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Transcript of 31690
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Grammar II Day 2
Adverbs and Adjectives
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Ensino de Lngua Inglesa e NovasTecnologias - Gramtica II
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There are several types of adverb
Manner: quickly,gently, sincerely
Place: here, outside,
upstairs Point in time:
yesterday, tonight
Indefinite time: already,still, yet
Frequency: always,never, seldom
Comment: clearly,
obviously, naturally Linking: however, so,
although
Degree/intensifier:very, nearly, really
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Adverb position
Immediately before the adjective or past participlebeing qualified
We were deeply disappointed with his performance Usually after the predicate (verb + object) being
qualified I love the classic composers very much
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Adverb position
There are 3 main positions in the English sentence:front, mid and end
Today, we're studying adverbs We sincerely hope you can make it to the ball She speaks five languages fluently
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Adverb position
The position changes in accordance with the type of adverb
Front position: Point in time, Comment, Linking Tomorrow we're going to Paris Obviously, I got it wrong It was raining, so we went back home
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Adverb position
Mid-position: Manner, Indefinite time, Frequency,Comment
She quickly tidied her room and ran to catch the bus Sorry, but I still don't understand I seldom drink tea in the morning I apparently got it wrong
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Adverb position
End position: Manner, Place, Point in time She tidied up quickly They're playing outside We'll be leaving in the morning
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Adverbs to express completion
They come in mid-position I have completely forgot about the party We have almost completed the course
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Adverb order
With more than one adverbial in the end position,we use the manner, place, time order:
We watched the sun rise slowly and majestically above
the horizon . I waited for you at home yesterday . Why didn't you call?
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Some adverbs can have a different meaningwhen used in a different position
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Sensibly
He (A) discussed the design with her (B).
A It was wise B In a sensible way
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Honestly
(B)I don't think the mayor is capable of answeringthe questions (A). (honestly)
A In a honest way B I'm telling the truth
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Obviously
He (B) realized she wasn't (A) well.
A- Of course she wasn't B- Of course he did
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Kindly
The pilots (B) agreed to speak to the journalists (A).
A In a kind way B it was kind of them
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Exercise 1: correct or incorrect?
I've already seen the film You very nearly killed me! What were you thinking? I'll naturally pay you back as soon as I get paid We just sat around at home lazily watching the day
go by. The team last night played superbly well. I got a nearly full score on the test.
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Exercise 1: correct forms
I've already seen the film You very nearly killed me! What were you thinking? Naturally, I'll pay you back as soon as I get paid We just sat around lazily at home watching the day
go by. The team played superbly well last night. I nearly got a full score on the test.
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Adverb collocation
There seems to be a semantic link between adverbsand certain verbs and adjectives, e.g. deeply isnormally used to express intense feelings:
Deeply regret Deeply embarrassing Deeply hurt
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Exercise 2: what's the adverb + adjective/verbcombination in each sentence?
If we admit something, we feel free to do so. When we recommend something or someone, we
make high recommendations Any sort of damage is usually severe in terms of
impact If you're in a hurry to get to the office, you can take a
brisk walk instead of trying the subway
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Exercise 2: adverb + adjective/verb
If we admit something, we feel free to do so. FREELYADMIT
When we recommend something or someone, we
make high recommendations. HIGHLY RECOMMEND Any sort of damage is usually severe in terms of
impact. SEVERELY DAMAGED
If you're in a hurry to get to the office, you can take abrisk walk instead of trying the subway. BRISKLYWALK
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Exercise 2: what's the adverb + adjectivecombination in each sentence?
Missing someone is always a sad affair. Being anxious and desperate at the same time is not
recommended. When giving an opinion about a controversial issue,
there is no way we can not have strong feelings about it
Partial insurance is no insurance whatsoever; acceptnothing but full coverage
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Exercise 2: adverb + adjective/verb combination
Missing someone is always a sad affair. SADLY MISS/SORELYMISS
Being anxious and desperate at the same time is notrecommended. DESPERATELY ANXIOUS
When giving an opinion about a controversial issue, there isno way we can not have strong feelings about it. STRONGLYFEEL
Partial insurance is no insurance whatsoever; accept nothingbut full coverage. FULLY INSURED
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Exercise 3: Match a verb on the left with anadverb on the right
Scream Gaze Love Break something Work Apologize
Passionately Profusely Longingly Hysterically Conscientiously Deliberately
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Verb + adverb
SCREAM HYSTERICALLY GAZE LONGINGLY LOVE PASSIONATELY BREAK SOMETHING DELIBERATELY WORK CONSCIENTIOUSLY APOLOGIZE PROFUSELY
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Adverbs with two forms
One with the ly suffix, one without. Themeanings are not directly related
We work hard We hardly recognized her with the new hairdo.
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Other adverbs with two forms
Easy easily Late lately
Sure surely Wrong- wrongly Most mostly
Wide - widely
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Adverbs with two forms
The first in the pair doubles as an adjectiveand adverb
That was an easy test! Hey take it easy! You could have easily taken him down Is he just going to walk free? Don't forget to redeem your free gift He talked freely about his illegal activities in
public.
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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese
The need for a stiff penalty for late deliveries will behighly unlikely.
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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese
The need for a stiff penalty for late deliveries will behighly unlikely.
pouco provvel que haja a necessidade de uma puniomais rgida/rigorosa/severa/pesada por atrasos nasentregas
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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese
I distinctly remember their saying that it would not be aproblem to meet the deadline.
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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese
I distinctly remember their saying that it would not be aproblem to meet the deadline.
Recordo-me claramente/perfeitamente de eles teremdito que no haveria problema em cumprir o prazo.
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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese
I sincerely hope the company honors its impeccablereputation.
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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese
I sincerely hope the company honors its impeccablereputation.
Espero sinceramente que a empresa honre/faa jus suareputao.
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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese
We eagerly await the outcome of next week's boardmeeting.
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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese
We eagerly await the outcome of next week's boardmeeting.
Esperamos/Aguardamos ansiosamente o resultado dareunio de diretoria da prxima semana.
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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese
That no one can accurately predict market trends isunderstandable, but I felt the need for more meticulousplanning.
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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese
That no one can accurately predict market trends isunderstandable, but I felt the need for more meticulousplanning.
compreensvel que ningum possa prever as tendncias
do mercado, mas ficou clara a falta de planejamentomais detalhado/pormenorizado.
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Attitude adverbs and adverbials
3 umbrella categories
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Certainty/Expectation
Astonishingly Disturbingly Inevitably Naturally Predictably Not surprisingly
Obviously Without a doubt As might be expected Clearly Of course Undoubtedly
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Evaluation/Importance
Apparently Disturbingly Unfortunately Fortunately Interestingly Quite rightly (Even) More importantly Significantly
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Generalization
As a general rule By and large Typically Generally speaking On the whole
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Exercise 5: Rephrase with an adverb
Crime rates have risen in line with unemploymentfigures. That doesn't surprise me.
There is a very satisfactory solution to the
problem.That's a good thing. Technology will cause more problems than it solves,
so people say. Older people don't adapt so easily to new technology
- at least that's a general rule. Children often pick up new skills for themselves. That
really interests me.
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Exercise 5: Rephrasing with an adverb
Not surprisingly, crime rates have risen in line withunemployment figures.
Fortunately , there is a very satisfactory solution to
the problem. Apparently , technology will cause more problems
than it solves. Generally speaking , older people don't adapt so
easily to new technology. Interestingly , children often pick up new skills for
themselves.
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Just
The adverb just has several meanings: This house is just right for us. (Exactly) But he's just a boy! (Only)
I've just tried phoning you. (A short time before) I'm just getting dressed. (Right now) I just want you to leave right now. I'd just like an egg for
breakfast, please. (Simply, only) You're just as bad as my father. He can't see a football
match on TV. (Equally, no less)
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Just
As it has several meanings, it can occupy the threemain adverb positions in a sentence :
Just looking at him and you can tell who he looks like.
Do you think you could just do what I tell you? In the end we managed to get there before they closed
the doors just. (Spoken English)
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Exercise 6: Add just to the sentences
Italian's as difficult as Spanish. Leave me alone, will you? That picture looks right on the wall.
It's started to rain. Do you happen to have anumbrella? We've got enough time to get to the airport I've seen a terrible accident. Stop talking and eat up! He wasn't badly hurt. It was a small bruise.
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Sentences with just.
Italian's just as difficult as Spanish. Just leave me alone, will you? That picture looks just right on the wall. It's just starting to rain. Do you happen to have an
umbrella? We've got just enough time to get to the airport
I've just seen a terrible accident. Just stop talking and eat up! He wasn't badly hurt. It was just a small bruise.
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Intensifying adverbs
In most of these combinations, however, thereseems to be no specific reason for their collocation
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TotallyAbsolutelyQuite
Agree
Totally Disagree
CompletelyFullyPerfectly
Understand
SeriouslySincerely
Believe
CompletelyStronglyEntirelyReallyThoroughlyGreatly
ForgetDisapproveDependLikeEnjoyAppreciate
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Intensifying adverbs
The type of adverb depends on the type of adjective with which it might combine:
With gradable adjectives: very, awfully, rather,extremely, terribly, fairly, really, pretty, quite
With limit adjectives: absolutely, completely,utterly, totally, entirely, pretty, really, simply,quite
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Weak Limit Extreme 1 Extreme 2
Irritated Angry Furious Livid
Significant Important Essential Vital
Content Happy Delighted Ecstatic
Pretty Beautiful Gorgeous Stunning
Sizeable Big Enormous Gigantic
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Intensifying adverbs
In general, the native speaker does not make thefollowing combinations:
totally essential, entirely determined, completely furious
Combinations that are (no-brainers) always possible: Very + gradable adjectives e.g. very happy/tired/big Absolutely + limit adjectives e.g. absolutely
enormous/delicious/delighted Really + gradable and limit adjectives e.g. really
angry/surprised/amazed
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Exercise 7: Complete the following paragraphwith an appropriate adverb
I feel I must write to you on the following matter. I. believe that there is far too much sport of allkinds shown on LTC television today. I ..disapprove of the non-stop coverage, of football,golf, and cricket on all your channels. I .. admitsport plays a major role in our society, but this isunacceptable. Sundays are already .. takenup by sport. I .. hope you will listen to those
who are not sports fanatics and provide somealternative entertainment.
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Exercise 7: Completing the paragraph with anappropriate adverb
I feel I must write to you on the following matter. ISINCERELY/FREELY believe that there is far too much sport of all kinds shown on LTC television today. I STRONGLY/FULLYdisapprove of the non-stop coverage, of football, golf, andcricket on all your channels. I FREELY/REALLY admit sportplays a major role in our society, but this is unacceptable.Sundays are already ENTIRELY/COMPLETELY taken up bysport. I REALLY/SINCERELY hope you will listen to those whoare not sports fanatics and provide some alternativeentertainment.
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The adverb Quite
The meaning of quite is phonologicallydetermined, i.e. based on stress
With gradable adjectives and stress on quite = Ok,
but not as good as I expected: The restaurant wasquite good, but I wouldn't go back
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The adverb Quite
With gradable adjectives and with stress on theadjective = It was better than I expected: The filmwas quite good. You'll really like it
With a limit adjetive and stress on both words =up to the top (with exaggerated rising intonation):Are you quite sure?
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Adverbial clauses
He went to party dressed as a monkey. Opening his suitcase, he took out a revolver. Released from its cage, the lion prowled
around. Having finished lunch, we set off.
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Adverbial clauses
Being a mean person, he never spent moretime than he had to.
Weakened by years of bad health, she could
hardly sit up in bed. It rained every day for two weeks, completely
ruining our holiday.
Taken regularly, aspirin can reduce the risk of a stroke.
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Exercise 8: Simultaneity, Consequence, Reason,Condition, Sequence
Living in London, I appreciate the pros and cons of city life.[Simultaneity/Reason ]
He cut himself opening a can of sardines. [ Simultaneity ] Having read the minutes of the meeting, I wrote my university
final paper. [ Sequence ] Having read the minutes of the meeting, I understood the
problems. [ Consequence/Reason ]
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Exercise 8: Simultaneity, Consequence, Reason,Condition, Sequence
Cooked in a white wine sauce, rabbit meat can be succulent.[Condition]
Knowing my love of chocolate, she hid it in the top cupboard.[ Reason]
Wrested from his parents' arms as a child, he's always haddifficulty establishing relationships. [ Reason/Consequence ]
Browsing in the neighborhood newsstand, I came across thisgreat book on computing skills. [ Simultaneity ]
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Adjectives
Attributive
Predicative
Postpositive
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Difference in meaning
The treasurer was present at the last board meeting The present treasurer had trouble getting the
accounts in order Robin Harris was late The late Robin Harris was a honorary member of the
association
Too many people in the world are still poor What will become of those poor people who have
lost their homes due to the landslides?
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Exercise 9: Translate the sentences
Great men are not always wise. Peter and Paul were faithful in many ways. A good name is priceless.
We should be reasonable irrespective of the circumstances The sword is quick and powerful. The rich man is wealthy beyond imagination. The sky grew dark as the storm approached. His trumpet sounds squeaky. This is shoddy. Isn't it poor? The hamburger tasted greasy.
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Exercise 9: Answers
Great men are not always wise. (Os) grandes homens nem sempre so sbios.
Peter and Paul were faithful in many ways. Peter e Paul se mostraram fiis de diversas formas.
A good name is priceless. Um bom nome no tem preo.
We should be reasonable irrespective of the circumstances Devemos ser razoveis independentemente/apesar das
circunstncias. The sword is quick and powerful.
A espada gil e poderosa.
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Exercise 9: Answers
The rich man is wealthy beyond imagination. A riqueza daquele homem imensurvel/inimaginvel
The sky grew dark as the storm approached. O ceu escurecia medida que a tempestade se aproximava.
His trumpet sounds squeaky. Seu trompete soa estridente/Seu trompete est com um som
esganiado. This is shoddy. Isn't it poor?
Isto uma porcaria/Isto no presta, no / mesmo? The hamburger tasted greasy.
O hamburguer estava gorduroso.
OPINION
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OPINION
FACTUAL
SIZE
AGE/TEMPERATURE
SHAPE COLOR/PATTERN
ORIGIN
MATERIAL
PURPOSE/TYPE
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Its a rose. (sweet -smelling; exquisite; apricot-colored)
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Its a rose. (sweet -smelling; exquisite; apricot-colored)
Its an exquisite sweet -smelling apricot-colored rose.
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Shes wearing trousers. (leather; black, shiny; tight -
fitting)
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Shes wearing trousers. (leather; black, shiny; tight -
fitting)
Shes wearing shiny tight -fitting black leather trousers.
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I met a student. (young; trendy; art; Venezuelan)
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I met a student. (young; trendy; art; Venezuelan)
I met a trendy young Venezuelan art student.
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We drove out of the city to see some cottages.
(thatched; old; beautiful; two-storey)
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We drove out of the city to see some houses.
(thatched; old; beautiful; two-storey)
We drove out of the city to see some beautiful oldthatched two-storey houses.
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Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to English
Delicioso po integral caseiro. Uma simptica idosa escocesa. Uma linda camisa de seda listrada em
vermelho e branco. Um lindo menino gorducho e agitado. Uma graciosa sala de estar iluminada e
arejada com p-direito alto.
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Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to English
Delicioso po integral caseiro. Delicious homemade whole meal/whole wheat bread
Uma simptica idosa escocesa. A friendly elderly Scottish lady.
Uma linda camisa de seda listrada em vermelho e branco. A beautiful red-and-white-striped silk shirt
Um lindo menino gorducho e agitado. A handsome chubby restless boy
Uma graciosa sala de estar iluminada e arejada com p-direito alto.
A gracious/charming airy high-ceilinged illuminated living room
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Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to English
Um inestimvel quadro impressionista dosculo XIX.
Um velho e sujo banquinho metlico de jardim.
Uma linda escrivaninha vitoriana. Uma encantadora casa de campo caiada. Uma pequena copa em forma de L.
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Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to English
Um inestimvel quadro impressionista do sculo XIX. A priceless 19th century Impressionist painting
Um velho e sujo banquinho metlico de jardim. A dirty old metallic garden stool/bench
Uma linda escrivaninha vitoriana. A beautiful Victorian desk/bureau
Uma encantadora casa de campo caiada. A lovely/delightful whitewashed country house/cottage
Uma pequena copa em forma de L. A small L-shaped dining room
The negative prefix 'un'
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The negative prefix un
The use of the negative prefix 'un' plus anadjective occurs with a much higher frequency
in English, the phrase not always being simpleor practical to translate.
China's prime minister Wen Jiabao said
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China s prime minister, Wen Jiabao, saidrecently that structural problems are causingunsteady, unbalanced, uncoordinated, andunsustainable development. Newsweek, 5/9/09
O primeiro-ministro chins Wen Jiabao, afirmourecentemente que problemas estruturais vemocasionando desenvolvimento instvel,desequilibrado, descoordenado e insustentvel.Newsweek, 5/9/09
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Semantically, the prefix can causeambiguity, as it can mean "the opposite of"
or "that never was".
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An unbuttoned shirt (In Portuguese "uma
camisa desabotoada" or "uma camisa nunca
abotoada/nova em folha") Other examples uncovered, unfastened,
undone, undressed etc.
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I regret to say that of a workmate, but his behavior was absolutely unprofessional.
- unprofessional > amador
- unprofessional> anti-profissional, anti-tico
Whereas her big sisters room was a stew of
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Whereas her big sister s room was a stew of unclosed books, unfolded clothes, unmade
bed, unemptied ashtrays, Briony's was ashrine to her controlling demon. (Atonement,2001)
Enquanto o quarto da sua irm era umamistura de livros abertos, roupas para seremdobradas, uma cama desarrumada,
cinzeiros cheios, o de Briony era um templopara sua obsesso por controle. (Atonement,2001)
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Defining or Non-defining relative clauses
Which gives essential information? Which is separated by commas? In which do we use that? In which can the relative pronoun be omitted?
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Examples
Chocolate is something ( that ) nearly everyone likes People that smoke normally damage their health Tortilla, which is made from eggs and potatoes, is a
typical Spanish dish Toby, whose job is difficult, spends his weekends
relaxing
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Exercise 10: Find and correct the errors
My mother who's a doctor works in a maternity hospital Ligaments join bones in the human body are made of strong
tissue Do you know anyone I can ask about this? The pharmacist gave me this medicine said it would help Distance running is a sport that requires no special equipment Dr. James, that has written several books on the subject, is a
dietician
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Exercise 10: Answers
My mother, who's a doctor, works in a maternity hospital Ligaments that/which join bones in the human body are
made of strong tissue Do you know anyone I can ask about this? The pharmacist who gave me this medicine said it would
help Distance running is a sport that requires no special
equipment Dr. James, who has written several books on the subject, is a
dietician