3024(1)

On the cover: Photo on left····",verUcaJ.,spout evaporator developed toran open -cycle ocean thermal energy convers ion system. on

top to boHorn"'········hoat,· and mass-transfer test apparatus,turbine rotor , for the direct -contact condenser. and a sectionalview of a heat fJ;JXICt11!1n(ler

OceanThermalEnergyConversion

An Overview

SERI/SP ~220 ·»3024

November1989DE89000838

UC Category: 262

Preface

Ocean thermal energythermal This ·f' i':x(·~ t''l t"lr·'k l:f'''t l''·i''\.i

();·.rE:(: research is funded the l ....f.S, .li·.·:" ·... ·· · ~.·.t U .l- l ·*..t.l-"'-d ·J.t.· Theto the tee .•nnotosv assessment of its

J)ot:eutJ.ttl··'·'·'·'·'·'·'·'·:(~·lttH>r asanalternativeor asasupplementto convenuonatenerzv sources. funded researchto and will ()~·I ·<l.:S(.: to the threshold of commercial ization. This ououcauonrlrf)V 1 th(~ , all ()verv iewof the (:rI;.E~(: f '/.·:. ;:··, ·h, ..·\ ;:"". 1 ;..,'>, '

Produced for theWindlOcean Technologies Dtvtslon

u~s~ Department of Energy4iiiiiiii»iiiiiiii 'Ilell

Solar Energy Research InstituteA Division of Midwest Research Institute

A Productof theSolar TechnicalInformation Program

1617CoteBou levardGolden, CO 80401 ~3393

Operated for theU~S~ Department of Energy

Noticeoreoarec as an account of work an the United Statos governrnont Noither the United States ccvernmem

Morany of thoir makesany warranties; expressor orassomes any or re~H)(lns,ltHhlV

comoeteness. or usofulnOS$ of any inforrnatioM; apparatus; or processcisclosed. or represents that Hs usewould notReference name,trademark, manufacturer.

necessarnv constitute or recommencano». or the States oranyagoncy thoroot Thoof authors stateor rofloctthose 01 tht) UnitodStates or any agoncytheroof,

National Technical ~nforrntttion Sen/icoUJ3. of Commerce

Road22161

Prict); Microfiche A01Printed AOS

Cooes are used forcodes can bofoundGovemmeotavailablekorn

all Put)liC;atJc~ns.

thecurrentissue onne lOHO\NHld PubltCtJtlc>nsAnnouncernonts and Inat):x

at: tho abOVE; address.

tho numberof pagosin tho!ntorrnanoo nblrh~jnit"'1~N

an) ceneranv aVtlll;aOIH in roost liorades:Tectmice! Abstract

Contents

Introduction . .'\lhnt ()'·.fE(.:?.

of orsc'Ihe Federal I·'rc\n·t~~:llr'r)

ChapterI-c-Power Cycles"'..' ,',." ,.~ "'-.' orsc·'- .." e. n ". "' , orsc

()f'l··I.:.~(: S vstems

EnhancedCurrent Activities in Power

Ch,..pt.er2-1)lan.tl)e~:ig'1 and LocatlonLand-Based and Near-Shore FacilitiesShelf-MountedFacitiries ., . .' . . . <

I··"f,{"\{il':if"i Ct' FacilitiesPowerPlants

Current Activities in c:rrE:(::

Chapter :;-]~lleSeaW'~I.t:erSystem::slH;l)e:n(l(;~(1 Seawater '\.f cr t~llH';:

Bottom-Mounted Seawaterxvstems

Chapter 4-(:;(llnplelnellt.Ur}l()]'~F:,(~:I·lr(:)(luctsDesalinatedWater ., ... < •••

ater-Supoortec Mariculture

Chapter 5-F;nV'it~(ln.ll1entallss·ues

Marine InteractionsAnrommz Coastline Interactions ., . . . <

ArmosnnencInteractions ., < ,

Current Activities in Environmental Assessment

Chapter 6-!rhef\utureof ()"r:E:(::

References ., . . . . . ., . . . . .,

Appendlx-s-Particlpants in the l)()E: Ocean EnergyTechnologyProgram (1987-1989) '<"""""" ." , .,

iii

• I.I

.5

.6

.9ioI()

131314141516

17171818202()

21

22

23

2525262627

29

Introduction

What is OlEC?

Figure 1

Introduction

History of OTEC

2 Ocean TherrnaJ EnergyConversion: An Overview

The Federal Program

Figure 4 Mini~OTEC off Keabote Point Howatt (Courtesy ofthe Lockheed Missiles and Space Co,}

Introduction 3

4 OceanThermal EnergyConversion: An Overview

Chapter 1

Power Cycles

Closed-Cycle OTEC

/"·.·,·...~·'\;:··.,,,::~:t'''''t'~·< \Xic:re andi980s. 12 R.escarch.on

Warmwater in

Discharge waterto sea

Evaporator

Discharge waterto sea

Working fluid

Workingfluid

vapor

Workingfluidpressurizer

(boner feedpump)

Wortdngfluid

V8,por

Workingf:luidconoensate

tCondenser

tCold

water in

PowerCycles 5

a. Horizontal shell and tube

Ammonia in

Wateroutt

Ammonia out

Waterout ...-,

Seawatere. Plate and fin

,.#'.~..,"

·1ftAmmonia liquid

Ammonia

e. Vertical shell and tube

d~ Plate and frame

Open-Cycle OTEC

Warmseawater in

Daaeralion(optional)

III,

Noncondensablegas-es

Noncondensablegases

tVacuum chamber

flashevaporator

Warmseawaterdischargeto sea

Desalinatedwatervapor

(unsaturated)

Des-alinatedwatervapor

{saturated}

Cold seawaterdischarge

to sea

tCondenser

tCold

seawaterin

Desalinated- - .... water

(optional)

FI}'Jure 1,3 An open-cvcle OTEC system

PowerCycles 7

.t

Enrichedinert gases

~

8

Figure 1J) A hybrid OTEe system

Hybrid OTEC Systems

Power Cycles 9

Enhanced OTEC Systems

10 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: An Overview

Current Activities in Power Cycles

Figure 1,9 Heat exchanger test facility at Argonne National Laboratory (Courtesy of ANL)

Power Cycles 11

Chapter 2

Plant Design and Location

Land-Based and Near-ShoreFacilities

Figure 2.1 The land-based 100~kWe (:gr058) OTEe plant atNauru (Courtesy of Tokyo Electric Power CO+ 1 Inc)

Plant Design and location 13

Floating Facilities


Development of OTEC Power Plants

Plant Design and Location 15

16 OceanThermal Energy' Conversion: An Overview

Chapter 3

The Seawater System

Suspended Seawater Systems

The Seawater System 17

Bottom-Mounted Seawater Systems

Figure 3,2 Deplayrnent of the i -rn cote-water pipe at theNatural Energy Laboratory of Hawai~ (counesv of R,A4, TowillCorporation)


Discharge Pipe

Pumps

Current Activities in SeawaterSystems

20

Chapter 4

Complementary OTEC Products

Desalinated Water

make svsiems attractive to andmuniueseven if the of oil remains10\\\ Someor()(IUC1S and QI::;~l·lnf."'*{:"·Q that could lje from

shown in

an ()··r~r.:(:: nroauce valuablecornptementary nffHlu.cts such oesannateo water

lion to ge:nt\~ratlung Jj()\VCC Thecold seawater be usedfor marinelife and for rerneersnon andconrnuonmg. These notenrrauv svneratsnc nell V11fl{*%

Norl

orec

Sun

Building

4,1 A

Deep-Water-Supported Mariculture

22 Ocean Thermal EnergyConversion: An Overview

i% ·,\;:!j~''\>::'''·t·'·tt··'l''''~''{:'''·t·~·l·(·' continue at where the cold-seawater for research in both (rr[S(:':

tecrmoioav and its associated Additional waterf)Yt'Y\/1Iflt~'f1 at the Hawaii Ocean Scienceand 'Iechnol-

aeracent to to in "··l.<'::"\·!'ii::*:I<"··"I<t~L.

Df()(1UCIS and markets associated with cold seawater. fJ\VOcommercial rnariculture veutures are under way therc.undothers are in the of Ocean Farmsof Hawaii uses cold seawater to grow ofnrennum abalone each year. Anothercompany,uses warm seawater to culture several of nucroaieaethat are sold as food supruemems, unarmaceun-

and food /';'j;"'> !ij('>:l"'j:'f'~ f'l"

Current Activities in ComplementaryProducts

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

·{·'~'t'''\;.A''t'','::~1'''tl'·'I<Y'l<.~< related or

·M,~,.,~ ~,,~..~ "/~ -l'''''''''~ trout t

waters, butLil.,.. -oumceo water to extend

nronncts available in thosemarkets.rerngen.:UJCHl available frcmcold

seawater can be used to or maintain the ofthe which tend to deteriorate in thewarm were conductedsuccesstunvon fruits and asso"ciated vlith mcderateclimatea such as lettuce and straw-berries. are grown in cooled and ·~t"'t'··lif'h:~'!·{:"',,·'l

a the fresh water thatcondenses on theexternal surfaces of the coild-water

can be used Other small are carried nut on a rrazmenteobasis around the world to evaluate specialnon-powerf.,,~·t"~···"1<';··~i·i'ti<···'·f.·t·'~.f·t' {·l<·y"'\·il'.".I·U···'·.·'l'···t.....\t··,~,·, for cold seawater. Theseefforts arenot tied to (y'I"EC': commercian..zanon: h~(·\·ltff,~·\/t'~r

rnay offer the; to generate 't'~"':j"f 1 r"t·,s'''''.I.'':'' 't·'ij;·t";(·'\.(··l:li'i""t'·i':'

supptementar incomefrom an ()'I~E::(:

annncanons until ()"''['E:(:::systerl1s can deliver andwater to island markets at comoenuve

ComplementaryOTECProducts 23

Chapter 5

Environmental Issues

The construction of land-based or shelf-mounted ()'l<·[~(.:

can disturb the sea bed. of t'y'\,..·\... ·"'~t'r·'\<·'t'·.:'<

and anchors may churn up the bottomand increase thenumber of in the water.This of disturbance can affect areas of

such as coral seagrass

of the effects shown in 5.1 are;:::~'I..>··t·'''';::'~;··'*·;:::~.;··1 from an ()v'rE~C~ 41C:onstn.lction activities may

the sea habitats anddecreasmz subsurface Platforms and marine sub-

rnay attract fish and other marine auemptsto reduce may increase the level of toxic sub",stances. Intake can draw marine the

and move amounts ofnutricnr-rich water up fromthe However, ()'·fI.:(:: can be and h)··cared to minimize their effects on the environment.

Like any offshore or shoreline commercial ('YI"E(::facilities will affect the marine environment.

Marine Ecosystem Interactions

The I)()E Ofi'I'Prouram has funded research to ouruneerstanoma of ()(]"'T::(::: interactions with marine eco-sysrems. and the and to

"·~·.'·'···>".".e·.·'·""""'··'.,· ....n.1 to lessenany adverse interne-tions, These studieshave UflCOVCre(1 1'10 insurrnountableenvironmentalobstacles to (YI<'r:;~(~ in cur-rent evidence thatmost environmental effects willbe minimal with those associated with conven-tional power Careful and strict

~..l*.~",f",/""..1U.%..~.l·\w,"~.. and well ~trained t·'\·;%·lf··';':·';t\*·'·*··l,::·:~ I

(y]'·'·E:<:.::: systems that are environmentaII y O ......·,y,··\...··l·.·n.(.M;...ta.~,:

ofpower,

+ Attraction

• Withdrawal of nutrient..richdeep waters

• Redistribution of nutrients

• Chlorinereleases (negligiblewith open-cycle operation)

• Trace metalsreleases

• Hull coating releases

• Temperature and pressurestresses

'<-:-~)«

Bottom scouring

1200

1300

1100

g15 700io 800

900

500

400

1400"-------------------------------~~-~-~~~

300

600

o.~~--~:.:~~--"""".._~~...,.,,........ ,

100

200

1000

Environmental Issues 25

26 Ocean Thermal EnergyConversion: An Overview

Adjoining Coastline Interactions

Atmospheric Interactions

immeruate releases canbe avoided conmtetctvany absorbed gas into the seawater i"tl~"{"!"1f*'i'~,f;I'f':~

that below the mixedcomnmma thesemethods.

Current Activities in EnvironmentalAssessmentThe of the variousstate, and federal with atNI:~[J""1 call forall environmental monitoring program that will help

resources in the Keahole J'>oint area, To evaluateHl:n~u ",1!t"":rI'n effectson the results of the monitor-

be with H. baseline of andoffshore water and offshore biota that: is estab-lished at·N.E.I...>lI.'rhe(lE~r IS a stateeffort that consists archival data and conecnnzsite: data to establish benchmark conditions at Keahole Point,which is to be the areafor (Jrl.:~(: in thenear The program is also technical andfiscal for the environmental at thesue.

Environmenta' Issues

Chapter 6

The Future of OTEC

of desalinated water at: the: S'rl~' (rrt::t(: tech-has stimulatedconsiderable interest in the process.

ongOJ:ng [)()I:t programis tocodes while

expenmentauv oemonstranna the technical. ofelectric power in anshownin

The J)()l:~ ()1.:1"r has prove11 the of closed-andhas it to the threshold of commer-

the program continues to advance."" ",.'t ,..".•:. research in. surface CCHluc:nSt)fS

tbio-

'J.·;J·W:·~,~·~·'~,l""'t corrosion. and (tr"E(; Thethis research mayallow '~l)l:ti'*i;;;'l':l"\}

engmeer the 2·»»15MW~:; envisioned forcal island markets, In addition. the recentvfirst" nrocucuon

Steam i~~~ __

Evaporators --~~11

To vacuumexhaust system

The Future of OTEe 29

30 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion:An Overview

term.

References

1. d'Arsonval. A; "Utilization des forces naturelles,i\venir de I'electricire.~~ Revue \/oLI7 ~ :1881":Pl'. 37[)"m372,

16. Bharathan, n.,and ~I·. Penney, "Flash Evaporation fromTurbulent Water Jets," AS:\:tE' Journal ofHeat Transfer,vot 106" pp,4()7-m 4 15,

7. Shclpuk.B; a/\. i65~kWOpen ornement," presented at the 12th Annual Intersociety( N. ,. ·It·, > ,. '1'· .> , 1) 1 'It"1

.c-:·onve:nnon i::~ngHleenng l,l Jarnl l)eacll~ f< ..., •

August 1985;also SER.lrrF',~251 ~2725.~ Golden, C:+().

References 31

Devetomnenr Corporation, Hawaiianecnnotovv Park and Natural

/){)!llP.rllfl\'f} Environmental Monitor-nrenareo tor the st.ate of 1....Iawaii, unpublisned

35.

36. Krutzcn. \VJ:::':+~ "'./\ Stare-ot-the-An Look at.orscPumping lIth Annualshore 3~t·1 .. .. ~.]N'X7t .... ouston, .. r .•

32

of

4,7, from the Oceans: A SmallLand-BasedOcean ThermalE'E·Z Resources TechnoloevAssessment. tlOO().lU11U." ,.., , •. +

1988.

46, 1..Jno". T etStudies fete (Y·fl:.:(:: Plantsxenunuc cfshore Mechanicsand Arctic tinotneermv

NewYork: Americanpp.618·N625,

of

tjtJen:tne~r,"Carbon Dioxidenresenteu at the

t:I1.. 2Jli·IC(:~rs lntcrnational Con '"

Mechanics and Arctic ".....~, '.?''', ". '··',.··V'

13-·",vI8~Ne\\/ York: '"['he AmericanMechanical l pp. 585·····592,

AppendixParticipants in the DOE Ocean Energy

Technology Program (1987-1989)

Oceanit i.aoorarorv Inc.

Pacific International Center for

EJv1+Rivera andSons

Florida Solar Center

Solar

l·lawaii Natural Institute State of Hawaii

Inc.

Makai Ocean nnsmeenne

Texas i\.(fStr.vl ',..f' ~ +.+ d·'.> ..

t.in iversi tv of Delaware

Massachusetts Institute of

Inc.

Natural l..All)OJCah)fV of Hawaii

Appendix 35

Information on the lJ,Sx ucoartrnem Ocean contact:

Headquarters

Dr.Robert L, San MartinAssistant for Renewable

586~9275

Mr. I...ouis V Direc torOffice of Solar Electric 1e(:.nJI01(Jg)(~S

586,.,. 554()

Director'i::'h"" li"'<'f'~"'>t ~ •. ,'1<n'·~·>::·~c Ilivision

Dr.Rc Gerakl 1...eaderSolar Eneruv Research Institute1617 <::":oleBoule'lard

...,....~~,..~.l,&.,t"'··),· *.. C::() 8()4() l231,·,·,1758

.<.,.~ • "." .....ax ..... NationalLaboratories9700 South AvenueK :J....f. y...,.~,..f.l. t:J~."".· t Il.:~60439

12) 972~·823()

lJ~S*I)epart:nlt~td: ef'EnergyForrestal l::S HItOI.n,}!

1()()O S\Vwasmnston, 1)(: 20585

Conservation andRenewableJ:>,(), Box 890()Silver rvtl) 209()7

523--2929462 ...4983 {f·.1ptt·1n,t'\fll\/ >':~ln'~ ~l

233--3(J71

36

st?JutSp.'220-'jo,?A\)l',S9l){)OS3~NOvember \9~9

se~\·\s

'\ :,•.......r ·t:~ n· . · ero' ·~. ' liesearcbInstitu.tC)."oa p t')o .. • . ..

",.r"'.)' p' '.\{ ') .l''\ [ l.·.·.~.·. l:.l..l ..CMidwest Rese:arch

IUbu

wtC

r- l 'i·.\'\i J.5 ·· ·· l~ ' itt \

16\1 ColcBt)U\Cvard

(Jo\d.en.~ (:()

r)......... i". ij., <:\" {';{' {ortheU.S. 1)eparttnent of l!,nerg)'

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