3.1 – What is Ecology? - Quia · Ecology ! Ecology – the ... succeeding trophic levels. Why? 1....
Transcript of 3.1 – What is Ecology? - Quia · Ecology ! Ecology – the ... succeeding trophic levels. Why? 1....
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Regents Biology
3.1 – What is Ecology?
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Regents Biology
Objectives § Identify the levels of organization that ecologists
study.
§ Describe the methods used to study ecology.
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Regents Biology
Ecology § Ecology – the study of the interactions of living
organisms with one another and with their physical environment (soil, water, climate, etc.)
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Regents Biology
Important Terminologies § Ecosystem – a community
and all the physical aspects of its habitat
§ A community – The many different species that live together in a habitat
§ A population – all members of ONE species that inhabit a particular area
§ Species – a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring
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Regents Biology
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
§ biotic factors – organisms (living) in a habitat
§ abiotic factors –physical (non-living) aspects of a habitat
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Regents Biology
Keystone Species § Keystone species hold their ecosystem together.
Ex: Beavers
creation of wetland
ecosystem
increased waterfowl population
increased fish
population nesting sites for
birds
keystone species
keystone
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Regents Biology
Queen of Trees
In what ways can the sycamore fig tree be a keystone species?
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Regents Biology
3.2 – Energy Flow
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Regents Biology
Objectives • Distinguish between producers and consumers.
• Compare food webs to food chains.
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Regents Biology
A simple food chain
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Regents Biology
Producers
§ PRODUCERS – Organisms that produce their own energy by converting solar energy into chemical energy
Ex: plants, algae, etc.
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Regents Biology
Consumers § CONSUMERS – Organisms that consume plants or
other organisms to obtain the energy.
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Regents Biology
Trophic (Feeding) Levels
§ First trophic level – the producers (plants, algae, and bacteria)
§ Second trophic level – herbivores (primary consumers)
§ Third trophic level – carnivores (secondary consumers)
§ Fourth trophic level – Carnivores that eat other carnivores (tertiary consumers)
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Regents Biology
Food Chain in an Antarctic Ecosystem
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
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Regents Biology
Food Web
§ Animals often feed at several trophic levels.
§ This creates an
interconnected group of food chains called a food web.
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Regents Biology
Grassland Food Web
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Regents Biology
Yum, yum…
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Regents Biology
Loss of Energy in a Food Chain LESS energy is available in each succeeding trophic levels. Why?
1. Of the food available, only a certain amount is captured and eaten by the next trophic level.
2. Some of the food eaten cannot be digested and exits as WASTE.
3. Only a portion of the food digested becomes part of the organism’s body. The rest is used for ENERGY.
4. Also… much energy is lost as HEAT that escapes into the surroundings.
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Regents Biology
Energy Loss in a Food Chain
only this energy moves on to the
next level in the food chain
17% growth
50% cellular respiration, waste (feces)
33% heat
energy lost to daily living
energy lost to daily living
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Regents Biology
Ecological Pyramids § The trophic structure of an ecosystem can be
summarized in the form of an ecological pyramid.
§ There are 3 possible types of pyramids.
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Regents Biology
Pyramid of Biomass 1. Pyramid of Biomass (based on the dry weight of
living material at some particular time).
tertiary consumers
secondary consumers
primary consumers
producers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
675g/m2
2000g/m2 producers 2000g/m2
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Regents Biology
Pyramid of Numbers 2. Pyramid of Number (based on the number of
organisms at each trophic level).
tertiary consumers
secondary consumers
primary consumers
producers
5
5000
500,000
5,000,000 5,000,000 producers
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Regents Biology
Pyramid of Energy 3. Pyramid of Energy (based on the amount of energy
available at each trophic level).
energy transferred energy
lost
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Regents Biology
Pyramid of Energy
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Regents Biology
The 10% Rule § The energy stored by the organisms at each trophic
level is about one-tenth the energy stored by the organisms in the level below.
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Regents Biology
Vegetarians or Meat-eaters? How many people can Earth support? § If we are meat eaters? § If we are vegetarian?
more people can live on Earth
fewer people can live on Earth
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Regents Biology