3_1_ModelsOfCommunication
-
Upload
jane-ericka-joy-mayo -
Category
Documents
-
view
6 -
download
0
description
Transcript of 3_1_ModelsOfCommunication
Models of Communication: communicative competence
(monocultural) & the training of communicative skills
Seminar: The training of cross-cultural competence and skills
Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Beneke
Speaker: Antje Stillahn
Date: 6 November 2001
Contents
1. Models of Communication– What is communication?– What is communicative competence?
2. The Training of Communicative Skills(based on Schulz von Thun’s model)
3. Moving towards Intercultural Communication(discussion)
1. Models of Communication
– What is communication?
– What is communicative competence?
A Definition
“communication [Lat. communicatio ‘the action of imparting‘]
In its broadest sense, this term refers to every kind of mutual transmission of information using signs or symbols between living beings (humans, animals), between people and data-processing machines. [...]”
(Bussmann 1996:83)
A Definition (continued)
“In its narrower, linguistic sense, communication is the understanding which occurs between humans through linguistic and non-linguistic means like gestures, mimicry and voice ( non-verbal communication). The basic components of communication are shown in communication models. [...]”
(Bussmann 1996:83)
Models of Communication
• Aristotle‘s Rhetoric• De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit• Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model• Gerbner‘s General Model• Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models• Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model• Schulz von Thun’s Model
Aristotle’s Rhetoric
Three elements of communication:
• the speaker• the speech • the audience
(http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/aristotle.html)
Models of Communication
• Aristotle‘s Rhetoric• De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit• Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model• Gerbner‘s General Model• Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models• Watzlawick‘s, Beavin‘s, and Jackson‘s Model• Schulz von Thun‘s Model
De Saussure’s Model of the Speech Circuit (1916)
c
i
c
i
Phonation
Phonation
Audition
Audition
c: concepti: image acoustique (acoustic image)
(http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html7text/6-1frame.html)
Models of Communication
• Aristotle‘s Rhetoric• De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit• Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model• Gerbner‘s General Model• Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models• Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model• Schulz von Thun’s Model
The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
information source
transmitter receiver destination
noise source
message messagesignalreceived
signal
channel
(http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/sw.html)
The Shannon-Weaver Model – Criticism
• the ‘conduit metaphor’ (Reddy 1979) • linearity• content and meaning• instrumentalism• context• relationships and purposes• time• medium
(cf. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html)
The Shannon-Weaver Model – Extension
information source
transmitter receiver destination
noise source
channel
feedback
(cf. http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/sw.html)
The Shannon-Weaver Model – Extension by Moles (1963)
information source
transmitter receiver destination
noise source
channel
code 1 code 2
(http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html7text/6-2frame.html)
Models of Communication
• Aristotle‘s Rhetoric• De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit• Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model• Gerbner‘s General Model• Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models• Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model• Schulz von Thun’s Model
Gerbner’s General Model (1956)
SelectionContext
Availability
EEvent
PERCEPTUAL DIMENSION
M
E1
ChannelsMediaControl
MEANS AND CONTROL DIMENSION
SForm
ECon-tent
M2
SE1
Source
Destination
(cf. Gerbner 1956, in: Corner; Hawthorn (eds.) 1989:18)
Models of Communication
• Aristotle‘s Rhetoric• De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit• Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model• Gerbner‘s General Model• Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models• Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model• Schulz von Thun’s Model
Bühler’s Organon Model (1934)
Objects and States of Affairs
S
Sender Rec
eive
rAppeal
Representation
Expression
(http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html/text6.html)
Jakobson’s Model of Communicative Functions (1960)
Type Oriented Function Example towards
emotive addresser expressing It’s bloody feelings or pissing downattitudes again!
referential context imparting It’s raining.information
conative addressee influencing Wait here till itbehaviour stops raining!
(cf. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html)
Jakobson’s Model of Communicative Functions (1960)
Type Oriented Function Example towards
phatic contact establishing or Nasty weathermaintaining again, isn’t it?social relationships
metalingual code referring to the This is the nature of the weatherinteraction forecast.
poetic message foregrounding It droppeth as textual features the gentle rain from heaven.
(http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html)
Models of Communication
• Aristotle‘s Rhetoric• De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit• Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model• Gerbner‘s General Model• Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models• Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model• Schulz von Thun’s Model
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967): Pragmatics of Human Communication
• One cannot not communicate. (Watzlawick and others 1967:51)
• Every communication has a content and a relationship aspect such that the latter classifies the former and is therefore a metacommunication.(Watzlawick and others 1967:54)
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) – Content and Relationship Levels
Is that a realdiamond
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:256)
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) –Content and Relationship Levels
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:25/)
Hi
CONTENT
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) –Content and Relationship Levels
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:258)
CONTENT
It’s nice to see Mary...
RELATIONSHIP
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) –Content and Relationship Levels
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:258)
CONTENT
RELATIONSHIP
older parts of the brain: emotions
analytical thinking, words
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) –Content and Relationship Levels
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:259)
Information
Information about this information
verbal, nonverbal; context
Models of Communication
• Aristotle‘s Rhetoric• De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit• Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model• Gerbner‘s General Model• Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models• Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model• Schulz von Thun’s Model
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –Four Aspects of a Message
Sender Receiver
..........////////////////////////////////
Message
Content
Relationship
Self-dis-closure
Appeal
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:30)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –Four Aspects of a Message
........//////////////////////////
THE TRAFFIC LIGHT IS GREEN
The traffic light is green.
You need my help!
I’m in a hurry.
Put your foot down!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:31)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) – Three Aspects of a Non-verbal Message
........//////////////////////////You hurt me!
I am sad.
Pleasecomfortme!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:34)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –Three Aspects of a Non-verbal Message
........//////////////////////////Your ideas are
interesting.
I am listening.
Please go on talking.
saying nothing
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:35)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –Receiving with Four Ears
What kind of person is he?
How does he talk to me? Who does he think I am?
What are the facts?
What does he want me to think or do, how does he want me to feel?
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:45)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977)
What are those green things in the sauce?
Well, if you don‘t like my cooking, you can go and have your dinner elsewhere!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:62)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –Four Aspects of a Message
......sent
message
There is something green.
You‘ll know it.
I don’t know what it is.
Tell me what
it is!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:63)
///////////////////
......received message
There is something green.
You are a bad cook!
I don’t like it.
///////////////////Don‘t put green things into the sauce next time!
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977)
Sender Receiver
......///////////////////////
Sent
Message
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:81)
Feedback
///////////////////
.......Received Message
.......///////////////////////
Communicative Competence
“Communicative Competence describes the speaker’s ability to select from the totality of grammatical expressions available to him, forms which appropriately reflect the social norms governing behavior in specific encounters.” (Hymes 1972:270, in: Beneke (ed.) 1993:76)
Communicative Competence
“From a sociolinguistic perspective, communicative competence includes the following:
(a) LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE: verbal and nonverbal codes, and the range of possible variants
(b) INTERACTION SKILLS: sociolinguistic rules for appropriate use, discourse organization and processes, and strategies for achieving goals
(c) CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE: social structure, values and beliefs, and cognitive maps or schemata for the content domains”
(Saville-Troike 1992, in: Bright 1992:273)
2. The Training of Communicative Skills
(based on Schulz von Thun’s model)
Congruent versus Incongruent Messages
//////////////////////////
.......//////////////////////////
.......
Everything‘s just fine!
My life is a total disaster.
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:36)
Receiving with One of Four Ears
Self-disclosure
Relationship
Facts
Appeal
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:45)
Three Stages of Receiving a Message
perceiving
interpreting
feeling
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:74)
Metacommunication
CONTENT
RELATIONSHIP
older parts of the brain: emotions
analytical thinking, words
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:258)
Metacommunication
////////////////////////////////
(Leave the content level!)
Content
1) Explicit Metacommunication
(Relationship)
..........2) I-messages
(Self-disclosure)3) Wishes(Appeal)
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:201)
3. Moving towards Intercultural Communication
Why is intercultural communication much more difficult than
monocultural communication?
(discussion)
References
Beneke, Jürgen (1993): “English as the medium of intercultural communication: Some teaching suggestions“. In: Beneke, Jürgen (ed.) (1993), pp. 69-101
Beneke, Jürgen (ed.) (1993): Communication in Aviation : A collection of papers edited on behalf of IACTFLAP. Bonn : Dümmler (Sprachen und Sprachenlernen: 312; Dümmlerbuch 6312)
Birkenbihl, Vera F. (1987): Kommunikationstraining : Zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen erfolgreich gestalten. 8. Aufl. Landsberg am Lech : mgv-Verlag
Bright, William (ed. in chief) (1992): International Encyclopedia of Linguistics : Volume 2 : Expl - Moot. New York : Oxford University Press
Bussmann, Hadumod (1996): Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London : Routledge
References
Chandler, Daniel (1995): The Transmission Model of Communication. (last modified: 9 May 2000, last accessed: 5 November 2001) <http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html>
Corner, John; Hawthorn, Jeremy (eds.) (1989): Communication Studies : an introductory reader. 3rd ed. London : Arnold
Gerbner, George (1956): A generalized graphic model of communication. In : Corner, John; Hawthorn, Jeremy (eds.) (1989), pp. 17-18
Ipsen, Guido (1999): The Interactive MultiMedia Linguistics for Beginners : 6. Communication. (this version: May 1999, introduced: 20 July 2000, last accessed: 23 October 2001) <http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html/text/6.html>
References
Schulz von Thun, Friedemann (1994): Miteinander reden 1 : Störungen und Klärungen : Allgemeine Psychologie der Kommunikation. Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag (rororo ; 7489)
Saville-Troike, Muriel (1992): “Communicative Competence“. In : Bright, William (ed.) (1992), p. 273
Underwood, Mick (1997-2001): CCMS - Communication studies, cultural studies, media studies infobase. (last accessed: 23 October 2001) <http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/index.html>
Watzlawick, Paul; Beavin, Janet H.; Jackson, Don D. (1967): Pragmatics of Human Communication : A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes. New York : W. W. Norton & Company