30434946 Improvised Explosive Devices

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Improvised Explosive Devices/mailroom screening Court Security CertificationNMDPS Accreditation Number NM08143

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New Mexico Department Page: 1 of 61Of Public Safety

Improvised Explosive Devices/

Mailroom ScreeningInstructor Guide


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COURSE TITLE: Improvised Explosive Devices and mailroom screeningprocedures

INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS: To familiarize the student with the basics of recognizingand identifying improvised explosive devices and

suspicious mailings and the principles associated withsuccessfully doing so.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this block of instruction theparticipant will be able to:

1 Describe why bombs are popular terrorist weapons.2 Identify IEDs.3 List three categories of explosives.4 Describe the physical effects of explosives.

5 Describe IED construction methods.6 Describe IED categories.7 Describe letter/package bomb construction.8 Identify safe handling procedures for letter/package bombs9 List common types of Molotov cocktails.10 Identify actions to be taken when attacked with Molotov

cocktails.11 Explain safety precautions and appropriate response.

INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS: interactive lecture, inert demonstration devices,

discussion, audio-visual aides, and printed handouts

HANDOUTS: NONE

COURSE DURATION: 2hours

CURRICULUM REFERENCES: J. Gordon Routley, Fire and Explosions at Rocket FuelPlant, Henderson, Nevada. Federal EmergencyManagement Agency. 1988

SAFETY CONSIDERATION: None

EQUIPMENT, PERSONNEL, AND SUPPLIES NEEDED:lap top computer, internet connection, power pointprojector, dry erase board or easel with flip chart;

TARGET AUDIENCE: Personnel assigned to provide security, civilian staff forMagistrate and District Courts within the state of NewMexico


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ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTOR NOTES

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COURSE PREREQUISITES: Certified law enforcement or civilian court personnel

INSTRUCTOR CERT.: Certified EOD specialist

INSTRUCTOR RATIO: one per class

EVALUATION STRATEGY: Block test or cumulative test

AUTHOR & ORIGINATION DATE: Lt. Robert Huntsman, APD May, 2008

REVISION / REVIEW DATE(S):

REVISED / REVIEWED BY:

COURSE OUTLINE:

I EXPLOSIVES - THE TERRORISTS CHOICE

A. The advantage for the perpetrator of being psychologically andgeographically distant from the crime makes the use of bombspreferable for the terrorist because of the following:

1. The use of a bomb allows for physical separation from thecrime.

2. There is no opportunity to establish a relationship or

"bond" with the victim, which a face-to-face encountermight create.

II DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE

A. A detonating IED destroys or alters physical evidence at theCrime scene and increases the difficulty associated withforensic investigation, in identifying the bomber's signature.

III FIRST WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING 1993

IV NATIONAL ATTENTION

A. Detonations caused by IEDs are dramatic because of thefollowing:

1. The act ensures extensive, and possibly prolonged, mediacoverage of the terrorist organization, its goals, and the crime


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committed.

2. The damage incurred may take time to repair and providesa daily reminder of the crime.

V INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION

U.S.S. Cole was attacked while at anchor in Yemen. The suicidebombing conducted by members of the Al Quaida terroristnetwork. Bombers were in a zodiac type boat filled with 300 kg ofsemtex/C-4. The bomb ripped a hole in the side of the U.S.S. Coleand killed 17 Sailors.

VI. IEDS ARE SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE

A IEDs can be simple and inexpensive to construct. Extensiveknowledge of electronics or explosives is not required.

1. Many IED components are available commercially. Pipeselectronic components, flashbulbs, and black powder areavailable at little cost or risk to the purchaser.2. Household products and chemicals can be combined toform explosive filler material.3. Explosives such as black or smokeless powder can belegally purchased. Military and commercial explosives may be

stolen or provided by sympathizers.

VII PUBLICATIONS

A. Publications are available at libraries and bookstores providinginstructions on building IEDs. There is also a huge amount ofinformation available on the Internet.

VIII IEDs

A. The following are a few of the reasons that IEDs are popular

weapons:

1. An IED only has to work once.2. An IED can produce multiple deaths in spite of itscomparatively small size.3. IEDs are easy to place and conceal.4. The only limitation placed on IED construction, initiation,


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concealment, or placement is the extent of the bomber'simagination.

IX WHAT DOES A BOMB LOOK LIKE?

X RECOGNITION OF IED

A. The following are a few suggestions to assist the securityprofessional with the identifications of IEDs.

1. Bombs can look like anything:

a) Luggage, briefcases, or packages that are left unattended

2. Items that do not conform to their surroundings

3. Look for items out of the ordinary or unattended

4. Loose, clean wires on vehicles

5. New items of unexplained origin

6. Suspicious packages inside of, underneath, or attached to

vehicles

7. Look for unusual behavior by individuals:

a) Surveillance of the premises

b) Unexplained or unexpected deliveries

XI APPROPRIATE ACTIONS

A. The appropriate reactions to an IED can save lives andminimize damage.

1. NEVER TOUCH AN IED!2. Recognize its potential danger and clear the area in anexpeditious manner. Use the R&R rule when dealing withsuspicious devices, "RECOGNIZE AND REPORT."3. Keep a minimum safe distance of 100 meters. If you cansee it, it can see you. Take cover.

XII WHAT DOES A BOMBER LOOK LIKE?


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A Could be anyone. Bombers are more likely to be male with theirage in the mid-twenties to early forties.

XIII DEFEATING THE BOMBER

A. Intelligence is probably the greatest tool we have to defeatthe bomber, especially the suicide bomber. Therefore youmust:

1. Understand the terrorist threat in your area,2. Become familiar with the method of operation of not

just local groups but all groups. Terrorists have beenexchanging information and are training each otherfor some time now.

3. Provide constant training for security forces tomaintain the edge needed to defeat bombers.

4. Provide constant vigilance to spot threats beforethey happen and to ensure protection for vitafacilities and personnel.

XIV THE MYSTERY OF EXPLOSIVES

A MILITARY EXPLOSIVES

The following are some examples of military explosives:

1. Pentaerythrite Tetra nitrate (PETN). The explosivePETN was first prepared in 1901. The compound was notused on a practical basis until after WWI. PETN is generallywhite to light buff in color, although PETN can be olivedrab. One of the most sensitive military explosives of thenon-initiating class. Equal in brisance and explosive powerto RDX and nitroglycerin, PETN is one of the most potent ofthe military explosives.

2. Military Dynamite (Ammonium Nitrate base).Ammonium nitrate was first prepared in 1659 and first usedas an explosive in 1867. AN is very insensitive and highlyhydroscopic. Detonation rates vary between 1100 2700meters per second.


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3. Composition C-4 is made up of 91% RDX, 2.1% ofpolyisobutylene, 1.6% motor oil, and 5.3% of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) secacate. It is dirty white to light brown in color

and was developed from composition C-3 that was itselfdeveloped by the British during WWII. Detonation rate forC-4 is 8,040 meters per second.

4. Trinitrotoluene (TNT). First prepared in 1863, TNTwas manufactured on a commercial scale in 1901 andadopted by the German Imperial Army as their standardexplosive fill for H.E. shells in 1902. One of the leastsensitive of military explosives. Detonation rate of TNT isabout 6,900 meters per second. When comparingexplosives, it is common to compare TNT equivalency;

therefore TNT is 1 on the scale.

B COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVES

The following are examples of explosives commercially available inthe United States:

1. Shape charges/well perforators2. Water gels3. Detonating cord4. Binaries

5. Cast boosters6. Smokeless powder7. Black powder

C BLACK POWDER

1. Black powder is often homemade (high school,college) and less stable than commercially manufactured.

2. Frequently a mixture or compound that wouldnormally burn rapidly, such as smokeless powder, will

detonate when confined.

D COMMERICAL DYNAMITE

1. Commercial dynamite can be nitroglycerin (NG)based, ammonium nitrate (AN) based, or can use


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nitrostarch. The strength of dynamite is given inpercentages and was based on the amount of NG in themixture. The strength of modern dynamite is still given inpercentage, but it no longer indicates the percentage of NG

Dynamite consists mainly of wood pulp and the explosivemixture.

E AN MIXTURES

Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) can be purchasedcommerically, or it can be homemade. It is not considered a highexplosive, it is called a blasting agent because it is very insensitiveand requries a high explosive booster to achieve a high orderdetonation.

1. AN Mixturesa) AN-FOb) AN-AL (ammonium nitrate and

aluminum dust)2. ANFO

XV IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVES

The following are just some of the more common improvisedexplosive mixtures:

1. Improvised Explosivesa) Chlorate mixturesb) Ammonium nitrate mixturesc) Potassium chlorate and sugard) Potassium chlorate and red phosphorus

XVI POTASSIUM CHLORATE

XVI IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVES TATP

TATP was:

1. Invented in 18952. 88% equivalence of TNT3. Very unstable


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XVII INCENDIARY MIXTURES

A. The following mixtures have been used to createincendiaries devices:

1. HTH and Score7 hair gel2. Sodium peroxide and water3. Match heads and battery acid

XIX PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF EXPLOSIONS

A. These are the physical effects of explosions:

1.Thermal effects

2.Blast pressure

a. Positive phase

b. Negative phase

3.Fragmentation

B. ROCKET PROPELLANT PLANT EXPLOSION IN

HENDERSON, NEVADA

The PEPCO rocket propellant plant in Henderson Nevadawas rocked by seven different explosions in May of 1988.These explosions were caused when flammable material(fiberglass) was ignited by welding. The resulting fire couldnot be extinguished and the 3.6 million kilos of AmmoniumPerchlorate stored on the site began to detonate. The onlycasualties were two employees, one whom stayed behind tocall the fire department; the other also was an employeeconfined to a wheel chair. He could not escape in time.

Casualties from flying glass were confirmed up to threekilometers away. The evacuation cordon was eightkilometers. During the initial response, the Henderson firechief was wounded, and his vehicle almost destroyed. Mostof the Henderson fire department was put out of commissiondue to the explosions when they set up to close to theaccident site.


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XX BLAST PRESSURE EFFECTS ON HUMANS

A. These are the effects that can occur to humans duringexplosions. These effects decrease with distance due to the

fact that the farther away a person is the lower the kPa theyare exposed to.

1. Eardrum rupture in 50% of the population at 103.4kPa

2. Lung damage in 50% of the population at 551 kPa3. 100% lethality at 1379 1724 kPa4. The amount of pressure generated depends on the

quantity of explosives used.

XI CONSTRUCTION OF IEDs

A. IEDs are generally made up of four components:

1. The container simply holds the explosives in placeIt could be the paper wrapper around dynamite or acoffee can holding homemade explosives. Thecontainer also could provide fragmentation as in apipe containing black powder. In some cases a

container may not be present as in cast TNT.2. The main charge is the explosive or incendiary filler.3. The detonator causes the main charge to explode

The detonator could be a blasting cap, flashbulb, or apercussion primer.

4. Finally, the fuse is used to fire the detonator. It couldbe a simple burning time fuse, or it could involve acomplex system of electronic booby traps. The fusecan be electric or non-electric.

XII INITIATION SYSTEMS

A IEDs can be electrically or non-electrically initiated.

1. Electrically-initiated IEDs would be those that useelectric blasting caps or flashbulbs and require apower source such as a battery, a wall plug, or acharged capacitor.


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2. Non-electrically-initiated IEDs are those that use aburning fuse or percussion primers. Military boobytraps are a good example of percussion primers.

XIII FOUR CATEGORIES OF IEDs

A. IEDs can be categorized into four different types:

1. Time delay2. Victim activated (booby-trap)3. Command4. Environmental

B. TIME DELAYED

1. Time delayed IEDs include:

a. Clocks and watchesb. Time fusec. Chemical reactiond. Metal fatigue

e. Electrical systems

C. VICTIM ACTIVATED (BOOBY TRAPS)

1. These types of switches are normally used to build whatis commonly refered to as booby traps:

a. Mercury switchb. Mousetrapc. Clothespin

d. Loop switche. Anti-disturbance

D.COMMAND

1. Command detonated devices are controlled by thebomber and include the following:


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a. Radio controlledb. Hard Wire

E. ENVIRONMENTAL

1. Photos are of Pan Am flight 103. The Boeing 747 aircraftwas brought down with an IED hidden in a radio andrigged with a barometric switch. The following are someexamples of environmental fusing.

a. Barometric (altitude)b. Temperature Sensitive

c. Hydrostaticd. Light Sensitive (photoelectric cell)

F.LETTER BOMBS

1. Letter bombs are made with a flexible explosive,and a booby-trap initiator is designed to function uponopening. Most letter bombs can be detected with ametal detector or x-ray.

2. IDENTIFYING LETTER BOMBS

a. The first step in screening letter bombs isrecognizing the ID features normally associatedwith mail bombs. These ID features include:

a1. Foreign mail, airmail, special delivery

a2. Restrictive markings, such as confidential orpersonal

a3. Excessive postage

a4. Handwritten or poorly typed address


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3. PACKAGE BOMBS

a. Package bombs, because of their larger size, cancontain any type IED. The fusing system is still

designed to function upon opening. X-rays can detectmost package bombs.

4. BRIEFCASE BOMB

XIV ACTIONS TO TAKE

A. All the actions lead to deciding if the letter or package issuspicious or genuine. If at any point any of the followingindicators do not appear correct, consider the letter orpackage suspicious and notify the appropriate authorities.

1. Confirm return address.2. Contact the addressee and determine if the item was

expected.3. Confirm delivery from general mail or special courier

If mail came through normal channels, it canprobably withstand limited movement.

4. However, do not move the item further if deliverycannot be confirmed

5. Do not place the item in a confined space, such as a

filing cabinet or safe. Confining the blast mayincrease the intensity, and it will be more difficult forthe bomb technicians to gain access to the suspectdevice.

6. If you suspect a letter or package is a bomb, movethe item to a designated safe area. This area shouldbe away from people and clear of power, gas, andfuel lines. Cease all handling of the item.

7. Evacuate the area; 100 meters is the recommendedinitial cordon.

8. Notify the appropriate personnel.

XV MOLOTOV COCKTAILS

A. These can be made in many different ways. Two of the mostcommon are as follows:


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1. The classic Molotov uses a saturated burning wickthat ignites the filler when the bottle is broken.

2. The sealed Molotov uses a chemical reaction to

ignite the filler when the bottle is broken. Normallythe chemicals are sulfuric acid mixed with the fillerand a sugar/chlorate mixture in a sock or rag on theoutside of the bottle.

B. MOLOTOV COCKTAIL ATTACK

1. If you are attacked with a Molotov while in a vehiclecontinue to move.

2. A moving vehicle will not catch fire after the burningfiller is consumed. A stationary vehicle may catchfire if the burning filler ignites the tires and greaseunder the car.

3. If you stop when attacked, you are at the mercy ofthe attackers.

XXVI SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

A. The following are some basic safety precautions that will keep

security personnel safe in what could be a potentiallydangerous situation:

1. Check for methods of initiation that do not appearobvious.

2. Minimize personnel exposure.3. Do not allow variations in light sources.4. Wait 30 minutes for dud fired grenades.5. Do not remove the fuse from a dud fired grenade;

grenades are easily booby- trapped.

6. Use remote procedures if at all possible.7. Do not touch any suspicious objects.


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XVII MAKE APPROPRIATE NOTIFICATIONS

They may include, but are not limited to the following:

A. Supervisory personnelB. Local securityC. Bomb squadD. Federal officialsE. Supervisors of adjoining offices

XVIII BE PROACTIVE

A. The security procedures to follow in order to counter the

terrorist bomb threat involve adherence to already existing

security guidelines. Use common sense and always be

aware of your surroundings.

1. BE ALERT! Know what is going on around you

Notice lone cars or people who are loitering and out

of place when you are at your residence, en route, or

at work.

2. Vary your itinerary as much as possible. Constantlychange departure times, arrival times, routes, andeven vehicles if possible.

3. Perform a routine vehicle search each time a vehicleis left unsecured.

4. Establish mail and package processing proceduresat home and at work.

5. Establish and exercise a bomb search plan to handlebomb threats and suspicious devices.

XXIX SUMMARY

There are no limitations to the physical configuration of an IED. Theonly limitation would be the imagination of the builder and theresources available to him. DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVE DEVICES ISTHE JOB OF TRAINED BOMB DISPOSAL TECHNICIANS.REMEMBER! Our job is to defend against, recognize, and report.


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A. Review Instructional Objectives

B. Questions

C. Exam

D. Evaluations

XXX. COURSE AUDIT

COURSE CONTENT:

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES (IEDs)

A fundamental understanding of explosives andexplosive devices allows the security professional toimplement the necessary security procedures to protecthimself, others, property, and facilities from terrorist attackThis lesson will cover:

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVESDescribe why bombs are popular terrorist weapons.

Identify IEDsList three categories of explosives.Describe the physical effects of explosives.Describe IED construction methods.Describe IED categories.Describe letter/package bomb construction.Identify safe handling procedures for letter/package bombs.List common types of Molotov cocktails.Identify actions to be taken when attacked with Molotovcocktails.Explain safety precautions and appropriate response.

1. State the characteristics of IEDs and booby traps

2. Identify the components and firing systems

3. Describe emergency procedures uponencountering an IED

1. State the characteristics of IEDs and booby traps

2. Identify the components and firing systems

3. Describe emergency procedures uponencountering an IED


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EXPLOSIVES - THE TERRORISTS CHOICE

The advantage for the perpetrator of being psychologically and geographically

distant from the crime makes the use of bombs preferable for the terrorist becauseof the following:

1. The use of a bomb allows for physical separation from thecrime.

2. There is no opportunity to establish a relationship or"bond" with the victim, which a face-to-face encountermight create.

DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE

A detonating IED destroys or alters physical evidence at the crime scene and increasesthe difficulty associated with forensic investigation, in identifying the bomber'ssignature.

FIRST WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING 1993

NATIONAL ATTENTION

The Murrah Federal Building after it was blown up in Oklahoma City. This is a primeexample of a daily reminder of the act, and of extended media coverage.

Detonations caused by IEDs are dramatic because of the following:

1. The act ensures extensive, and possibly prolonged, media coverage of theterrorist organization, its goals, and the crime committed.2. The damage incurred may take time to repair and provides a daily reminder of thecrime.

INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION

U.S.S. Cole was attacked while at anchor in Yemen. The suicide bombing conducted bymembers of the Al Quaida terrorist network. Bombers were in a zodiac type boat filled with300 kg of semtex/C-4.

The bomb ripped a hole in the side of the U.S.S. Cole and killed 17 sailors.


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IEDs ARE SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE

IEDs can be simple and inexpensive to construct. Extensive knowledge of electronics

or explosives is not required.

Many IED components are available commercially. Pipeselectronic components, flashbulbs, and black powder areavailable at little cost or risk to the purchaser.

Household products and chemicals can be combined toform explosive filler material.

Explosives such as black or smokeless powder can belegally purchased. Military and commercial explosivesmay be stolen or provided by sympathizers.

PUBLICATIONS

Publications are available at libraries and bookstores providing instructions on buildingIEDs. There is also a huge amount of information available on the Internet.

IEDs

The following are a few of the reasons that IEDs are popular weapons:

An IED only has to work once.

An IED can produce multiple deaths in spite of its comparatively small size.

IEDs are easy to place and conceal. The only limitation placed on IED construction, initiation, concealment, or

placement is the extent of the bomber's imagination.

WHAT DOES A BOMB LOOK LIKE?

RECOGNITION OF IED

The following are a few suggestions to assist the security professional with theidentifications of IEDs.

Black Powder

C4

Dynamite

Detasheet

Semtex

TNT

Composition B

Improvised Mixtures

Black Powder

C4

Dynamite

Detasheet

Semtex

TNT

Composition B

Improvised Mixtures


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Bombs can look like anything:

o Luggage, briefcases, or packages that are left unattended

o Items that do not conform to their surroundings

Look for items out of the ordinary or unattended

o Loose, clean wires on vehicles

o New items of unexplained origino Suspicious packages inside of, underneath, or attached to vehicles

Look for unusual behavior by individuals:o Surveillance of the premiseso Unexplained or unexpected deliveries

APPROPRIATE ACTIONS

The appropriate reactions to an IED can save lives and minimize damage.

o NEVER TOUCH AN IED!o Recognize its potential danger and clear the area in an expeditious manner. Use

the R&R rule when dealing with suspicious devices, "RECOGNIZE ANDREPORT."

o Keep a minimum safe distance of 100 meters. If you can see it, it can see you. Takecover.

Instructors notes: at this point refer to thedifferent everyday items used as bombs inslide show


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WHAT DOES A BOMBER LOOK LIKE?

Could be anyone. Bombers are more likely to be male with their age in the mid-twenties to early forties.

DEFEATING THE BOMBER

Intelligence is probably the greatest tool we have to defeat the bomber, especially thesuicide bomber. Therefore you must:

o Understand the terrorist threat in your area,o Become familiar with the method of operation of not just local groups but all

groups. Terrorists have been exchanging information and are training each otherfor some time now.

o Provide constant training for security forces to maintain the edge needed to

defeat bombers.o Provide constant vigilance to spot threats before they happen and to ensure

protection for vital facilities and personnel.

THE MYSTERY OF EXPLOSIVES

MILITARY EXPLOSIVES

The following are some examples of military explosives:

Pentaerythrite Tetra nitrate (PETN). The explosive PETN was first prepared in1901. The compound was not used on a practical basis until after WWI. PETN isgenerally white to light buff in color, although PETN can be olive drab. One of themost sensitive military explosives of the non-initiating class. Equal in brisanceand explosive power to RDX and nitroglycerin, PETN is one of the most potent ofthe military explosives.

Military Dynamite (Ammonium Nitrate base). Ammonium nitrate was firstprepared in 1659 and first used as an explosive in 1867. AN is very insensitiveand highly hydroscopic. Detonation rates vary between 1100 2700 meters persecond.

Composition C-4 is made up of 91% RDX, 2.1% of polyisobutylene, 1.6% motoroil, and 5.3% of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) secacate. It is dirty white to light brown in colorand was developed from composition C-3 that was itself developed by the Britishduring WWII. Detonation rate for C-4 is 8,040 meters per second.


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Trinitrotoluene (TNT). First prepared in 1863, TNT was manufactured on acommercial scale in 1901 and adopted by the German Imperial Army as theirstandard explosive fill for H.E. shells in 1902. One of the least sensitive of military

explosives. Detonation rate of TNT is about 6,900 meters per second. Whencomparing explosives, it is common to compare TNT equivalency; therefore TNTis 1 on the scale.

COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVES

The following are examples of explosives commerciallyavailable in the United States:

Shape charges/well perforatorsWater gels

Detonating cordBinariesCast boostersSmokeless powderBlack powder

BLACK POWDER

Black powder is often homemade (high school, college) and less stable thancommercially manufactured.

Frequently a mixture or compound that would normally burn rapidly, such assmokeless powder, will detonate when confined.

BLACK POWDER PIPE BOMB

COMMERICAL DYNAMITE

Commercial dynamite can be nitroglycerin (NG) based, ammonium nitrate (AN)based, or can use nitro starch. The strength of dynamite is given in percentagesand was based on the amount of NG in the mixture. The strength of moderndynamite is still given in percentage, but it no longer indicates the percentage ofNG. Dynamite consists mainly of wood pulp and the explosive mixture.

Black Powder

C4

Dynamite

Detasheet

Semtex

TNT

Composition B

Improvised Mixtures

Black Powder

C4

Dynamite

Detasheet

Semtex

TNT

Composition B

Improvised Mixtures

Instructors notes: refer to slides of BP pipe bombs


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AN MIXTURES

Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) can be purchased commerically, or it can behomemade. It is not considered a high explosive, it is called a blasting agent because it is

very insensitive and requries a high explosive booster to achieve a high order detonation.

AN Mixtureso AN-FOo AN-AL (ammonium nitrate and aluminum dust)

ANFO

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVES

The following are just some of the more common improvised explosive mixtures:

Improvised Explosiveso Chlorate mixtureso Ammonium nitrate mixtureso Potassium chlorate and sugaro Potassium chlorate and red phosphorus

POTASSIUM CHLORATE

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVES TATP

TATP was:

Invented in 1895 88% equivalence of TNT

Very unstable

INCENDIARY MIXTURES

The following mixtures have been used to create incendiaries devices:

HTH and Score7 hair gel


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Sodium peroxide and water

Match heads and battery acid

PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF EXPLOSIONS

These are the physical effects of explosions:

Thermal effects

Blast pressure

o Positive phaseo Negative phase

Fragmentation

ROCKET PROPELLANT PLANT EXPLOSION IN HENDERSON, NEVADA

The PEPCO rocket propellant plant in Henderson Nevada was rocked by sevendifferent explosions in May of 1988. These explosions were caused when flammablematerial (fiberglass) was ignited by welding. The resulting fire could not be extinguishedand the 3.6 million kilos of Ammonium Perchlorate stored on the site began to detonate.The only casualties were two employees, one whom stayed behind to call the fire

department; the other also was an employee confined to a wheel chair. He could notescape in time. Casualties from flying glass were confirmed up to three kilometers away.The evacuation cordon was eight kilometers. During the initial response, the Hendersonfire chief was wounded, and his vehicle almost destroyed. Most of the Henderson firedepartment was put out of commission due to the explosions when they set up to close tothe accident site.

BLAST PRESSURE EFFECTS ON HUMANS

These are the effects that can occur to humans during explosions. These effectsdecrease with distance due to the fact that the farther away a person is the lower the kPa

they are exposed to.

Eardrum rupture in 50% of the population at 103.4 kPa Lung damage in 50% of the population at 551 kPa

100% lethality at 1379 1724 kPa


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The amount of pressure generated depends on the quantity of explosives used.

CONSTRUCTION OF IEDs

o IEDs are generally made up of four components:o The container simply holds the explosives in place. It could

be the paper wrapper around dynamite or a coffee canholding homemade explosives. The container also couldprovide fragmentation as in a pipe containing black powderIn some cases a container may not be present as in castTNT.

The main charge is the explosive or incendiary filler.

o The detonator causes the main charge to explode. Thedetonator could be a blasting cap, flashbulb, or apercussion primer.

o Finally, the fuse is used to fire the detonator. It could bea simple burning time fuse, or it could involve a complexsystem of electronic booby traps. The fuse can beelectric or non-electric.

INITIATION SYSTEMS

IEDs can be electrically or non-electrically initiated.

Electrically-initiated IEDs would be those that use electric blastingcaps or flashbulbs and require a power source such as a battery, awall plug, or a charged capacitor.

Non-electrically-initiated IEDs are those that use a burning fuse or

percussion primers. Military booby traps are a good example opercussion primers.

Homemade bomb or booby trap

Primarily designed to kill or maim

Limited only by builders imagination andmaterials

Consists of initiator, firing system, andexplosive charge

Homemade bomb or booby trap

Primarily designed to kill or maim

Limited only by builders imagination andmaterials

Consists of initiator, firing system, andexplosive charge

Some include a safe-arm switch

Many types of containers

Some include a safe-arm switch

Many types of containers

Electric

Non-electric

Mechanical

Chemical

Combination of one or more systems

Electric

Non-electric

Mechanical

Chemical

Combination of one or more systems


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FOUR CATEGORIES OF IEDs

IEDs can be categorized into four different types:

o Time delayo Victim activated (booby-trap)o Commando Environmental

TIME DELAYEDTime delayed IEDs include:

o Clocks and watcheso Time fuseo Chemical reactiono Metal fatigueo Electrical systems

VICTIM ACTIVATED (BOOBY TRAPS)

These types of switches are normally used to buildwhat is commonly refered to as booby traps:

o Mercury switcho Mousetrapo Clothespino Loop switcho Anti-disturbance

COMMAND

Command detonated devices are controlled by the bomber and include the following:

Radio controlled

Hard Wire

Pull

Pressure/pressure release

Tension release

Motion

Photo-electric

Infra-red

Clocks

Pull

Pressure/pressure release

Tension release

Motion

Photo-electric

Infra-red

Clocks

GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- SENDERO LUMINOSOPERUGROUP RESPONSIBLE -- SENDERO LUMINOSOPERU

GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- SENDERO LUMINOSOPERU

(GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- SENDERO LUMINOSOPERU)

STRING TOSTRING TOCLOTHES PIN &CLOTHES PIN &

WEDGEWEDGEDYNAMITEDYNAMITE(DYNAMITE)

ELECTRICELECTRIC

BLASTING CAPBLASTING CAP(ELECTRIC BLASTING CAP)

BATTERYBATTERY(BATTERY)

PRESSUREPRESSURERELEASE SWITCHRELEASE SWITCH

(Anti(Anti--DisturbanceDisturbance

Device)Device)

(PRESSURERELEASESWITCH)

(STRINGTOCLOTHESPIN &WEDGE)

GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- SENDERO LUMINOSOPERUGROUP RESPONSIBLE -- SENDERO LUMINOSOPERU

GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- SENDERO LUMINOSOPERU

(GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- SENDERO LUMINOSOPERU)

STRING TOSTRING TO

CLOTHES PIN &CLOTHES PIN &

WEDGEWEDGEDYNAMITEDYNAMITE(DYNAMITE)

ELECTRICELECTRICBLASTING CAPBLASTING CAP(ELECTRIC BLASTING CAP)

BATTERYBATTERY(BATTERY)

PRESSUREPRESSURERELEASE SWITCHRELEASE SWITCH

(Anti(Anti--DisturbanceDisturbanceDevice)Device)

(PRESSURERELEASESWIT CH)

(STRINGTOCLOTHESPIN &WEDGE)


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ENVIRONMENTAL

The Boeing 747 aircraft was brought down with an IED hidden in a radio and rigged with abarometric switch. The following are some examples of environmental fusing.

Barometric (altitude)

Temperature Sensitive Hydrostatic

Light Sensitive (photoelectric cell)

LETTER BOMBS

Letter bombs are made with a flexible explosive, and a booby-trap initiator is designed tofunction upon opening. Most letter bombs can be detected with a metal detector or x-ray.

IDENTIFYING LETTER BOMBS

The first step in screening letter bombs is recognizing the ID features normallyassociated with mail bombs. These ID features include:

o Foreign mail, airmail, special deliveryo Restrictive markings, such as confidential or personalo Excessive postageo Handwritten or poorly typed address

PACKAGE BOMBS

Package bombs, because of their larger size, can contain any type IED. The fusing systemis still designed to function upon opening. X-rays can detect most package bombs.


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ACTIONS TO TAKE

All the actions lead to deciding if the letter or package is suspicious or genuine. If at anypoint any of the following indicators do not appear correct, consider the letter or package

suspicious and notify the appropriate authorities.

Confirm return address.

Contact the addressee and determine if the item was expected.

Confirm delivery from general mail or special courier. If mail came throughnormal channels, it can probably withstand limited movement.

However, do not move the item further if delivery cannot be confirmed

Do not place the item in a confined space, such as a filing cabinet or safe.Confining the blast may increase the intensity, and it will be more difficult for thebomb technicians to gain access to the suspect device.

If you suspect a letter or package is a bomb, move the item to a designated safearea. This area should be away from people and clear of power, gas, and fuelines. Cease all handling of the item.

Evacuate the area; 100 meters is the recommended initial cordon.

Notify the appropriate personnel.

MOLOTOV COCKTAILS

These can be made in many different ways. Two of the most common are as follows:

The classic Molotov uses a saturated burning wick that ignitesthe filler when the bottle is broken.

The sealed Molotov uses a chemical reaction to ignite the fillerwhen the bottle is broken. Normally, the chemicals aresulfuric acid mixed with the filler and a sugar/chlorate mixturein a sock or rag on the outside of the bottle.GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT TUPAC AMARUPERU

CONICAL BASE

CHEMICAL MIXTURE

TIN BOTTLE

9mm CARTRIDGE

END CAP SOLDERED ON

NON-ELECTRICBLASTING CAP

TIME FUSE

HOLLOW STICK

SAFETY PIN

SPRING

GROUP RESPONSIBLE -- REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT TUPAC AMARUPERU

CONICAL BASE

CHEMICAL MIXTURE

TIN BOTTLE

9mm CARTRIDGE

END CAP SOLDERED ON

NON-ELECTRICBLASTING CAP

TIME FUSE

HOLLOW STICK

SAFETY PIN

SPRING

Instructors notes: refer to slide forchemical Molotov cocktail


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MOLOTOV COCKTAIL ATTACK

If you are attacked with a Molotov while in a vehicle, continue to move.

o A moving vehicle will not catch fire after the burning filler is consumed. A stationaryvehicle may catch fire if the burning filler ignites the tires and grease under the car.

o If you stop when attacked, you are at the mercy of the attackers.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

The following are some basic safety precautions that will keep security personnel safe inwhat could be a potentially dangerous situation:

Check for methods of initiation that do not appear obvious.

Minimize personnel exposure.

Do not allow variations in light sources.

Wait 30 minutes for dud fired grenades.

Do not remove the fuse from a dud fired grenade; grenadesare easily booby- trapped.

Use remote procedures if at all possible.

Do not touch any suspicious objects.

Quick visual scan of all areas

Identify items/objects that appear suspicious

Assessment by team leader to evacuate or not

Quick visual scan of all areas

Identify items/objects that appear suspicious

Assessment by team leader to evacuate or not

If a suspected device is found -- Determine immediate threat

Evacuate hostages/personnel if necessary

Met by team member

Escorted to suspicious object

Decisions of EOD technician should not bequestioned

If a suspected device is found -- Determine immediate threat

Evacuate hostages/personnel if necessary

Met by team member

Escorted to suspicious object

Decisions of EOD technician should not bequestioned

Do NOT touch

Mark all suspect devices

Crime scene tape

Chem-lights

Chalk or spray paint

Keep under surveillance

Must be in SOP

Leave for explosive ordnancedisposal

Do NOT touch

Mark all suspect devices

Crime scene tape

Chem-lights

Chalk or spray paint

Keep under surveillance

Must be in SOP

Leave for explosive ordnancedisposal


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MAKE APPROPRIATE NOTIFICATIONS

They may include, but are not limited to the following:

Supervisory personnel Local security

Bomb squad

Federal officials Supervisors of adjoining offices

BE PROACTIVE

The security procedures to follow in order to counter the terrorist bomb threatinvolve adherence to already existing security guidelines. Use common sense andalways be aware of your surroundings.

o BE ALERT! Know what is going on around you. Notice lone cars or peoplewho are loitering and out of place when you are at your residence, en route, orat work.

o Vary your itinerary as much as possible. Constantly change departure timesarrival times, routes, and even vehicles if possible.

o Perform a routine vehicle search each time a vehicle is left unsecured.

o Establish mail and package processing procedures at home and at work.

o Establish and exercise a bomb search plan to handle bomb threats andsuspicious devices.

SUMMARY

There are no limitations to the physical configuration of an

IED. The only limitation would be the imagination of thebuilder and the resources available to him. DISPOSAL OFEXPLOSIVE DEVICES IS THE JOB OF TRAINED BOMBDISPOSAL TECHNICIANS.REMEMBER! Our job is to defend against, recognize, andreport.

Recognition of IEDs/booby traps

Marking

Emergency procedure

Security Officers are not trained EODtechnicians

Recognition of IEDs/booby traps

Marking

Emergency procedure Security Officers are not trained EOD

technicians


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COURSE AUDIT

PRIMARY INSTRUCTOR:

SECONDARY INSTRUCTOR:

SUPPORT STAFF (i.e.: Scenario Managers, Role Players, etc):

DATE(S)/ TIME(S) OF INSTRUCTION:

LOCATION OF INSTRUCTION:

RECOMMENDED CURRICULUM CHANGES: Identify inaccurate information, outdatedinformation, new information to be added to update material, etc. (Use additional pages ifnecessary)


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COURSE AUDIT (Continued)

If course content other than the NMDPS TRD approved Basic or PST academy curriculumis taught, the alternative curriculum must be submitted to the Law Enforcement AcademyDeputy Directors office and approved prior to delivery of the alternative instructionalmaterials.

Alternative curriculum was taught.

Accreditation number of alternative curriculum:

SIGNATURE DATE

Primary Instructor

Reviewed by Program Coordinator

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTOR COMMENTS: (If any portion of the course content was not

presented, indicate the specific content here)

30434946 Improvised Explosive Devices

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Transcript of 30434946 Improvised Explosive Devices