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Introduction To DNA

DNA computing is a novel technology that seeks tocapitalize on the enormous informational capacity of DNA,

that can store huge amounts of information and are able to

perform operations similar to that of a computer.

Ever wondered where we would find the new materialneeded to build the next generation of microprocessors????

HUMAN BODY (including yours!)

The appeal of DNA computing lies in the fact thatDNA molecules can store far more information

than any existing conventional computer chip.

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STRUCTURE OF DNA

All organisms on this planet are made of the same

type of genetic blueprint, which bind us together.

Within the cells of any organism is a substance called

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), which is a double-Stranded helix of nucleotides, which carries the

genetic information of a cell.

Just like a string of binary data is encoded withones and zeros, a strand of DNA is encoded withfour bases, represented by the letters A, T, C, andG.

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STRUCTURE OF DNA

Illustration of double helix shape of DNA

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Uniqueness Of DNA

Why is DNA a Unique Computational Element?

Extremely dense information storage.

Enormous parallelism.Extraordinary energy efficiency.

Complementary structure.

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Dense Information Storage

Consider that 1 gm of DNA is compared with a

normal CD.

A CD can hold 800 MB of data.A gram of DNA can hold about 1x1014 MB of

data.

More than 10 trillion DNA molecules can fitinto area of 1 cubic centimeter. With this small

amount of DNA a computer would be able to

hold 10 tetra bytes of data and perform 10

trillions calculations at a time.

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Dense Information Storage

DNA computers have the ability to perform manycalculations simultaneously ,on the order of 10^9calculations per ml of DNA per second!

Many have predicted that Moores law (whichstates that the microprocessors would double incomplexity every two years) will soon reach itsend, because of the physical speed and

miniaturization limits of silicon microprocessors. DNA computers have the potential to take

computing to new levels, picking up whereMoores law leave off.

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How Enormous is the Parallelism?

A test tube of DNA can contain huge numbers

of strands.

When an operation is done on the test tube,each of these DNA strands in that tube undergo

the same operation simultaneously. i.e. Parallel

Operations.

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How Extraordinary is the Energy

Efficiency?

Dr. Adleman, in his experiments, figured that

his DNA computer can run 2x1019 operations

per joule.

A normal computer using Pentium i7 processor

is able to run 2x105 operations per joule.

A 2006 Super Computer was able to perform

2x109 operations per joule.

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Double Stranded DNA

A Adenine

C Cytosine

G Guanine

T Thymine

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Hamiltonian Path Problem (HPP)(Travelling Salesman Problem)

The use of DNA in doing mathematical (logic)

problems was first identified by Dr. Adleman

in 7 point HPP.

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Representation of 20 bases DNA strand

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Hamiltonian Path Problem (HPP)

Adleman used a basic 7 city and 13 streetmodel for salesman problem and created DNA

sequences of 20 bases long to chemically

represent each city.Complementary 20 base strand that overlaps

each citys strand halfway represent each

street.

By placing few gm.of every DNA city and

street in a test tube and allowing natural

bonding tendencies to occur, the answer to the

problem was determined in less than 1 second!

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Hamiltonian Path Problem (HPP)

Correct path was determined considering that

the correct path must start at A and end at G by

filtering strands of DNA.

Remaining strands were then measured

through electrophoresis technique to determine

if the path they represent has passed through

all the 7 cities.

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DNA CHIP

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Applications

In Airlines to map efficient routes

Information security for cracking secret codes

Cryptography

Biomedical & Pharmaceutical

-scientists predict a future where our bodies arepatrolled by tiny DNA computers that monitor ourwell-being and release the right drugs to repairdamaged or unhealthy tissue. They could act asDoctors in a cell.

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ADVANTAGES DIS-ADVANTAGES

Parallel Processing

Easily solve complexproblems

No power requirementCost-effective method.

Require humanassistance

Produce errors due to

unwanted chemicalreactions

Test tube environment isfar from practical

environmentHuman manipulation

needed.

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Further Reading

National Geographic Article, Computer Made

from DNA and Enzymes.

Himanshu Thapliyal & M. B. Srinavas, An

Extension to DNA Based Fredkin Gate Circuits:

Design of Reversible SequentialCircuits using

Fredkin Gates.

Will Ryu, DNA Computing, A Premier. Lipton R, DNA Solution of Hard Computational

Problems. Science. Vol. 268 (1995). 542-545.

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