAIB NOT AVAIBA,BE+++! v$(ritical

E0it Su$

OUT

Data+Recordset+AddNe1

/ Int%Rnd%3@@@& 3@@@@& 3@@@

Data+Recordset+6ields%@& /

Data+Recordset+6ields%3& Te0t3+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%& Te0t+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%5& (om$o+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%4& (om$o5+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%9& DTPic/er3+Value

Data+Recordset+6ields%:& (om$o3+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%;& Te0t:+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%=& Te0t;+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%>& (om$o4+Te0t Data+Recordset+6ields%3@& $

Data+Recordset+6ields%33& (

Data+Recordset+6ields%3& (ON6IR*ED

Data+Recordset+U.date

*s),o0 RE(ORD SAVED+++++! v$In'ormation

8/13/2019 33864

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*s),o0 UR TI(LET IN6OR*ATION+++++

*s),o0 TI(LET NO / AND SEAT NO $


Data3+Recordset+6ields%:& $ - 3


(all (BEAR

Else

*s),o0 SEAT NOT AVAIBA,BE++++++! v$(ritical

E0it Su$

End I'

(ase ,-(BASS

$ Data3+Recordset+6ields%;&

I' $ Y @ Ten


2ile Not Data5+Recordset+EO6 I' Data3+Recordset+6ields%@& Te0t3+Te0t Ten

( Val%Te0t>+Te0t& Val%Data5+Recordset+6ields%&&

"oTo OUT3

End I'


2end

*s),o0 6ARE DETAIB NOT AVAIBA,BE+++! v$(ritical

E0it Su$

OUT3

Data+Recordset+AddNe1

/ Int%Rnd%3@@@& 3@@@@& 3@@@

Data+Recordset+6ields%@& /

Data+Recordset+6ields%3& Te0t3+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%& Te0t+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%5& (om$o+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%4& (om$o5+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%9& DTPic/er3+Value

Data+Recordset+6ields%:& (om$o3+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%;& Te0t:+Te0t Data+Recordset+6ields%=& Te0t;+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%>& (om$o4+Te0t

Data+Recordset+6ields%3@& $

Data+Recordset+6ields%33& (

Data+Recordset+6ields%3& (ON6IR*ED

8/13/2019 33864

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Data+Recordset+U.date

*s),o0 RE(ORD SAVED+++++! v$In'ormation

*s),o0 UR TI(LET IN6OR*ATION+++++

*s),o0 TI(LET NO / AND SEAT NO $


Data3+Recordset+6ields%;& $ - 3


(all (BEAR

Else

*s),o0 SEAT NOT AVAIBA,BE++++++! v$(ritical

E0it Su$

End I'

End Select

E0it Su$

End I'Data3+Recordset+*oveNe0t

2end

*s),o0 RE(ORD NOT 6OUND+++! v$(ritical

End I'

End Su$


Unload *e

End Su$

Private Su$ (om$o3(lic/%&

Te0t:+Set6ocus

End Su$

Private Su$ (om$o(lic/%&

(om$o5+Set6ocus

End Su$

Private Su$ (om$o5(lic/%&DTPic/er3+Set6ocus

Select (ase (om$o+Te0t

(ase Ne1 Deli

8/13/2019 33864

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(ase *um$ai

Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@

(ase Patna

Te0t>+Te0t >@@

(ase Lol/atta

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase (ennai

Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase ai.ur

Te0t>+Te0t :@@

(ase A7mer

Te0t>+Te0t ;@@

(ase ,o.al

Te0t>+Te0t 33@@ (ase Trivendram

Te0t>+Te0t 9@@

(ase ,an)lore

Te0t>+Te0t 3>@@

(ase Hydra$ad

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

End Select

(ase *um$ai


(ase Ne1 Deli

Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@

(ase Patna

Te0t>+Te0t >@@

(ase Lol/atta

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase (ennai

Te0t>+Te0t 9@@

(ase ai.ur Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase A7mer

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase ,o.al

Te0t>+Te0t ;@@

8/13/2019 33864

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(ase Trivendram

Te0t>+Te0t 39@@

(ase ,an)lore

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@@

(ase Hydra$ad

Te0t>+Te0t 33@@

End Select

(ase Patna


(ase Ne1 Deli

Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@

(ase *um$ai

Te0t>+Te0t >@@

(ase Lol/atta

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@ (ase (ennai

Te0t>+Te0t 9@@

(ase ai.ur

Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase A7mer

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase ,o.al

Te0t>+Te0t ;@@

(ase Trivendram

Te0t>+Te0t 39@@

(ase ,an)lore

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@@

(ase Hydra$ad

Te0t>+Te0t 33@@

End Select

(ase Lol/atta


(ase Ne1 Deli

Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@ (ase *um$ai

Te0t>+Te0t >@@

(ase Patna

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase (ennai

8/13/2019 33864

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Te0t>+Te0t 9@@

(ase ai.ur

Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase A7mer

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase ,o.al

Te0t>+Te0t ;@@

(ase Trivendram

Te0t>+Te0t 39@@

(ase ,an)lore

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@@

(ase Hydra$ad

Te0t>+Te0t 33@@

End Select

(ase (ennai Select (ase (om$o5+Te0t

(ase Ne1 Deli

Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@

(ase Patna

Te0t>+Te0t >@@

(ase Lol/atta

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase *um$ai

Te0t>+Te0t 9@@

(ase ai.ur

Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase A7mer

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase ,o.al

Te0t>+Te0t ;@@

(ase Trivendram

Te0t>+Te0t 39@@

(ase ,an)lore

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@@ (ase Hydra$ad

Te0t>+Te0t 33@@

End Select

(ase ai.ur


8/13/2019 33864

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(ase Ne1 Deli

Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@

(ase Patna

Te0t>+Te0t >@@

(ase Lol/atta

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase (ennai

Te0t>+Te0t 9@@

(ase *um$ai

Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase A7mer

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase ,o.al

Te0t>+Te0t ;@@

(ase Trivendram Te0t>+Te0t 39@@

(ase ,an)lore

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@@

(ase Hydra$ad

Te0t>+Te0t 33@@

End Select

(ase A7mer


(ase Ne1 Deli

Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@

(ase Patna

Te0t>+Te0t >@@

(ase Lol/atta

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase (ennai

Te0t>+Te0t 9@@

(ase *um$ai

Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase ai.ur Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase ,o.al

Te0t>+Te0t ;@@

(ase Trivendram

Te0t>+Te0t 39@@

8/13/2019 33864

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(ase ,an)lore

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@@

(ase Hydra$ad

Te0t>+Te0t 33@@

End Select

(ase ,o.al


(ase Ne1 Deli

Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@

(ase Patna

Te0t>+Te0t >@@

(ase Lol/atta

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase (ennai

Te0t>+Te0t 9@@ (ase *um$ai

Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase A7mer

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase ai.ur

Te0t>+Te0t 3>@@

(ase Trivendram

Te0t>+Te0t 39@@

(ase ,an)lore

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@@

(ase Hydra$ad

Te0t>+Te0t 33@@

End Select

(ase Trivendram


(ase Ne1 Deli

Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@

(ase Patna

Te0t>+Te0t >@@ (ase Lol/atta

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase (ennai

Te0t>+Te0t 9@@

(ase *um$ai

8/13/2019 33864

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Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase A7mer

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase ,o.al

Te0t>+Te0t ;@@

(ase ai.ur

Te0t>+Te0t 3>@@

(ase ,an)lore

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@@

(ase Hydra$ad

Te0t>+Te0t 5@@

End Select

(ase ,an)lore


(ase Ne1 Deli Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@

(ase Patna

Te0t>+Te0t >@@

(ase Lol/atta

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase (ennai

Te0t>+Te0t 9@@

(ase *um$ai

Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase A7mer

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase ,o.al

Te0t>+Te0t ;@@

(ase ai.ur

Te0t>+Te0t 3>@@

(ase Trivendram

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@@

(ase Hydra$ad

Te0t>+Te0t 5@@ End Select

(ase Hydra$ad


(ase Ne1 Deli

Te0t>+Te0t 3:@@

8/13/2019 33864

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(ase Patna

Te0t>+Te0t >@@

(ase Lol/atta

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase (ennai

Te0t>+Te0t 9@@

(ase *um$ai

Te0t>+Te0t @@@

(ase A7mer

Te0t>+Te0t 3@@

(ase ,o.al

Te0t>+Te0t ;@@

(ase ai.ur

Te0t>+Te0t 3>@@

(ase ,an)lore Te0t>+Te0t 3@@@

(ase Trivendram

Te0t>+Te0t 5@@

End Select

End Select

End Su$

Private Su$ (om$o4(lic/%&

(md3+Set6ocus

End Su$

Private Su$ DTPic/er3(an)e%&

(om$o3+Set6ocus

End Su$


Ba$el3+(a.tion RESERVATION 6OR*

(om$o+AddItem %Ne1 Deli&

(om$o+AddItem %*um$ai&(om$o+AddItem %Patna&

(om$o+AddItem %Lol/atta&

(om$o+AddItem %(ennai&

(om$o+AddItem %ai.ur&

(om$o+AddItem %A7mer&

8/13/2019 33864

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(om$o+AddItem %,o.al&

(om$o+AddItem %Trivendram&

(om$o+AddItem %,an)lore&

(om$o+AddItem %Hydra$ad&

(om$o5+AddItem %Ne1 Deli&

(om$o5+AddItem %*um$ai&

(om$o5+AddItem %Patna&

(om$o5+AddItem %Lol/atta&

(om$o5+AddItem %(ennai&

(om$o5+AddItem %ai.ur&

(om$o5+AddItem %A7mer&

(om$o5+AddItem %,o.al&

(om$o5+AddItem %Trivendram&

(om$o5+AddItem %,an)lore&(om$o5+AddItem %Hydra$ad&

End Su$

Private Su$ Te0t3Bost6ocus%&



I' Te0t3+Te0t Data3+Recordset+6ields%@& Ten

Te0t+Te0t Data3+Recordset+6ields%3&

(om$o+Set6ocus

E0it Su$

End I'


2end

*s),o0 6li) Not 6ound+++! v$(ritical

Te0t3+Set6ocus

SendLeys WomeXKWendX

End Su$

Private Su$ Timer3Timer%&Dim a As Inte)er

a Ba$el3+Be't

a a - 3@@

I' a [ -5@@@ Ten

a 35@@@

8/13/2019 33864

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End I'

Ba$el3+Be't a

End Su$

Private Su$ (BEAR%&

Te0t3+Te0t

Te0t+Te0t

(om$o3+Te0t

(om$o+Te0t

(om$o5+Te0t

(om$o4+Te0t

(md3+Set6ocus

(md3+(a.tion NE2 TI(LET

Unload *e

6orm9+So1End Su$

8/13/2019 33864

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I' Te0t3%@&+Te0t Data3+Recordset+6ields%@& Ten

6or i 3 To ;

Te0t3%i&+Te0t Data3+Recordset+6ields%i&

Ne0t

E0it Su$

End I'


2end


6or i @ To ;

Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0tTe0t3%@&+Set6ocus

End Su$


6or i @ To ;

Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0t

Te0t3%@&+Set6ocus

End Su$


Unload *e

End Su$

8/13/2019 33864

71/102





I' Te0t3%@&+Te0t Data3+Recordset+6ields%@& Ten6or i 3 To 33


Ne0t

Ba$el3+(a.tion Tic/et Status Data3+Recordset+6ields%3&

E0it Su$

End I'


2end


6or i @ To 33

Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0t

Te0t3%@&+Set6ocus

End Su$

8/13/2019 33864

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Unload *e

End Su$


6or i @ To 33

Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0t

Ba$el3+(a.tion

Te0t3%@&+Set6ocus

End Su$





8/13/2019 33864

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6or i 3 To 33


Ne0t

Ba$el3+(a.tion Tic/et Status Data3+Recordset+6ields%3&

E0it Su$

End I'


2end


6or i @ To 33

Te0t3%i&+Te0t

Ne0t

Te0t3%@&+Set6ocus

End Su$


Unload *e

End Su$


6or i @ To 33

Te0t3%i&+Te0t

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;+ (ODE E66I(IEN(

,y te e''iciency o' a .ro)ram 1e mean! te amount o' com.utin) resources and code

re8uired $y a .ro)ram to .er'orm its 'unction+ E''iciency is te de)ree to 1ic te

so't1are ma/es o.timal use o' system resources as indicated $y te 'ollo1in)

su$attri$utes

3+ time $eaviour and

+ resource $eaviour+

Te code o' our .ro7ect is e''icient in te sense tat it re8uires minimal num$er o'

com.utin) resources 1ic are easily availa$le and a''orda$le to .er'orm its 'unctions+

Also te code re8uried $y eac inde.endent 'unction is also minimal+

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=+ OPTI*IJATION O6 (ODE

,y o.timi#ation o' code 1e mean tat o1 e''iciently 1e ave used te di''erent

structures o' te codin)+ To acieve code o.timi#ation in our .ro7ect 1e ave declared

all te varia$les used in te .ro7ect on a module+ 2e ave declared all te varia$les as

.u$lic so tat tey can $e used as and 1en re8uired 1itout redeclarin) tem+Also

several su$routines as $een declared .u$lic on te module so tat tey can $e used

any1ere in te .ro7ect 1en re8uired! tus ma/in) o.timal use o' te code+

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>+ VABIDATION (HE(LS

Tere are various 'orms in tis .ro7ect tat are $ein) used to su$mit data to te

data$ase+ In order to reduce errors! 1e ave a..lied a lot o' validation cec/s on various

te0t $o0es suc as amount $o0es! date $o0es etc+ so tat only valid data can $e entered in

tese te0t $o0es+ Also 1e ave a..lied certain constraints on ta$les in oracle! $ut i' any

o' te constraint is violated $y te user trou) oracle 1e cannot com.el te user to

can)e te ty.ed tat error! 'or tis 1e ave .laced tese validations cec/s+ Tese

validation cec/s also el.s us to reduce ty.o)ra.ical errors+ Tese validations cec/s

also .ressuri#e te user to 'ill tose 'ields tat cant $e le't $lan/+ Tese cec/s also

convert te al.a$ets into teir suita$le case e+)+ e-mail address 'ields 1ill acce.t every

caracter in lo1er case! no matter 1eter it is entered 1it ca.s loc/ on or o''+

Some o' te validation cec/s used in tis .ro7ect are as 'ollo1s

?ALIDATION CHEC ON AMOUNT BO1ES

Te only valid caracters tat can $e entered in $o0es acce.tin) amounts are di)its 'rom

@ to > and decimal%+&+ ,ac/s.ace /ey is also allo1ed 'or editin) .ur.oses+ 6urtermore i'

an amount $o0 as a ma0imum len)t o' 3 caracters and a user 1ants to enter only

inte)er num$er in tis $o0 ten tis $o0 1ill acce.t only a ten di)it inte)er num$er 'rom

te user and te num$er 1ill $e converted into te 'ormat >>>>>>>>>>+>> + It 1ill el. us

in reducin) te errors 1en te data is su$mitted to te data$ase+ In te a$sence o' tis

cec/! 1e could encounter errors li/e te entered value is too lar)e 'or te column+

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?ALIDATION CHEC ON NAME BO1ES

Te only valid caracters tat can $e entered in te te0t $o0es acce.tin) te name o' te

customers suc as 'irst name ! middle name and last name are al.a$ets 'rom a to # or in

u..er case letters 'rom A to J+ ,ac/s.ace /ey is also allo1ed 'or editin) .ur.oses+ No

matter 1eter te caracter are entered in lo1er case or in u..er case tey 1ill $e

converted automatically to u..er case letters 'or consistency .ur.oses+

?ALIDATION CHEC ON COMBO BO1ES

2e ave also used some com$o $o0es! suc as 'or city! state and .ro'ession on some

'orms+ 2e ave a..lied a validation cec/ on tese $o0es so tat a user is allo1ed to

only select a value 'rom tese $o0es+ Te user cant enter any value oter tan tat

availa$le in te com$o $o0+ Tis el.s us in restrictin) customers 'rom enterin) invalid

values+

?ALIDATION CHEC ON DATE BO1ES

Tere are several te0t $o0es acce.tin) dates 'rom users on various 'orms in our .ro7ect+

Dates .lay a very im.ortant role in our .ro7ect $ecause te only $asis to determine

1eter a customer 1o 1as minor at te time o' o.enin) te account! as $ecome

mature or not! are te dates+ 6urtermore transaction dates are also very im.ortant 'or

daily $ac/u.s+ Eac user as its o1n 'ormat o' 1ritin) dates e+)+ a user may enter date in

te 'ollo1in) 'ormats 39-@>-@@! 39-@>-@! 39?@>?@@! 39?@>?@ or se. 39! @@ andmany more+ Tis may cause a .ro$lem+ So 1e ave restricted te date 'ormat to

dd?mm?yyyy+ I' te user doesnt enter te date in te s.eci'ied 'ormat! a messa)e 1ill $e

dis.layed to te user tat te 'ormat 'or te date is dd?mm?yyyy+ Also te ? 1ill a..ear

automatically a'ter every t1o caracters i+e+ a slas ? 1ill a..ear automatically a'ter te

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user as entered a valid value 'or te day and ne0t slas 1ill a..ear automatically a'ter

te valid value o' mont+ 2e ave also a..lied a cec/ so tat te user cant enter an

invlid value 'or te day! mont and year+ 6or e0am.le i' a user enters 5 or more 'or te

value o' day! a messa)e 1ill $e dis.layed so1in) tat te value 'or day cant $e )reater

tan 53+ Similarly i' a user enters a value 35 or more 'or te mont! an a..ro.riate

messa)e 1ill $e dis.layed+ Also i' te value o' te day is > or more tan > and te

value 'or te mont is @! an a..ro.riate messate 1ill $e dis.layed and te te0t $o0 1ill

$e made $lan/+ Te only valid values 'or te year are 3>@3 and more+ Te system 1ill not

acce.t dates avin) year less tan or e8ual to 3>@@+ Te date 1ill also $e cec/ed 'or te

validity o' lea. year+ In te case o' a lea. year a date suc as >?@?@@@ is valid

$ecause in a lea. year! 6e$ruary is o' > days+ In tis 1ay 1e ave reduced te $urden

o' mana)in) di''erent date 'ormats+

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3@+ TESTIN"

Durin) system testin)! te system is used e0.erimentally to ensure tat te so't1are does

not 'ail+ S.eci'ic test data are in.ut 'or .rocessin)! and te results e0amined+ It is

desira$le to discover any sur.rises $e'ore te or)ani#ation im.lements te system and

de.ends on it+

0@ TESTING OBJECTI?ES

3+ Testin) is a .rocess o' e0ecutin) a .ro)ram 1it te intent o' 'indin) an error

++ A )ood test case is one tat as a i) .ro$a$ility o' 'indin) an as yet undiscovered

error+

5+ A success'ul test is one tat uncovers an as yet undiscovered error+

0@2 TESTING PRINCIPLES

3+ All tests sould $e tracea$le to te customers re8uirements+

+ Tests sould $e .lanned lon) $e'ore te testin) $e)ins+

5+ Testin) sould $e)in in te smallQ and .ro)ress to1ards in te lar)eQ+

4+ E0austive testin) is not .ossi$le+

9+ To $e most e''ective! testin) sould $e conducted $y an inde.endent tird .arty+

TESTING

In so't1are develo.ment .ro7ect! errors can $e in7ected at any sta)e durin)

develo.ment+ ,ecause code is te only .roduct tat can $e e0ecuted 're8uently

and 1ose actual $eavior can $e o$served! testin) is te .ase 1ere te

remainin) errors 'rom all te .revious .ases must $e detected+ Testin) .er'orms

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a critical role 'or 8uality assurance and 'or ensurin) te relia$ility o' so't1are+

Durin) testin)! te .ro)ram to $e tested is e0ecuted 1it a set o' test cases! and

te out.ut o' te .ro)ram 'or te test cases is evaluated to determine i' te

.ro)ram is .er'ormin) as e0.ected+ Due to tis a..roac! dynamic testin) can

only ascertain te .resence o' errors in te .ro)ramG te e0act nature o' errors is

not usually decided $y testin)+

Testin) a lar)e system is a com.le0 activity! so 'or a .ro7ect! incremental testin)

is )enerally .er'ormed! in 1ic com.onents and su$systems o' te system are

tested se.arately $e'ore inte)ratin) tem to 'orm te system 'or system testin)+

Tis 'orm o' testin) introduces ne1 issues o' o1 to select com.onents and o1

to

com$ine tem to 'orm systems and su$systems+

0@3 TESTING FUNDAMENTALS

ERROR

It re'ers to te discre.ancy $et1een a com.uted! o$served! or measured value and

true! s.eci'ied or teoretically correct value i+e+ it re'ers to te di''erence $et1een

te actual out.ut o' te so't1are and te correct value+

FAULT

It is a condition tat causes a system to 'ail in .er'ormin) its re8uired 'unction+ A

'ault is te $asic reason 'or so't1are mal'unction and is synonymous 1it te

commonly used term $u)+

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FAILURE

It is te ina$ility o' a system or com.onent to .er'orm a re8uired 'unction

accordin) to its s.eci'ication+ A So't1are 6ailure occurs i' te $eavior o' te

so't1are is di''erent 'rom te s.eci'ied $eavior+ 6aults ave te .otential to

cause 'ailures and teir .resence is a necessary $ut not su''icient condition 'or

'ailure to occur+

0@4 TEST CASES AND TEST CRITERIA

Ideally! 1e 1ould li/e to determine a set o' test cases suc tat success'ul

e0ecution o' all o' tem im.lies tat tere are no errors in te .ro)ram+ Tis ideal

)oal cant usually $e acieved due to .ractical and teoretical constraints+ Eac

test case costs money! as e''ort is needed to )enerate te test case! macine time

is needed to e0ecute te .ro)ram 'or tat test case! and more e''ort is needed to

evaluate te results+

An ideal test case set is one tat succeeds only i' tere are no errors in te

.ro)ram+ One .ossi$le ideal set o' test cases is one tat includes all te .ossi$le

in.uts to te .ro)ram+ Tis is o'ten called e0austive testin)! o1ever it is

im.ractical and in'easi$le+

6or a )iven .ro)ram P and its s.eci'ication S! a test selection criterion s.eci'ies

te conditions tat must $e satis'ied $y a set o' test cases T+ 'or e0am.le! i' te

criterion is tat all statements in te .ro)ram $e e0ecuted at least once durin)

testin)! ten a set o' test cases T satis'ies tis criterion 'or a .ro)ram P is te

e0ecution o' P 1it T ensures tat eac statement in P is e0ecuted at least once+

Tere are t1o 'undamental .ro.erties 'or a testin) criterion relia$ility and

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validity+ A criterion is relia$le i' all te sets o' test cases tat satis'y te criterion

detect te same errors+ A criterion is valid i' 'or any error in te .ro)ram tere is

some set satis'yin) te criterion tat 1ill reveal te error+

Testin) can $e mainly o' t1o ty.es

0@: BLAC BO1 TESTING

2en 1e /no1 te s.eci'ied 'unction tat a .roduct as $een desi)ned to .er'orm! tests

can $e conducted tat demonstrate eac 'unction is 'ully o.erational 1ile at te same

time searcin) 'or errors in eac 'unction+ A $lac/ $o0 test e0amines some 'undamental

as.ect o' a system 1it little re)ard 'or te internal lo)ical structure o' te so't1are+

,lac/ $o0 testin) also called $eavioral testin)! 'ocuses on te 'unctional re8uirements

o' te so't1are+ ,lac/ $o0 testin) attem.ts to 'ind errors in te 'ollo1in) cate)ories

a& Incorrect or missin) 'unctions+

$& Inter'ace errors+c& Errors in data structures or e0ternal data$ase access+

d& ,eaviour or .er'ormance errors+

e& Initiali#ation and termination errors+

0@; WHITE BO1 TESTING

2en 1e /no1 te internal 1or/in)s o' a .roduct! tests can $e conducted to ensure tat

internal o.erations are .er'ormed accordin) to s.eci'ications and all internal

com.onents ave $een ade8uately e0ercised+ Tis testin) is sometimes called as )lass

$o0 testin)+ Usin) 1ite $o0 testin) metods! te so't1are en)ineer can derive test cases

tat

a& )uarantee tat all inde.endent .ats 1itin a module ave $een e0ercised at least

once

$& e0ercise all lo)ical decisions on teir true and 'alse sides

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c& e0ecute all loo.s at teir $oundaries and 1itin teir o.erational $ounds

d& e0ercise internal data structures to ensure teir validity

In tis .ro7ect our main em.asis is on 1ite $o0 testin) +

In order to test loo.s! 1e used te *oo #!-#%+tecni8ue 1ic is a 1ite $o0 testin)

tecni8ue+ *ost o' te loo.s used in tis .ro7ect $elon) to te cate)ory o' sim.le loo.s+

2e a..lied te 'ollo1in) set o' tests to test loo.s! 1ere n is te ma0imum num$er o'

allo1a$le .asses trou) te loo.+

3+ S/i..ed te loo. entirely+

+ Allo1ed only one .ass trou) te loo.+

5+ Allo1ed t1o .assed trou) te loo.+

4+ Allo1ed m .assed trou) te loo. 1ere m [ n+

9+ Allo1ed n-3! n! nK3 .asses trou) te loo.+

In order to test te control 'lo1 structures suc as i' conditions etc+ 1e used te

"o&%#%o #!-#%+tecni8ue+ Te condition testin) metod 'ocuses on testin) eac

condition in te .ro)ram+ (ondition testin) strate)ies ave t1o advanta)es+ 6irst!

measurement o' test covera)e o' a condition is sim.le+ Second! te test covera)e o'

conditions in a .ro)ram .rovides )uidance 'or te )eneration o' additional tests 'or te

system+ Br/". #!-#%+is te sim.lest condition testin) strate)y+ 6or a com.ound

condition ( 1ic is com.osed o' t1o or more sim.le conditions! $oolean o.erators and

.arentesis! te true and 'alse $rances o' ( and every sim.le condition in ( need to $e

e0ecuted at least once+

0@< BOUNDARY ?ALUE ANALYSIS

6or reasons tat are not com.letely clear! a )reater num$er o' errors tend to occur at te

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$oundaries o' te in.ut domain rater tan in te \center+ It is 'or tis reason

tat $oundary value analysis as $een develo.ed as a testin) tecni8ue+

,oundary value analysis leads to a selection o' test cases tat e0ercise $oundin)

Values+ 2e used tis a..roac to test several control statements in our .ro7ect+

"uidelines 'or $oundary value analysis are as 'ollo1s

3+ I' an in.ut condition s.eci'ies a ran)e $ounded $y values a and $! test cases sould $e

desi)ned 1it values a and $ and 7ust a$ove and 7ust $elo1 a and $+

+ I' an in.ut condition s.eci'ies a num$er o' values! test cases sould $e develo.ed

tat e0ercise te minimum and ma0imum num$ers+ Values 7ust a$ove and $elo1

minimum and ma0imum are also tested+

5+ A..ly te same )uidelines to out.ut conditions+

4+ I' internal .ro)ram data structures ave .rescri$ed $oundaries! $e certain to desi)n a

test case to e0ercise te data structure at its $oundary+

0@= FUNCTIONAL TESTING

In 'unctional testin)! te structure o' te .ro)ram is not considered+ Test cases

are decided solely on te $asis o' te re8uirements or s.eci'ications o' te

.ro)ram or module! and te internals o' te module or te .ro)ram are not

considered 'or selection o' test cases+ Due to its nature! 'unctional testin) is o'ten

called! $lac/ $o0 testin)Q+

0@9 STRUCTURAL TESTING

In te structural a..roac! test cases are )enerated $ased on te actual code o'

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te .ro)ram or module to $e tested+ Tis structural a..roac is sometimes called

)lass $o0 testin)Q+

0@0 LE?ELS OF TESTING

Te $asic levels are unit testin)! inte)ration unit testin)! and system and

acce.tance testin)+

0@0@ UNIT TESTING

In tis di''erent modules are tested a)ainst te s.eci'ications .roduced durin)

desi)n 'or te modules+ Unit testin) is essentially 'or te veri'ication o' te code

.roduced durin) te codin) .ase and its )oal is to test te internal lo)ic o' te

modules+ It is ty.ically done $y te .ro)rammer o' te module+ Structural testin)

is $est suited 'or tis level+

In our .ro7ect eac 'orm 1or/s li/e a unit+ Some 'orms are used to dis.lay te

data stored in te data$ase and some 'orms are user to su$mit data to te

data$ase+ ,e'ore su$mittin) te data to te data$ase! it is tested individually

usin) 'ront end ca.a$ilities+ Te tests tat occurred as .art o' te unit tests are as

'ollo1s

3+ Te module inter'ace 1as tested to ensure tat in'ormation .ro.erly 'lo1s

into and out o' te .ro)ram unit under test+

+ Te local data structures 1ere e0amined to ensure tat data stored tem.orarily

maintains its inte)rity durin) all ste.s in an al)oritms e0ecution+

5+ ,oundary conditions 1ere tested to ensure tat te module o.erates .ro.erly

at $oundaries esta$lised to limit or restrict .rocessin)+

4+ All inde.endent .ats trou) te control structure 1ere e0ercised to ensure

tat all statements in a module ave $een e0ecuted at least once+

9+ 6inally! all error andlin) .ats 1ere tested+

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0@0@2 INTEGRATION TESTING

Inte)ration testin) is a systematic tecni8ue 'or constructin) te .ro)ram

structure 1ile at te same time conductin) tests to uncover errors associated

1it inter'acin)+ Te o$7ective is to ta/e unit tested com.onents and $uild a

.ro)ram structure tat as $een dictated $y desi)n+

Inte)ration can $e eiter to. do1n or $ottom do1n+

To. do1n inte)ration testin) is an incremental a..roac to construction o'

.ro)ram structure+ *odules are inte)rated $y movin) do1n1ard trou) te

control ierarcy! $e)innin) 1it te main control module+ *odules su$ordinate

to te main control module are incor.orated into te structure in eiter a de.t

'irst or $readt 'irst manner+

,ottom u. inte)ration testin) $e)ins construction and testin) 1it atomic

modules %i+e+ com.onents at te lo1est levels in te .ro)ram structure&+ ,ecause

com.onents are inte)rated 'rom te $ottom u.! .rocessin) re8uired 'or

com.onents su$ordinate to a )iven level is al1ays availa$le and te need 'or

stu$s is eliminated+

In our .ro7ect! 1e ave used te $ottom u. a..roac+ 2en all te 'orms 1ere

tested inde.endently! tey 1ere inte)rated to 'orm a module+

0@0@3 REGRESSION TESTING

Eac time a ne1 module is added as .art o' inte)ration testin)! te so't1are

can)es+ Ne1 data 'lo1 .ats are esta$lised! ne1 I?O may occur! and ne1

control lo)ic is invo/ed+ Tese can)es cause .ro$lems 1it 'unctions tat

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.reviously 1or/ed 'la1lessly+ In te conte0t o' an inte)ration test strate)y!

re)ression testin) is te re-e0ecution o' some su$set o' tests tat ave already

$een conducted to ensure tat can)es ave not .ro.a)ated unintended side

e''ects+ Re)ression testin) 1as used 're8uen

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