3. Slip and Rotor frequency of IM The revolving magnetic field of the stator of 3 phase IM rotates...
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Transcript of 3. Slip and Rotor frequency of IM The revolving magnetic field of the stator of 3 phase IM rotates...
3. Slip and Rotor frequency of IMThe revolving magnetic field of the stator of 3 phase IM rotates in a given direction (clockwise/counter based on the phase sequence of supplied voltage) with synchronous speed Ns.
The rotor of 3 phase induction motor starts running in the direction of rotating magnetic field.
At standstill, rotor conductors are being cut by rotating flux at synchronous speed. At this instant, frequency f2
of rotor emf and current is equal to the supply frequency f1.
When the rotor rotates at a speed nr in the direction of rotating field, the relative speed between synchronously rotating stator flux and rotor conductors becomes:-
In practice the rotor never succeeds in catching up with the stator field.
If it really did so, then, there would be no relative speed between the two; hence no rotor emf, no rotor current, and so no torque to maintain rotation.
That is why, in the rotor windings emf and current are induced and the rotor develops torque .
The difference in speeds depends upon the load on the motor .
rss nNn Where, ns - Slip speed
Ns - synch.speed
nr – rotor speed
Therefore, frequency of the rotor emf is:-
,rps
Slip is defined as
22
rs nNpf
rss
rs nSNN
nNS
1;
We know that,
12
2
1
1
2
,2
,2
Sff
pSNf
rpspN
f
rpsp
fN
s
s
s
T
hu
s, t
he
freq
uen
cy o
f th
e ro
tor
emf
and
cu
rren
t in
an
in
du
ctio
n
mo
tor
f2 =
Sf 1
; an
d f
2 i
s ca
lled
th
e sl
ip f
req
uen
cy.
Stator field speed
Rotor
speed
Relative
speed slip Rotor emf
Ns 0 Ns 1 E2
Ns 0.4Ns 0.6Ns 0.6 0.6E2
Ns 0.8Ns 0.2Ns 0.2 0.2E2
Rotor emf, current and power of IMAt standstill, relative speed between magnetic field of the stator and rotor conductors is synchronous speed of the field Ns and slip S = 1. Let the per phase induced emf in rotor circuit at this moment be E2.
In general, for any value of slip S, the per phase generated emf in the rotor conductors is SE2
2212
2212
44.4
44.4
NKSfE
NKfSSE
w
w
212 2 Lf
212222 22 LSfLfSSXX
• Rotor leakage reactance at standstill is:-
• Rotor leakage reactance at any slip:-
• Rotor leakage impedance at standstill:-
222
22 XrZ
• Rotor leakage impedance at any slip is:-
22222 SXrZ
• Per phase rotor current at standstill:-
• Per phase rotor current at any slip:-
• Per phase power input to rotor is:-
• Where,
pg – the power transferred from stator to rotor across the air gap.
θ - power factor angle of the rotor which I2 lugs E2.
θ - arc tan
22
22
2
2
22
Xr
E
Z
EI
22
2
2
2
22
22
22
XSr
E
SXr
SEI
222 cosIEPg
2
2
r
SX
222 cosIEPg
22
2
2
2
22
2
2
22 ..
Xsr
sr
Xsr
EEPg
X2
r2/SSX2 = X2`
r2
Z2
E2 2
22
2
2
2
2
22cos
XSr
Sr
Z
r
Rotor equivalent circuit
22
2
2
2
22
2
2
22 ..
Xsr
sr
Xsr
EEPg
s
rIPg
22
2 .
Pg can be expressed in an other way
s
sIrIsrIP
s
srIrI
s
rIP
g
g
222
222
22
2222
22
222
1
s
g
s
g
r
Me
P
s
sPPT
1
1
s
rIs
rIP
Tsss
ge
222
222
.1
sPSPP
ss
rI
s
rSIP
ggg
g
1
1222
222
gSPWhere, - rotor ohmic loss
- internal mechanical power
developed in the rotor Mg PsP 1
s
srIsPP gM
11 2
22
ss
PSP M
g .1
• Thus from rotor Equivalent circuit of IM, ohmic loss in the rotor circuit is equal to slip times power input to the rotor. i.e.
gSPrI 222
Internal Torque (gross) developed per phase is:_
s
g
s
g
r
Me
P
s
sPPT
1
1
sec/,2 radN ss
sec/,2 1 revP
fN s
sec/,4
, 1 radP
fThus s
Where,
• OR,
Power output at the shaft can be obtained from Pg
Pshaft = PM – Pmech loss (friction & windage)
Pshaft = Pg – (rotor ohmic loss + fric. & windage)
s
rIs
rIP
Tsss
ge
222
222
.1
s
rI
NT
se
222.2
1
• Output or shaft torque is –
• If the stator input is known, then, air gap power is –
statorstatorlossing corelossRIPP 2
s
shaft
r
shaftshaft s
PPT
1
Losses and efficiency of 3-phase IM• There are two major losses in 3-phase IM. 1) Fixed losses (Rotational losses) 2) Variable losses Fixed losses – are usually taken to be constant at a constant speed over the normal working range of the IM; even though friction losses may vary slightly with load and speed. Fixed losses are composed of:-
a) Core losses - are a function of speed and flux - Hyteresis loss –-
- Eddy current loss –
fVBKP xhh
t
VfBtKPe222
1
fVBKP xhh
VfBtKPe222
1
where, – is constant for a given iron used. - flux density raised to Steinmetz exponent, and the value of x is 1.6 – 2.00
– frequency of flux
- volume of iron used.
– eddy current constant for the conductive material used.
– thickness of the conductive material used.
b) Mechanical loss
- Friction losses ( bearing & brush friction in WRIMs) - Windage losses.
hKxB
f
V
1K
t
• Under usual working conditions, the rotor current of 3-phase IMs is of very low frequency. As a result, rotor core losses which are almost proportional to frequency squared are negligible.
• Fixed losses (rotational losses) of IMs can be obtained directly by performing no-load test on the IM.
Fixed losses = (Pinput– I2R stator loss) at no-load
Variable losses – The value of these losses vary with load variation and are composed of:-
a) Stator ohmic losses
b) Rotor ohmic losses
c) Brush contact losses for WRIMs only
d) Stray load losses – are losses due to step harmonics, skin effect losses in stator conductors and iron losses in structural parts of machines.
• The stator and rotor ohmic losses (total ohmic loss) can be obtained from block rotor test.
• The brush contact loss for WRIMs and stray losses are very small & can be taken as 0.5 – 1% of the total losses.
• Power flow diagram of IM.
Power input
Pin = √3VlIlcosθ
Stator I 2R loss
Stator core lossR
otor I 2R loss
Rotor core lossFriction and w
indage loss
Pg
Rotor input power
PM
Shaft powerMech. power developed
eout TP
• Efficiency of IM.• Actually, the IM experiences a change in rotor speed with load as well
as a change in the rotor frequency resulting from the speed change. i.e. neither the rotational losses (which are a functions of speed and frequency ) nor the stator and rotor electrical losses ( which are functions of load) are constant.
• However, the efficiency of a 3-phase induction motor is:-
%100var
PPP
P
PP
P
fixedoutput
output
lossesoutput
output
%100input
output
P
P %1001
losses
out
P
P
Phasor diagram of IM• An IM is similar to transformers in many respects.
• IM at stand still
• Application of 3-phase balanced voltage at frequency f1to the stator winding causes the development of rotating magnetic field; which induces rotor and stator emfs.
• Line frequency f1 appears in E2 also, because rotor is at stand still.
• The emf ratio for the IM is:-
2212
1111
44.4
44.4
NKfE
NKfE
w
w
2
11
2
2
1
w
wEE
KN
KN
• Where, Kw1 and Kw2 are stator and rotor winding distribution factors.
• Stator and rotor windings which obviously possess resistances and reactance are treated as transformer primary and secondary windings.
• Thus, the phasor diagram and equivalent circuit of a three-phase IM are almost similar to those in a trans-r. The main differences are;
- Appearance of winding factors Kw1 and Kw2 in the
voltage ratio in IMs.
- The no-load current in IM varies from 30-50% of full load current, where as in transformers it varies from 2-6% of the full load current. This is because, the resultant flux in IM completes its path through high reluctance air-gap.
• Phasor diagram of IM at standstill.
E1
E2=I2Z2
I2
I2r2
jI2 x
2
фIm
Ic
-I2
I1
V1= -E1
I1r1
jI 1x 1
Io
θ1
θ2
• Pasor diagram of IM at full load slip
E1
фIm
Ic
I1
V1= -E1
I1r1
jI 1x 1
V1
I0
θ0
E2
I2
jI2 x
2
I2r2
θ1
θ2
Observe that, • the power factor angle at stand still condition is large. i.e. the
stator power factor at starting is very poor.
• At normal operating slip, θ1 is small. The rotor voltage equation now becomes SE2 = I2(r2 + jX2) and it is illustrated in the phasor diagram.
θ1