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Basic APPLICATION SOFTWARE

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Lecture Objectives

More Spreadsheet FeaturesWhat if Analysis/ Goal Seek

Types of data entry

Cell Referencing

Formula Entry Details

Operators

Precedence Rule / Parenthesis Rule

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…Spreadsheet Program Features

What-if Analysis in Spreadsheet ProgramsSpreadsheet allows you to change the values and see the overall effect on the results, instantly.

Helps decision makers to check the effect of their decisions.

Examples:In a sales business, Increasing staff will cost more salary but better sales.

Manager wants to have a look on net revenue for a certain number of staff working.

Year1998-1999 100 $50.00 $5,000.00 $30,000.00 $25,000.001999-2000 110 $50.00 $5,500.00 $32,000.00 $26,500.002000-2001 110 $50.00 $5,500.00 $33,000.00 $27,500.002001-2002 120 $50.00 $6,000.00 $33,600.00 $27,600.00

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Advanced What if

Goal Seek CommandEnables the user

To set an end result of some formula and

Determine the value of some formula variable (input)

Example:Advanced Goal Seek (Solver Add-in):-Allows to work with more than one cell to change while doing goal seek

-Allows to specify some constraints on changeable cells

-Available through Tools | Add-ins-After the addin is added, use Tools | Solver

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…Spreadsheet Program Features

Data Entry in Spreadsheet Programs Numbers

data values.

Labels to name the data values.

FormulasTo calculate new values from existing ones.Capable of automatic recalculation in case of any related value change occurs.

Functions Pre-built formulas can calculate results without specifying the exact calculations.

A B1 122 433 21

Names ScoresMohammad 55Ali 50Ahmed 40

SUM =A1+A2+A3

SUM FUNCTION =SUM(A1:A3)

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…Spreadsheet Program Features

Data Entry Examples in Microsoft Excel

labelslabels valuesvalues

formulaformula

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…Spreadsheet Program Features

Referencing Cells in Spreadsheet ProgramsA name is given to every cell on the sheet. Why to use cell names?

Essential for building automatically re-calculatable formulas.

Also called a Cell Address. Cell names could be built by using

Sheet NameColumn LetterRow Number

For example, a cell on Sheet1, in Column C & on Row 22 will be called

Sheet1!C22 in Microsoft Excel &Sheet1:C22 in Quattro Pro.

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FORMULA ENTRY DETAILS

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© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

…Spreadsheet Program Features

Formula Entry Details in Spreadsheet ProgramsFormula needs operators to perform calculations.

Operators used in Mathematical Computations (results in a value)

Operators used in Logical Computations (results in TRUE/ FALSE)

+ Addition- Subtraction* Multiplication/ Division^ Exponentiation

< less than<= less than equla to> Greater than>= Greater than equal to= Equal to

ANDCombining two comparisons with AND effect

ORCombining two comparisons with OR effect

NOT Reversing a comparison

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Types of Operators

Operators are needed in a formula to perform computations.Mathematical Operators

Performs mathematical computations Formula results in a number Example: =2+4

Logical OperatorsPerforms Logical Tests.Formula results in either TRUE or FALSE.Example: =3<4

String Operator (&)Used to join text values.Cannot be used with numbers.Example: = “MIS” & “105”

+ Addition- Subtraction* Multiplication/ Division^ Exponentiation

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Operator Precedence

Operator precedence rule is needed when multiple operators exist in any formula.

Precedence Rule for Mathematical OperatorsExample: =2+2-2*2^2/2

Precedence Rule for Logical OperatorsUse of many operators in one formula doesn’t make any sense.

Example: =2<3>4 (invalid use of operators)

Result: 0

+ - Addition, Subtraction* / Multiplication, Division^ Exponentiation

Lowest

Highest

- (unary) Negative Number

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Operator Precedence

Precedence Rule for Mixed (Math + Logical) FormulaExample: =2+2<3*2

Result: TRUE

Lowest

Highest

LogicalMathematical

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Use of Parenthesis in Formulae

Use of Parenthesis results in an imposed operator computation sequence regardless of their default precedence.Examples:

1. =(2+2-2)*2^(2/2)

2. =(3+2)*3 < 9

Cautions:Parenthesis should appear in complete pairs.

=(3-6)*3) Invalid as an open parenthesis is missing.

Every parenthesis set should contain a complete valid expression in it.=(3+)2*3 Invalid as first parenthesis set has an invalid expression.

Result: FALSE

Result: 4

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