306A: Special edition
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Transcript of 306A: Special edition
306A: Special edition
First-language acquisition
Guest lecturer
1st language acquisition
Do we need to know this?
Yes
What I mean is, ah, will it be on the exam?
Yes
StagesPre-natal0 - 2 mo
reflexive, vegetative2 - 5 mo
responsive cooing, laughing4 - 7 mo
babbling6 - 12 mo
reduplicative babbling9 - 18 mo
non-reduplicative babbling18 - 72 mo
all hell breaks loose
Pre-natal to 7 mo (roughly)
Pre-natalnative language discrimination
0 - 5 momigration from expressive (indexical) noises to communicative noises to vocal play
4 - 7 moa wide range of noises narrows down toward community speech sounds (phones).
6 to 12 mo (roughly) Reduplicative babbling
mama, gaga, babaphonological practice,
rather than communication
increased control over articulators
9 to 18 mo (roughly) Non-reduplicative babbling
“expressive jargon”intonation and stress patterns
of language “sounds like Language X”
(X = Swedish, Hindi, Basque, …), but just more sophisticated practicing
overlaps with word development and the beginnings of clear communicative intent
bij hQpij hQpij hQpij hQpij...
g√kij g√kij g√kij g√kij g√kij ...
Ajno Ajno Ajno Ajno Ajno...
Phoneme acquisition
BabblingThe cardinal stops p b m t d n
k gThe cardinal vowels i √
uOther sounds s z h w jRare and/or late f v T D S Z tS
dZ l r N
Consonant progression
stops < fricatives < glides < liquids < affricates
Consonant cluster aversion
Dropping fricativesliquidsnasals
when they cluster with stops
Consonant cluster aversion
Dropping fricatives [stAp] [tAp]liquids [trAjt] [tAj]nasals [kAjt] [tAjt]
when they cluster with stops
Substitutions
stopx stopy [kAjt] [tAjt]
fricativex fricativey [fIS] [fIs]
sonorants vowels [wejl] [wej√]fricatives stops [sij] [tij]
liquids glides [lAjt] [wAjt]nasals stops [t√N] [t√g]
14mo +
Proto-words and words commingle
“Noun”-heavyThe dedication and
joy of acquisition
Proto-words (Galen, 15 mo)
meaning
sound usage
blow [fff] Said when food needed cooling
whoosh [wus] Said of toilets and sneezes
oh? [?o] Parent-humouring noise
tasty![n√mn√m]
Said in appreciation of food
yay! [doi˘j] Said in joyous appreciation of favoured objects and totems
Proto-words (Oriana, 16 mo)
meaning sound usage
negatives[nej] [now] [nowej]
Said when declining
affirmative [mmm] Said when accepting
Getyourassingear
[?√?√?√]Said to urge on parents
“smack” [nnntj√] air kiss
Is that right?
√wu √m wAp√ wAp√
mm hmm
Pardon me?
dudawa dej √t√ dudijdij
dudawa dej √t√ dudijdij
Words (Galen, 15 mo)
word sound
accompany/sub
cat [tQt] [mrAuw]
cow [kAw] [mu˘w]
lamb [lQm] [bA?A?A?]
monkey[m√ntij
][E?E?E?]
duck [dQt]A trilled, lateral-tongue-against-cheek flapping noise that actually sounded
a bit like a duck
whale [wej√]Non-totemic
lion [lAjn]
Words (Galen, 15-17 mo)
chair, man, truck, hat, horn, vegetables, night-time, baby, medicine,shampoo, belt, watch, mail, sleep, button, train, pizza, fan, light, bath, diaper, hospital, paper, submarine, …
Mostly “nouns”, some “verbs”, two “prepositions”, a few “adjectives”, some “greetings”.
Words (Oriana, 16 mo)
ward sound
contexts
ow [Aw] when hurt, tickled, inconvenienced in any way
more[mow√
]
said mostly of food and drink, but also of activities (being carried),
sometimes before she has had any
hiya [hAj√] said in greeting
Conversing with Oriana (14 mo)
Oriana: bApA! bApA!IR: Yes, Oriana?
Oriana: wu baktijn matsa mow√IR: Juice?
Oriana: gij (affirmative intonation, nod)
Conversing with Oriana (16 mo)
Oriana: bApA! bApA!IR: Yes, Oriana?
Oriana: hQmij wu tA wuIR: Juice?
Oriana: wu (affirmative intonation, nod)
(27 mo)
PAPAPAPAPAPA! WHAT did you BRING!? You brought GROCERIES! You brought CANS OF SOUP! (picking them out of
the bag and running off with them; he has no particular fondness for soup; it was just something to shout about). (Returning) And
you brought GARBAGE BAGS! GREEN ONES! These are BIG GREEN GARBAGE BAGS! And LIGHTBULBS!
Suprasegmental phonology (Galen)
He’s b-a-a-A-A-A-a-a-d, papa. That beetle’s b-a-a-A-A-A-a-a-a-d! (23 mo)
I want to go outs-i-i-i-i-I-I-I-I-i-i-i-i-de! (22 - 25 mo)
I want Strawbe-e-e-e-E-E-E-E-e-e-e-e-ries! (24 mo)
No-o-o-O-O-O-o-o-o! (a lot, c20 - 26 mo)DeedeedeedeedeedeedeedeedeedeetABLE
! (22 mo)L-l-l-l-et’s go outside! (24 mo)
General vocal behaviours (Galen)
noises, hoots, and squealswide range of voices (slow, fast, creaky,
redrum, Louis-Armstrongish plaint)demented chanting (deedeedeedee …
deedeedeetABLE)special pronuciations (Bhhhr-e-e-a-a-duh,
t.a.b.le.s.a.n.d.ch.ai.r.s)(walks: groucho, flying nun, stiff-legged
side-step, and wiggle-butt)
Re-babbling (Galen, 19 - 21 mo)
baby-bAby, baby-bAby, baby-bAby, baby-bAby ... (coming from the chorus of a song his mother also reduplicated endlessly)
woodsy, woodsy, woodsy, woodsy, ... (repeating the name of a toy squirrel)
dzuaaha, dzuaaha, dzuaaha, dzuaaha, ... budgia, budgia, budgia, budgia … (I think they just sounded good)
dibbadibbadibba —What’s Galen saying? (19 mo)
Syntax (Galen)Hellooo Papa! Hellooo cat! Hellooo pitzy truck! (c17 mo; said to everybody
and everything, with devout conviction that an answer would come back) More X! (More books! More banana! More sticks! ...; c17 mo) Want some juice now, for Galen. (19 mo) Go! Go! Go! (c18 mo; said while running full tilt in no specific direction)Let’s go! (c18 mo; said just before running full titlt in no specific direction)Run! Run! Run! (c18 mo; see “Go! Go! Go!”)I’ll take it! (c19 mo, of anything which took his fancy)Must take it! (c20 mo; this one often had a noun in place of the pronoun, as
in “Must take tractor!”)Go this way! (Let’s go this way!;18 - 22 mo; said, usually in the car but
sometimes when being carried, while pointing in any direction you’re not going)
Maybe X! (Maybe sit down! Maybe read a book! Maybe sit down right here!; 19 mo)
Galen’s First passive constituent-question
G:What are they doing there? (He had seen some potato chips in a store)IR:Waiting to be bought and eaten, I guess.G:What are they going to be eaten for ... with ... what are they going to be eaten for ... by ... Who are they going to be eaten by? (27 mo)
I’m a bit sore today.
I don’t want you to be sore. I want you to be clean. I want
you to be clean in your diaphragm.
You’ve got a freckle.
What’s a freckle called?
It’s called a “freckle”.
No. What are freckles called?
Maybe means “no”!I know it means “yes or no” but it really means “no”.I know what it really means, but … Just forget about it!It means no!
[To a stuffed pig:] You miss your parents? That’s OK. I have a memory of them. They were pink. Just a minute, I have a memory of them. [Goes off and returns with a long pink snake.] Here it is. It’s a memory of your mom and dad.
This is an other-nose, and this is an other-nose. (pointing, 28 mo)
Peat
Peats [s]
Wug
Wugs [z]
Bleege
Bleeges [´z]
Morphology (Galen)
Those are ambulances , Papa: ambulancES! (21 mo)
I’m digestING my penne, mommy. DigestING. (28 mo)
WolFS, papa, wolFS. Not wolVES, wolFS (28 mo)I’m up-pleased (c 27-29 mo)
I need a ball to tennis (26 mo; upon picking up a tennis racket)
What’s it for tanking? (27 mo; of a tanker truck)
I get it! One octopi is an octopus, but two octopusses is an octopi!
Morphology (Oriana)
…need to keep our hands undry. (38 mo)
It was still unwet (38 mo)
[on finding a newspaper in our driveway]Somebody slobbed us!
Galen’s the most unlistener!
Well, Linda and Auntie Dolly are bestest mommies in the world. But you’re the most bester mommy in the world, mommy!
Sameday
Lexical innovation (Oriana)
That will feel me better! (also, That will feel me up)
Fish! Dragon! I’ll call it a ‘funny-fish dragon’. Is that a good deal?
Oriana: ‘Na’ means I’m going to be your sister again. Okay? Okay, Galen?
Galen: Whatever.
Oriana:….. Na! …. Na! …. Na! Na, Galen!
Well, papa. I don’t want you to do no
more jokeness. You did jokeness. Why did you do that? That jokeness.
Lookit!That’s a school, a
school of fish.
Which one’s the teacher?
Mmm-hmm
… Thumbelina’s warmness saved the
swallow. …
… Her warmth revived the swallow. …
Philosophy of language
Hello cat. I’m fine. I’m fine. You’re fine. (Oriana, 19 mo)Don’t be noisy, wind! I’m talking, wind! Don’t be noisy! That’s
rude! Don’t be rude, wind! (Galen, 27 mo)Don’t blow! Wind! Don’t blow! (Oriana, 32 mo)No! Don’t say that! Don’t say it, Papa! (Oriana, 26 mo)I’m pretending you didn’t tell me that. You pretend too, Papa!
(Galen, 28 mo)
G: I want some salt, please, Mommie.M: Just a minute, Darlo.G: Some salt please, Mommie.M: … no response ...G: Some of that white stuff there. (Galen, 27 mo)
StagesPre-natal0 - 2 mo
reflexive, vegetative2 - 5 mo
responsive cooing, laughing4 - 7 mo
babbling6 - 12 mo
reduplicative babbling9 - 18 mo
non-reduplicative babbling18 - 72 mo
all hell breaks loose
Phoneme acquisition
Syntactic acquisition
Lexical acquisitionMorphological acquisition
L1 Acquisition
StagesPrenatal learning - syntactic acquisition
PhonologyCardinal consonants & vowelsConsonant progressionSubstitutions
Lexical acquisitionResponsive cooing - “noun” gathering
Kids’ philosophy of languagePower and omnipresence of language