WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Arch. Alpher E. De Vera,Ma.Ed.,uap

WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Water is the most basic and fundamental component of life on earth. Approximately three fourths of the earth's surface is covered by water. Water plays a key role in the metabolic breakdown of essential molecule as proteins and carbohydrates. This process called hydrolysis goes on continually in living cells.

In recent years, ground water has become the central issue in protecting our water resources. Ground water is a great source for supplying our water needs, but it is also one that is susceptible to contamination. Once a ground water is contaminated, it takes decades to recover. As human consumption places greater demands on ground water resources, it becomes increasingly important for us to keep these systems free from contamination.

WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Properties of WaterHeat CapacityWater has the ability to absorb heat without becoming much warmer itself. It has greater heat capacity than any other substance except ammonia.

Surface TensionIt is the ability of water to stick to itself and pull itself together, Water, has an extremely high surface tension. Water molecules cling together so tightly that it can support objects heavier than itself. This can be demonstrated on a dripping tap. As the water drips, each drip cling to the tap, stretches, is released and forms into a tiny ball.

CapillarityIs the ability of water to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity.

Dissolving AbilityWater has the ability to dissolve almost any substance, it is known as a universal solvent,

WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS DefinitionsA. Natural WaterReadily found in nature, as impounded from precipitation, contains impurities (physical, chemical, bacteriological or radiological)

B. Purified WaterWater which undergoes treatment, physical, biological or chemical means to improve water quality. Purification is an artificial means of obtaining chemically pure water.

C. Contaminated WaterWater with any material or substance that affects the quality of water and affects the health of an individual.

D. Polluted WaterWater with the presence of any foreign substance (organic, inorganic, radiological, biological) which tends to degrade its quality so as to constitute health hazard and impair the potability of water.

WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMSE. Hard WaterWater with the presence of elements such as Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (AI) which causes hardness. This is characterized by the difficulty of producing lather from detergents and the presence of scale deposits in pipes and heaters or boilers.

F. Soft WaterWater without the presence of calcium and magnesium. This is characterized by easiness of producing lather from detergents and absence of scale formation in boilers, heaters and pipes.

G. Grey WaterWater from laundries, wash basins, sinks, shower, bathtubs.

H. Black WaterWater-plus-human waste that is flushed out of toilets and urinals.

I. Storm WaterRain, surface run-off

WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Uses of Water1. NourishmentMuch of the human body is water, the most abundant chemical in our body as well as in our diet.2. Cleansing and HygieneWater is a nearly ideal medium for the dissolution and transport of organic waste, and its high heat storage capacity makes the attainment of comfortable temperatures for bathing easy. Much larger quantities of water are used for cleaning than for nourishment.3. Ceremonial UsesLargely through its association with cleaning, water acquired a ceremonial significance that remains particularly evident in religious services. 4. Transportation UsesEven before land transportation was discovered man had already ventured into the water as a transportation medium. Waterways had been developed for this purpose to allow the passage of water vessels and to be able to transport large quantities of goods as well as people.

WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMSUses of Water5. Cooling MediumWater has a remarkable cooling potential: it stores heat readily, removes large quantities of heat when it evaporates, and vaporizes readily at temperatures commonly found at the human skin surface. Water is also used in some devices that need the removal of heat easily and efficiently.6. Ornamental ElementIn almost any landscaping application, indoors or out, water becomes a center of interest. Our association of water with nourishing, cleansing, and cooling make a very powerful design element - a fact recognized by landscape designers throughout history. 7. Protective UsesWater is an essential element in fire protection. The vast quantities of water potentially required for firefighting must be delivered quickly; the result is pipes of enormous sizes regulated by very large valves. Despite its size and guarantee of at least partial exposure in public places, a fire protection water supply system is rarely treated as a visually integral design element.

WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Water Quality1. Physical CharacteristicsWater from surface sources (roof runoff, streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc..) is particularly subject to physical pollutants.

1.1 TurbidityCaused by the presence of suspended materials, such as clay, silt, other inorganic material, plankton's or finely divided organic materials.1 .2 ColorThis is often caused by dissolved organic matter, as from decaying vegetation.1.3 Taste and Odorit can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts, or dissolved gases. This condition can be treated only after a chemical analysis has identified which source is responsible.1.4 TemperatureIn general, water supplied between 50° an; 6O° F is preferred.

WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Water Quality2 Chemical CharacteristicsGround water is particular to chemical alteration, because as it moves downward from the surface it slowly dissolves some minerals contained in rocks and soils.

2.1 AlkalinityThis is caused by bicarbonate, carbonate or hydroxide components. Testing for these components of water's alkalinity is key to which treatments to use.2.2 HardnessHardness is a relative term, hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soaps and detergents, and it deposit scale on the inside of hot water pipes and cooking utensils. Hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium salts and can be classified as temporary (carbonate) and permanent (bicarbonate). Temporary hardness is temporarily removed by heating, it forms scale. pH is a measure of water's hydrogen ion concentration, as well as its relative acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7 is neutral. Measurements below 7 indicate that water is acidic2.3 Toxic SubstancesToxic substances are occasionally present in water supplies. Authorities have established information about concentration of such substances such as arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), Cadmium (Cd), Cyanides (CNN), Fluoride (F), Lead (Pub), Selenium (Se) and Silver (Ag).