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3. US in WWI (Europe and Homefront)
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Transcript of 3. US in WWI (Europe and Homefront)
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Unit 4 Part 3
US in WWI / Homefront
Mr. Klein
Fall 2012
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U.S. Stays Out of War at First
Remember Monroe Doctrine US has strong Isolationist sentiment
Isolationism:
Reluctance to become involved in alliances,wars, or affairs of European nations.
Maintains policy of Neutrality tradeswith both sides
Wilson wins re-election in 1916:
He kept us out of war
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U.S. Stays Out of War at First
Split feelings about supporting Allies:
GB: Strong cultural ties
FR: Helped us win Revolution
BUT
- RUS: Authoritarian regime (Czar)
Incompatible with US belief indemocracy and freedom
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I. Steps Leading US to War
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Problems on the Seas
1. UK Navy blockades Germany stopsdelivery of all supplies
Called Hunger Blockade by Germans no foodcoming ashore for citizens
2. GER uses u-boats to stop ships frombringing supplies to UK
US had been supplying both sides nowmust choose:
$3 billion in trade with allies
$2 million in trade with central powers
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Problems on the Seas
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW)
GER announces it will sink any Alliedships around GB
Warns hard to tell difference b/t Allied andneutral so neutral ships STAY OUT
Violates international law by not givingwarning before attacking civilian ships
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Problems on the Seas (cont.)
US strongly objects to USW
Warns GER that if US ships sunk or US
citizens killed, harsh consequences willresult
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May 1, 1915 - Lusitania
128 Americans die GER promises to stop USW
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March 24, 1916Sussex
French passenger ship torpedoed w/ US on board US threatens to cut diplomatic relations with GER
GER issues Sussex Pledge warn before attack
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Sussex Pledge Violated
Feb 1, 1917 Germany Announces theywill resume USW
Knows US will join war now
Believes can defeat British and AmericanNavies with U-boats
Believes can win war before US will be ready
to make an impact in FR
Feb 3, 1917 US severs diplomaticrelations with GER
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Zimmerman Note
February 1917:
GB sends US a copy of an intercepted
telegram from GER to Mexico
Telegram asks Mexico to become GERally and make war with US
Terms are that Mexico will reclaim TX,AZ and NM after war
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ZIMMERMAN NOTE
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Russia Leaves War
Revolution of February 1917 throws CzarNicholas II out of power
Provisional democratic govt set up
Removes US opposition to siding with Czar
Russia has taken HORRID casualties
Second (Communist) revolution will followin October
Russia leaves war in Oct 1917
Treaty ofBrest-Litovsk (very unfavorable terms)
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Final Straw for US Neutrality
Germany U-boats sink 3 US shipsbetween March 16-18, 1917
City of Memphis
Illinois
Vigilancia
Aztecalso sunk April 2, 1917
US sets up convoy system for shipping: Send groups of merchant ships escorted by
Naval ships for protection
US declares warApril 6, 1917
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II. US Enters WarThe Great War
The War to End All WarsThe War to Make the World Safe for Democracy
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US Preparedness To Fight
US NOT prepared for war: Total of 200,000 soldiers (many still in training)
Very few guns!
3rd largest Navy in world but 60% of shipsneed repairs and only 10% have enough crew!
No planes or tanks!
Congress Passes Selective Service Act:
Sets up mandatory draft registration for men21-30 (later expanded to 18-41)
4.8 million men in service by end of war
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While Getting Ready:
US sends 14,500 troops to FranceAmerican Expeditionary Force (AEF)
Commanded by Gen. John J. Pershing (Blackjack)
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GeneralJohn J. Pershing
Blackjack
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While Getting Ready:
US sends 14,500 troops to FranceAmerican Expeditionary Force (AEF)
Commanded by Gen. John J. Pershing (Blackjack)
American soldiers called Yanks or Doughboys Will swell to over 2 million by 1918
US also provides immediate help with:
Naval support Supplies
$3 billion in loans
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Mission of AEF:
Pershing does not want US troops undercontrol of Allied (FR and UK) commanders
Wants US forces used forOFFENSIVEactions
Promises 1 million troops by 1918
FR and UK NOT happy want more menIMMEDIATELY but US cannot provide
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2nd Battle of the Marne (Chateau-Theirry)
1st Major battle for US (July 18,1918)
GER launches large offensive on 7/15/1918
Trying to crush Allies before US fully mobilized
50 miles from Paris US leads counter-offensive at Chateau-Thierry
Surprise attack (no advance artillery barrage)
Despite being outnumbered, US refuses toretreat and breaks German lines
US loses of troops that fight
First big gain of year by Allies on Western Front
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67,000 American Casualties
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Memorial at Chateau-Thierry
Th U lik l W H
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The Unlikely War Hero:
Cher AmiDear Friend
Th L t B tt li
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The Lost Battalion:
Cher AmiDear Friend
Meuse-Argonne Offensive September 1918
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Lost Battalion
550 US soldiers make up center of assaultforce near Argonne Forest (France)
Units on both sides stopped by Germans
Center of force surrounded by enemy troops
6 days with no resupply or reinforcement
Crawl through enemy fire to get stream water
Eat leaves, roots, etc.
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Lost Battalion
Begins being hit by friendly artillery fire
No Radios all runners captured or killed
Try to send messages by carrier pigeon butGermans were shooting them all down
Down to ONE final pigeon (Cher Ami)
Send one last message:
We are along the road parallel to 276.4. Ourown artillery is dropping a barrage directly on
us. For heaven's sake, stop it!
Th U lik l W H
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The Unlikely War Hero:
Shot down stunned but
takes flight again: Shot through breast Blinded in one eye
Bleeding profusely Leg hanging by atendon
Delivers message and
artillery stops
Doctors save his life butnot his leg
Awarded Croix de Guerre
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Lost Battalion
Once bombardment stops Germans attackin force
Despite 70% of soldiers being killed, trapped
soldiers repel German assault
190 soldiers rescued
Meuse-Argonne Assault successful andGermans sent into retreat
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ARMISTICE
On Nov 6, 1918 GER asks for cease fire to
negotiate terms of peace
Kaiser Wilhelm has abdicated
Wilson has publically outlined his Fourteen
Points for peace Germans felt its terms fair More on Fourteen Points later
Armistice signed 11/11/1918 at 11:00 pm
KNOW THIS DATE!!
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III. US Homefront
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Three Main Issues
1. Mobilizing Industry
2. Financing the War
3. Controlling Public Opinion
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A. Mobilizing Industry
US and Allies need TONS of supplies,equipment, ammunition, etc.
Congress gives Wilson broad powers to
control economy
Creates:
War Industries Board Food Administration
Fuel Administration
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1. War Industries Board
Very broad powers:
How to distribute of rawmaterials
Tells manufacturerswhat they must produce
Sets prices
Succeeded in
effectively supplyingwar
What economic system
does this resemble? Bernard Baruch
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a. Ensuring Factories Keep Running
4.8 million men out of workforce (military)
Women and African-Americans fill jobs
normally reserved for white men
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b. Organized Labor in the War Effort
Samuel Gompers assures govt that AF of Lwill not strike during war
Eugene Debs uses war as chance to advance
anti-capitalist, anti-war opinions of SocialistParty:
IWW becomes prime target for Government
investigations and arrests of political radicals
Citizens take to vigilante justice intimidating,whipping and lynching IWW members
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2. Fuel Administration
Goals:
Increase fuelproduction (esp. coal)
Reduce non-industrialconsumption
Implements daylightsavings time
Encourages the publicto observe gasless
days
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3. Food Administration
Goal:
Conserve meat, wheatsugar and fats for troops
Increase production
Headed by HerbertHoover
Why Hoover?
Herbert Hoover
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3. Food Administration
Hoover is international
celebrity for aid to Belgium: In 1914, Belgium is starving
(imported of food)
Now food cut off by GermanArmy and GB naval blockade
7 million lives at risk
Hoover has international
shipping experience (worksin mining)
Heads Commission for
Relief in Belgium Herbert Hoover
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3. Food Administration
CRB:
Like a pseudo-govt ofprivate charity:
Had own flag
Negotiated treaties withwarring nations
Budget of nearly $1 billion(all privately donated)
Responsible for feeding9.5 million civilians inBelgium and occupiedFrance
Herbert Hoover
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3. Food Administration
CRB experience leadsHoover to believe inVoluntary measures
Chooses NOT to rationor use price controls
Voluntary Conservation:
Meatless Mondays Wheatless Wednesdays
Victory Gardens
Herbert Hoover
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3. Food Administration
Hoover would also headAmerican ReliefAssociation (ARA) afterWWI
Spearhead food reliefefforts in Russia
Herbert Hoover savedmore lives than anyperson who has everlived.
Historian Bertrand Patenaude Herbert Hoover
B Financing the War
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B. Financing the War
War will be EXPENSIVE
By end, calculated to cost $1 million perHOUR
Govt Adopts two-pronged approach:
War Revenue Act of 1917
Raises individual and corporate taxes
Top individual rate from 15% to 77% Sell Liberty Bonds
Voluntary loans by citizens to govt for war costs
Repaid after war with interest
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B Financing the War
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B. Financing the War
In the end, Bond drive very successful
66% of war financing comes from LibertyBond sales (about $20 billion)
33% comes from taxes (about $10 billion)
Approximately $30 billion spent on war
C Controlling Public Opinion
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C. Controlling Public Opinion
Wilson creates Committee on PublicInformation to sell war to public viapropaganda
Laws passed limiting anti-govt or anti-warspeech
1 Committee on Public Information
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1. Committee on Public Information
Govt propaganda
agency
Headed by GeorgeCreel
Attempted to createpatriotism and pro-war
sentiment Demonized enemy
1. Committee on Public Information
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1. Committee on Public Information
Tools used by CPI:
Posters
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1. Committee on Public Information
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1. Committee on Public Information
Tools used by CPI:
Posters
Films
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1. Committee on Public Information
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1. Committee on Public Information
Tools used by CPI:
Posters
Films
Four Minute Men
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1. Committee on Public Information
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1. Committee on Public Information
Tools used by CPI:
Posters
Films
Four Minute Men Voluntary censorship of press
Removal of all things German (music,
paintings, foods) from public life Frankfurters = Hot Dogs
Hamburgers = Liberty Sandwiches
Sauerkraut = Liberty Cabbage
1. Committee on Public Information
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Co ttee o ub c o at o
Created flurry of anti-immigrant sentiment
Liberty Leagues in most communities:
Encouraged volunteers to spy on neighborswith foreign (esp. German) last names andreport suspicious speech or activities toJustice Dept.
Pressured all immigrants to outwardlydemonstrate loyalty to avoid suspicion
2. Laws Limiting Speech
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g pEspionage Act of 1917:
Illegal to interfere with the war effort orwith military recruitment
Eugene Debs jailed for violation
Sedition Act of 1918: Actually an expansion of Espionage Act
Illegal to use disloyal, critical or abusive
language about the govt, flag, or armedforces.
What about First Amendment????
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The Human Toll of WWI
CountryTotal
Mobilized Killed WoundedPrisoners and
MissingTotal
CasualtiesCasualties as% of Forces
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ForcesMissing Casualties % of Forces
ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS
Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3
British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8
France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 73.3
Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1
United States 4,800,000 116,516 204,002 4,500 323,018 7.1
Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2
Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4
Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8
Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9
Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 11.7
Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3
Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0
TOTAL 42,188,810 5,142,631 12,800,706 4,121,090 22,062,427 52.3
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CountryTotal Mobilized
ForcesKilled Wounded
Prisoners andMissing
TotalCasualties
Casualties as% of Forces
Central Powers
Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9
Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0
Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2
Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2
TOTAL 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4
GRANDTOTAL
65,038,810 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,750,919 37,466,904 57.5