3 Wu 2009 Introduction Institution Culture

8/14/2019 3 Wu 2009 Introduction Institution Culture

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SPECIAL FOCUS:SOCIAL SRAIFICAION IN CHINESE SOCIEIES

GUES EDIOR: WU XIAOGANG

KWOK-BUN_f2_1-16.indd 1KWOK-BUN_f2_1-16.indd 1 9/25/2009 5:22:45 PM9/25/2009 5:22:45 PM


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INRODUCIONINSIUION, CULURE, AND SOCIAL SRAIFICAION:

OWARDS A COMPARAIVE SUDY OF CHINESE SOCIEIES

Wu Xiaogang

Cmpve sly s pl bh sly; s sly sel, s s eses

be pely espve spes s.Emle Dkhem, Te Rules o Sociological Methodology

Introduction

Sl sf eseh s slly el m-pve eepse. Shls hve l bee eese eysmles vs sf pesses ss ees (Gzebm, em Ulee 1991). Whle ms emp-l lyses e se sle y h vls s he

lyss, lss e e mpe ss es; bhsml sy ees he pe sl sfhve bee efe m ee slze es (H DPee 2006), he sy ees e e be he qe sl eme he y (e.., Eks Glhpe 1992; Kekh 1995).

Heve, s es my e my mess, e se he eees e he sl vs h heempl lyses e se p. veme hese pblems,mpve ses esly emply le mbe ses(es) h epese he es vs l sp-s s. Neveheless, sh lyl sey ses m

Te h s hkl he Reseh Gs Cl H K (HKUS-

6424/05H GRF 644208) he Ch Ch-K F IelShlly Ehe (CCK07/08.HSS03) fl spp Mss Gl HeGye eseh ssse. Plese e ll espee X W([email protected]), Sl See Dvs, H K Uvesy See eh-ly (HKUS), Cle We By, Kl, H K SAR.



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4 wu xiaogang

pblems. Fs, he meseme vbles esly besze ss vees sees. Se, hee ess he-e es mpve eseh beee he mbe ses he e h ele es he sl hsl es he he (R 1989). p he le sl emes he sf pess, esehesl elly ee emply he sbsve shs ely mpve ses sees h le smles (se s-sl ls) b e sme key ss plees.

Isl s e e ee h ll s. Tell s e plly elev h espe e,ee eqly, mly ese sb, eeelelshps, peeps ppy. F se, Lee, Psh Wlls (1994) h, espe p em slz,ms ese ls e pve fl spp hepes, hey le h pel slz hh bl-, l, e v he bele fll pey ems s le h e mh ssme. Ch, Xe Y (2006) mfehe hey he sbshp sze el me, eplehe sl hh-e e vlv sbshp sze, ee, bhesy, sey h he e s (Chese) p-hl le, hh mles yplly v bys ve ls. Mee, sle-sey sy, sl ll s elmpe ehe epl he qe pes eqly hesf pess (e.., Ish 1993).

ssh sl ees m ll ees shp- sf pes,1 mpss m Es As seese jsfe he s he meh eee mp-ve lyss (Skpl Smes 1980) he sese h hey shesml vles le b e key spe slemes, le ee sf mes. B, Lee, Psh (1995) eme emle lb e pp -

Ke, hh she seble smly ll vl-es b hve vee m ys he ps ees

1 Cll s e ely esse ely ss-l mpve s-es sl sf bese hey e l mese he empl level.Rhe, hey seve s he e es he v pes bseve mee es.



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introduction 5

em evelpme. Tey hhlhe he sl mp veme ply e l vesme shp he e lb em he es. Y (2006) sbsleee he ees mly ems, p, fm sze, emplyme se mes es e m he lb mke Jp, bble he s sl e-mes beee k mly espsbles sees hshe my ees bese hsl, pll, ll e-m.

I hs e, ses hee Chese sees Es As (m-

l Ch, H K ) e ppel, ve he hhese sees e sbslly ems em evelpmelevel, pll ss, el sysems, lb mke e-l hle he sme me sh Chese le vles.Despe he es em e Gee Ch ve heps ees, e mpss he hee Chese seesbse qve svey sll em be see.2

Changing Inequalities in China, Hong Kong and aiwan Since 1980

Ove he ps ees, ml Ch, H K hve

bee e m em sl hes. Te emems Ch hve lly smle he sls pleemy se 1978. Chs GDP pe p (Phs Pe P-y, PPP heee) hs ssely m US$452 1980 US$5,772 2004,3 h l h b e pee. Teem h hs bee espelly phemel se 1992, heDe Xp lle he mke ems hs ms she Ch. S m h ye, he mke emy hbee lly lemze by he Chese Cmms Pys ely plye esly sf le Chs em h.

2 hs hs klee, hee hve bee mj mpve pjes Chese sees: he fs s he Es As Mle Clsses (EAMC) pjeee by Mhel Hs-H Hs Aem S (Hs 1999). Te hes he Sl I Svey ee by L S-K e l. Chese Uvesy H K (L e l. 2003). Ms ses le he Chese ml,heve.

3 All GDP pe p (PPP) e ee m hp://p.e.pe.e/php_se/p62/p62_m.php.



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introduction 7

Se: hp://p.e.pe.e/php_se/p62/p62_m.php.

Fe 1: Al Gh Re GDP pe Cp, 19802004

ble 1: Cmpve Sss Tee Chese

Ml Ch H K

Ppl 1,314,480,000 6,909,500 22,790,000GDP pe Cp(PPP, US$) 5,772 31,668 21,446

Em Se %

Pmy 11.7 0.1 1.6

Sey 48.9 8.7 26.8

ey 39.4 91.2 71.5

Emplyme se %*

Pmy 42.6 0.3 5.5

Sey 25.2 18.4 36.6

ey 32.2 86.3 57.9

E %

Sey 59.7 51.7 48.2ey 7.2 15.8 32.7

G e e** 0.449* 0.533 0.339

D Ses:hp://.ss.v./hp://.ep.v./hp://.mse.m/eylpe/Emy--H-Khp://.es.v.hk/

Nes: * H K e 2004; ** Ch e 2005.

China HongKong Taiwan

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 YearGDPpercapitagrowthrate



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8 wu xiaogang

k he ll se. Flly, espe he ee eps e bh ml Ch H K se he 1990s,ess hhe e s sll lme bh es mpeh . F se, m hse e 15 bve, ly 7.2pee he Ml 15.8 pee H K, s 32.7 pee , hve eeve ey e.

Ps eseh hs sh h em evelpme s-lz, ple h el eps, hve mp -seqees sl eqly he pess sl sf(em 1970). Whle he phs em h he level

evelpme H K Ml Ch my be mp-ble eh he my spes, bh hve bee mpe by p ese me eqly (Ch Ppek 1981; Kh Rsk 2005), s sh ble 2. Ts efes he ypl veeU-shpe elshp beee em h me s-b bseve my es, mely, h he melevel fs les ese he, bey e p, eese me eqly (Kzes 1955). Te G e e, mm mese me eqly, se m 0.451 1981 0.535 2006 H K (Cess Sss Depme2007), pl he y m he ms eql sees he l ems me sb (W 2007). Chs me sb- s bee. Te G e e ese m 0.295 1980 0.449 2005 he s hle. Ime eqly beee heb l ppls, slze by he hsehl es- sysem (W em 2007), s plly pme:he b-l me pe p, e slh ele heely 1980s, ese mlly se he, m 2.5 1990 3.1 2000 3.2 2005. Wh eeee he ps sls el-sm, hs shp ese me eqly hs se espesl se h es ply mkes (W hm).

, he he h, seves s mel emybe ble m eqble me sb he se

p h. F ms me he 1980s 1990s, he G e-fe eme mmm level 0.3 (S 2008). Eve ee yes he me eqly hs ese, he G e es sll l mpe h ms he es. Te G e e s 0.339 2003 (see ble 2).

Te sss ee es me eqly H K hs eee ebe b he M-shpe sey



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introduction 9

s sl mbly.4 Whle sme es e h, he -e em eess sl es, bh HK e esly plze, f he se he M-shpe sees, hes ee h lle ssl ev-ee sess sh e, mely, y peples lv- ss e he ele sl mbly s blke (L2007, 2007b; Yp F 2007; Yp, L, F 2007). O he heh, he eme mle lss Ch hs ls bee h p

eseh ee yes (L 2009). Me eesly, he e heM-shpe sey, e , s slly sse h he emes h k ple he 1990s, he he mses H K sbseqely me Ml Ch (Ch Lee 1997; Ch L 2004; S 2008).As Fes 2 2b sh, se he le 1980s, bh H K hve esse he m ses shk he seve ses ep ems he she bh GDP -p emplyme, hees Ml Ch, he eps he seve se he ele he ll se ee k- ple he sme me, hle he m se eme

lely sble.

4 Te he M-shpe sey, lly ppse by he Jpese bsessses Keh Ohme (2006), ees he h sl se hh hemle lss lly sppee: vey e membes he mle lss lmbp he le, hle sme hes lly sk he le lsses.

ble 2: Gh GDP pe Cp Ime Ieqly, 19802006

Ch H K

Ye GDP pep US$

G GDP pep US$

G GDP pep US$

G

1980/1981/1983 452 0.295 8472 0.451 4617 0.2871985/1986/1988 877 0.331 13038 0.453 8102 0.3011990/1991/1993 1411 0.357 20764 0.476 12543 0.3141995/1996/1998 2535 0.290 26076 0.518 17416 0.3202000/2001/2003 4002 0.390 27818 0.525 20701 0.3392004/2006/2004 5772 0.449 0.535

D ses: hp://.mse.m/ph/e__-emy--ehp://.e..e/eseh/Dbse/e_GB//



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10 wu xiaogang

Fe 2: Em Se Che, 19802006

D ses: Ch Ssl Yebk 2007hp://.es.v.hk/shbleeel2.jsp?bleID=036 Ssl DBk, 2008

China HongKongTaiwan China HongKongTaiwan

5.0

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

10.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.050.0

year

SeconaryInustry

20.0

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

30.040.050.060.070.080.090.0

100.0

year

TertiaryInustry

China TaiwanHongKong China HongKongTaiwan

10.0

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.040.0

45.0

year

SeconarySector

10.0

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

30.020.0

40.050.060.070.080.0

90.0

year

TertiarySector

Fe 2b: Emplyme Se Che, 19802006



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introduction 11

Sh sl sms hve mp mpls h pes eqly mbly ppes he heesees. Ts spel sse bs ehe fve ppes MlCh, H K, ess ele qess bpvey, he sm he lss se, lss mbly e, hes e/vles b s eqly.

Chinese Inequality in Comparative Perspectives

Sll ses eqly Ch hve she ve heps e ees (B 2002). Me e hs bee p heqe pe eqly shpe by Chese sls sssh s he hukou sysem h ee he l-b ve hedanwei seme he b se (Wle 1986; B 1994; W2002; W em 2007). Gve he emeee e lsses,sh s pve eepees/plss, he sel-emplye, eemplyees he pve se, slss hve eely evve heeess lss (jieji) sses (e he em s (jieceng), hhe mle lss be l p bsev eseh.

Clss s e ep sly. L T-h W X-s le bs lss lyss bk he lyses em

eqly, sl mbly, hes sl se em-py Ch. Tey ppse eee e-M lss shem,k qe Chese ss sh s hukou, dan-wei, he e-ke s ele lss b-es. Bse he lss shem, hey eme he sm he lss se lss eqly Ch se he emems, hey f h he Chese lss se hs she jey plez, plly se 1992. Clss hsbeme he m se me eqly Ch.

O he p L Ws vell esp Chese eql-y, W Fe, s- W Yjs ppe ses

e spe Chs em sl plz he 1990s:he emeee b pvey, msly se by emplyme e-emplyme. W hs sses ep h he emeee pvey b Ch, s my he sees, s ll pe h my ell mke pvey peme ee he slsee Ch, plly m spef ps vls hsehls, hh ll ee e elss ble eqly



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12 wu xiaogang

he sey. A mp ply mpl he fs s he pvey eqes ese el ess, eqehelh e, ee hs s py jbs, hhll bey he mmm lvelh ee pms mle ee yes by he Chese veme.

I H K, pvey llev hs bee py he ve-me se Jly 1, 2003, he me h hl mll H Kzes k p hs ems epess he s-ss h he veme. Te veme hs se p eCmmss Pvey kle he pblem, e-eel

se pvey hs bee lse he p he Cmmsssply e ( 2005). As e s k s mpmes vls se bve pvey levels, h mlys e-m eses e hles shl peme elme hs beme el sse ems he mm-y. Gee ess hhe levels e l hve l-emmp he evl he sl se H K (W2007).

Neveheless, he pbls es b es me sp-y e ly lme he mseble lv s he p;hee e ls es b ees ppes psl mbly he mjy. Ree ssss he vl M-shpe sey shk mle lss my As seese sympm es mj sm pp-y ses. Shls ses h he ll he em he he m he emy hve evese he e lsee sl se, mk sl mbly l. L k-lks lyss bse svey e 2006 shs s s ele he peess H Ks sl se. Peplee sll ble lmb p he sl le. He he ps hhe ses ey seem be he eese pp-es mbly b he eveess e ppes shpeby H Ks em e-s s-em e-

h Ml Ch.I he sy eeel lss mbly, e plys

mp le. Fml shl help hle m sv-e bks he he e. I Chese sees eeby C s, e my be plly vle s-s me sl mbly (H 1967). Whle hee hve bee mpve ses es hs lm emplly, sme evee



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introduction 13

sess h he pesses el pl -me Chese sees mh e m hse esblshe es-e sees (e.., Ch, Xe Y 2006). I pl me ee mbly, mm bele s h Chese emplyes myp me emphss el eels h bles/sklls.sy Rey-M, Yeh Hs-Je Ch Chh-Ch eme heee hm pl he ee mbly ese kes he pve se. Ulke he l mese hm pl yes shl ss me mels sl mbly ly-ss, s e l. empse hm pl e, -he-jb

, fs jb h mel epeee, fm ee. Mespeflly, hey ke he ep msmh sehe yes ve-e es he symbl ee e e-els pms h zs. Te fs em s sml ses e Jp (Ish, Splem S 1997) Ch (Zh Zh 2004).

E, eqly, jb mbly e mp sses lselyele eveyes le epeees. Peples peeps sbjeveeels mh eessly be sse h he bjeve ely sey. F emple, L -lks lyss sess h, hle evee es eese mbly ppy, hee s sll ey m membes H Ks mle lss. Lsess h hs s m he eveess e ppes shpeby H Ks s-em e h Ch. M Whye M G ely ess he sbjeve mes seqly Ch. Whle my lyss Chese veme ls hve ssme h he shply es me eql-y ll le espe se e, hh l psehllees sl pll sbly, Whye Gs lysessh h Chese peples es b ess eql-y e plly s mpe h peple my hees. Me spsly, s eelly he se h he mssve zes (e.., mes) e y b e pes

eqly. Tese e-ve fs my be eple by e bele she by Chese zes h le, e, h k e he key es em sess.

Te mpe sbjeve s shp eqly ess ssse W Xs ee ppe China Quarterly (h-m), hh mpes me eqly sbve jse Chese sees h s sl lees: em



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sls Ch laissez-aire pls H K. W es hhehe me p s le s sbje he mve/vle jmes he pbl. Bh le ss heeeply mp les lemz me eqly. Hs lyses svey llee Ml Ch 2005 H K 2006 evel h bh sees hve vey hh e mveepe me eqly, mpe h he es hvlble , lhh espes Ch ppe be less le- me eqly h espes H K. Fhe-me, bh Ml H K espes e spsly

pms b ppes sl mbly hs s psvelysse h he sese he ess me sb. Teesls m hs mpve sy pve he evee sp-p Whye Gs bsevs me.

le, me sl sf eseh bee llyele he lyss hh-qly svey h e epeseve he eel ppl. Slss he Gee Ch e e e hve ess le-sle svey he slqes. Iee, ll fve les le hs sse e elsvelybse lyses m pbbly smpl sveys, sme hh ee ese el mpve pjes (e.., Sl Che Svey [SCS] Ch Geel Sl Svey[CGSS]). Eve he hemes hese ppes mh be ely m-pble eh he, hey e e smle eseh eess sml ps he sees. O es em sl hes he e ll hs be ehe e ll hvel empl ses he hez ss,le sl sf ss h les.

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Ch, Sephe Ch K Lee. 1997. Ae he Mle: Wme Wk-es e Isl Res H K. Asian Survey 37:752770.



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introduction 15

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