31035031 Fluid Intelligence

8/9/2019 31035031 Fluid Intelligence

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Fluid intelligence and theFluid intelligence and themany faces of executivemany faces of executive

functionfunctionHelen DavisHelen Davis

School of PsychologySchool of Psychology

Murdoch UniversityMurdoch University

Acknowledgements: Catherine Leong


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Fluid intelligenceFluid intelligence

Raw reasoning abilityRaw reasoning abilityBiological basisBiological basis

Closely aligned withClosely aligned with g g Increases until early adulthoodIncreases until early adulthood

Is there a simple, informationIs there a simple, information- -processingprocessingexplanation for differences in fluidexplanation for differences in fluidintelligence?intelligence?


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E xecutive FunctionE xecutive Function Active selection of behaviour from alternatives Active selection of behaviour from alternativesStrategy generationStrategy generationInhibitionInhibition

Attention switching, goal maintenance, working memory Attention switching, goal maintenance, working memory

Monitoring & modifying performance (Rabbitt, 1997)Monitoring & modifying performance (Rabbitt, 1997)Frontal lobe relatedFrontal lobe related

Relation to fluid intelligenceRelation to fluid intelligence Development (Bjorklund & Harnishfeger, 1989; Davis &Development (Bjorklund & Harnishfeger, 1989; Davis &

Anderson, 2001) Anderson, 2001)

Is E F general or taskIs E F general or task- -specific?specific?


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T he Stroop Colour T he Stroop Colour- -Word T askWord T ask

ConditionsConditions Congruent:Congruent: RE DRE D BLUEBLUE G REENG REEN

N

eutral:N

eutral: XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX Incongruent:Incongruent: BLUE BLUE G REENG REEN RE DRE D

Selectively attend to ink colour (not word)Selectively attend to ink colour (not word)Interference effect = incongruentInterference effect = incongruent neutralneutralFacilitation effect = neutralFacilitation effect = neutral - - congruentcongruent


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T he Stroop Colour T he Stroop Colour- -Word T askWord T ask

Blocked trialsBlocked trialsG REENG REEN

RE DRE D

BLUE

BLUE

------------------------------------------------XXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXX

------------------------------------------------G REENG REEN

RE DRE DBLUEBLUE

Mixed trialsMixed trialsXXXXXXXX

G REENG REEN

BLUE

BLUE

------------------------------------------------XXXXXXRE DRE D

BLUEBLUE

------------------------------------------------XXXXXX

G REENG REEN

RE DRE D


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An accidental finding An accidental finding

Blocked trials:Blocked trials: Interference effect decreases with ageInterference effect decreases with age

(7(7--10 years)10 years) Facilitation effectFacilitation effect - - no changeno changeMixed trials:Mixed trials: Interference effect no changeInterference effect no change

Facilitation effect decreases with ageFacilitation effect decreases with age(7(7--10 years)10 years) Lack of interference / facilitation correlationLack of interference / facilitation correlation


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Some enlightenment from Kane &Some enlightenment from Kane &E

ngle (2003)?E

ngle (2003)?Working memory (WM) capacity andWorking memory (WM) capacity andStroop task (adults)Stroop task (adults) Blocked trials:Blocked trials:

Interference effect (time cost) greater for low WMInterference effect (time cost) greater for low WMSelective attention only?Selective attention only?

Mixed trials:Mixed trials:N o interference (time cost) difference between WMN o interference (time cost) difference between WMgroupsgroupsG reater facilitation effect (time benefit)G reater facilitation effect (time benefit)Selective attention + goal maintenance?Selective attention + goal maintenance?


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Research QuestionsResearch Questions

Does Stroop facilitation reflect goal neglect?Does Stroop facilitation reflect goal neglect? Is Stroop facilitation related to goal neglect onIs Stroop facilitation related to goal neglect on

separate task?separate task?

Is Stroop facilitation related to working memoryIs Stroop facilitation related to working memorycapacity?capacity?

Is Stroop facilitationIs Stroop facilitation distinct distinct from Stroop interference?from Stroop interference?

Which, if any, of these executive functionWhich, if any, of these executive functionmeasures predict developmental change in fluidmeasures predict developmental change in fluidintelligence?intelligence?


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MethodMethod

Participants:Participants:77--year year--olds (olds ( nn = 34)= 34)

mean age = 7.4 (6.9mean age = 7.4 (6.9 - - 7.9)7.9) 18 boys, 16 girls18 boys, 16 girls

1010--year year--olds (olds ( nn = 40)= 40) mean age = 10.2 (9.7mean age = 10.2 (9.7- -10.9)10.9) 26 boys, 14 girls26 boys, 14 girls


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T asksT asks

Ravens Standard Progressive MatricesRavens Standard Progressive Matrices G roup testG roup test

(fluid intelligence(fluid intelligence raw score)raw score)

Digit spanDigit span forward (shortforward (short- -term memory)term memory) backward (working memory)backward (working memory)


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Stroop taskStroop task Individual, computer administeredIndividual, computer administered 3 colour (red, green, blue)3 colour (red, green, blue) Conguent, Incongruent, N eutralConguent, Incongruent, N eutral 3 blocks of 36 mixed trials3 blocks of 36 mixed trials Measured reaction time (R T )Measured reaction time (R T )

Switching taskSwitching task Computer administeredComputer administered

(goal maintenance/neglect)(goal maintenance/neglect)


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Switching T ask StimuliSwitching T ask Stimuli


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Switching T ask ProcedureSwitching T ask Procedure

Red taskRed taskPlant or animal?Plant or animal?

Z for plant / for animalZ for plant / for animal64 trials64 trials

G reen T askG reen T askSmall or large?Small or large?

Z for small / for largeZ for small / for large64 trials64 trials

Dual Task Alternating 4 trials red , 4 trials green

64 trials total


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ResultsResults

5

5

5

5

5

e l s e l s

Age group

R

e n

' s M

a t r i c e s

S c o r e

Raven s P rogressive MatricesRaven s P rogressive Matrices


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Stroop TaskStroop TaskReaction TimeReaction Time

0

200

400600800

1000120014 0016 0018

00

7- ear-o d 1 0 - ear-o d

A e ro u p

R e a c

t i o n

t i m e

( m s

)

ongruen

neu ra

n ongruen

Fa a on effeFa a on effeF F (1,68) = 2.62***(1,68) = 2.62***Interference effectInterference effectF F (1,68) = 16 .72***(1,68) = 16 .72***

Facilitation x AgeFacilitation x AgeF F (1,68) = 3.03,(1,68) = 3.03, p p=.08=.08Interference x AgeInterference x AgeF F (1,68) = 7.19**(1,68) = 7.19**

Age AgeF F (1,68) = 19.02***(1,68) = 19.02***


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Digit SpanDigit Span

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

7-year-o l s 10-year-o l s

g g r p

D i g i t p a n

f orward

bac kward

Ag e Ag e

F orwardForwardF F (1,68) = 13. 8***(1,68) = 13. 8***

BackwardBackwardF F (1,68) = 28. 4***(1,68) = 28. 4***


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Switching TaskSwitching Task

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

7-year-o l 10-year-o l

Ag e g u

e a c

t i n

t i e

s

red

green

dua l red

dua l green

Switch c os tSwitch c os tF F (1,66) = 219.28***(1,66) = 219.28***

Switch cost x AgeSwitch cost x AgeF F (1,66) = 6.9 **(1,66) = 6.9 **

Age AgeF F (1,66) = 40. 0***(1,66) = 40. 0***


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p < .05; p < .07; n.s.

Task Intercorrelations

Age Ravens Stroop Digit Span Switch Facil. Interf. FDS BDS

Age . .65 -.21 -.35 .39 .51 -.32

Ravens . -.20 -.24 .32 .50 -.41

Facil. . -.19 -.11 -.14 .03

Interf. . -.11 -.15 .04

FDS . .64 -.20

BDS . -.34

Switch .


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Stepwise Linear RegressionStepwise Linear Regression Predicting Fluid Intelligence from E xecutivePredicting Fluid Intelligence from E xecutive

FunctionFunctionPredictor Predictor BetaBeta t t sigsig RR 22

BB--DigitDigit .28.28 2. 92. 9 .012.012 .199.199

Switch costSwitch cost - -.30.30 --2.902.90 .00.00 .276.276

FacilitationFacilitation - -.27.27 --2.62.6 .010.010 .32.32

InterferenceInterference - -.21.21 --2.062.06 .044.044 .36.36


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In answer to research questionsIn answer to research questions

Does Stroop facilitation reflect goalDoes Stroop facilitation reflect goalneglect?neglect? Is Stroop facilitation significantly related toIs Stroop facilitation significantly related to

goal neglect on separate task?goal neglect on separate task? NONO

Is Stroop facilitation significantly related toIs Stroop facilitation significantly related toworking memory capacity?working memory capacity? NONO

Is Stroop facilitationIs Stroop facilitation distinct distinct from Stroopfrom Stroopinterference?interference? YE SYE S


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Which, if any, of these executive functionWhich, if any, of these executive functionmeasures predict:measures predict: Developmental changeDevelopmental change in fluid intelligencein fluid intelligence

Working memory (BDS)Working memory (BDS)G oal neglect (switch cost)G oal neglect (switch cost)Selective attention (interference effect)Selective attention (interference effect)Whatever the facilitation effect is(!)Whatever the facilitation effect is(!)


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ConclusionsConclusions

T he Stroop facilitation effect cannot be easilyT he Stroop facilitation effect cannot be easilyinterpreted as an measure of goal neglect.interpreted as an measure of goal neglect.

E xecutive functions are multiple.E xecutive functions are multiple.

T he development of fluid intelligence may be theT he development of fluid intelligence may be theresult of theresult of the summationsummation of different executiveof different executivefunctions maturing relatively independently.functions maturing relatively independently.

31035031 Fluid Intelligence

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