3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality...
Transcript of 3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality...
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
INSIDE THIS CCR: GOVERNM
OUR PEOPLE
CCR: Government Mandated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Our People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Our Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2A Commitment to Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Quality Service in Every Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Source Water Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Where Does My Water Come From? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6System Information for 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6The Water Treatment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Water Quality Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Water Word Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Board of DirectorsA. Jackie Robinson, III
Chairman/PresidentSherry W. Lewis
First Vice ChairmanAnthony L. Barnes
Second Vice ChairmanDavid S. Herring
Secretary-TreasurerAnn D. Florie
Assistant Secretary-Treasurer
EnviroLab ManagementAnton Jones, Sr., MSM, REM
Manager of EnviroLab/Water QualityDrusilla Hudson, CSEM
Quality Control OfficerJerry Horncastle
Chief Chemist
Executive StaffMac Underwood, CPA
General ManagerDarryl R. Jones, P.E.
Assistant General Manager Operations and Technical Services
T.M. “Sonny” Jones, IV, P.E. Assistant General Manager Engineering and Maintenance
Michael Johnson, CPA Assistant General Manager Finance and Administration
Regulatory Compliance Lori Brown
Regulatory Compliance Coordinator
Water Treatment Joel Rhaly
Water Treatment Manager
The Birmingham Water Works Board (BWWB), like water utilities across the U.S., is required by the Environmental Protection Agency to send its cus-tomers this water quality report or Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) each year. In 1996, Congress amended the Safe Drinking Water Act by adding a provision requiring all community water systems to deliver to their cus-tomers an annual water quality report, or CCR, which contains information on the water sys-tem’s source water, the levels of any detected contaminants, compliance with drinking water rules and other educational information. In 2011, as in years past, the BWWB met all state and federal regulations for water quality.
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INSIDE THIS REPORT CCR: GOVERNMENT MANDATED
OUR PEOPLE
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
WHAT YOU NEE
OUR MISSION
A COMMITMENT What is the Consumer Confidence Report? The Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) is an annual report required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the water quality of a particular water system such as the BWWB. The report details and out-lines contaminants and their levels in drinking water.For whom is this report produced? The CCR is produced for customers and wholesalers of the BWWB and ensures that everyone is provided safe drinking water. How much does it cost to receive this report? This report is free of charge to all customers and stakeholders of the BWWB.Why am I getting this report? The BWWB is federally mandated by the EPA to provide this information to you. The Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) en-forces these rules for the EPA. Regulated drinking water substances that were detected during the 2011 calendar year are provided in the chart. Where can I get additional copies of this report? You may obtain additional copies of the CCR at the BWWB Customer Service Center, by mail (upon request) or by visiting www.birminghamwater-works.com. For questions concerning the CCR, please call Lori Brown at 205-244-4206.What authorities regulate contaminant levels? In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, the EPA and ADEM prescribe regulations that limit the amount of certain substances in water provided by public water systems.
The Birmingham Water Works Board is committed to providing the highest quality water and service to our customers and our entire service area. As a con-cerned corporate citizen, we are responsive to the needs of the entire commu-nity and strive to maintain, preserve and conserve our precious water resources in order to ensure adequate water quality and supply for future generations.
2011 Awards:
• The Alabama Water and Pollution Control Association (AWPCA) awarded Western and Putnam Filter Plants with its Award of Excellence for operations achieved during 2011.
• AWPCA presented the BWWB with the Best Operated Plant Award for the outstanding operation in their Distribu-tion System.
• AWPCA presented the BWWB with its Three Year Award for Best Operated Plant for consecutively achieving outstanding opera-tions in the Distribution System.
• The Partnership for Safe Drinking Water awarded Carson Filter Plant the Five-Year Directors’ Award for exceptional operations leading to greater water quality.
2010 Awards:
• The Partnership for Safe Drinking Wa-ter awarded Putnam Filter Plant the Five-Year Directors’ Award for out-standing operations leading to supe-rior water quality.
• ADEM presented Western Filter Plant with the Plant Optimization Award, which is based on excellence in operations that maxi-mize public health, for the seventh consecutive year.
• ADEM presented Putnam Filter Plant with its Four Year Optimized Plant Award for consistently surpassing regulatory re-quirements for water quality and provid-ing safe drinking water for customers.
• The Alabama Water and Pollution Control Association (AWPCA) presented Carson, Putnam and Western Filter Plants with its Award of Excellence for efficiency in water delivery.
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WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
OUR MISSION
A COMMITMENT TO WATER QUALITY
The Birmingham Water Works Board has open meetings monthly at its main office located at 3600 First Avenue N., Birmingham, AL 35222. Meeting dates and times are posted on our Web site and at our main office. The Board welcomes public input and comments during its meetings. For questions, please call 205-244-4000 or visit www.birminghamwaterworks.com.
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
QUALITY SERVICE IN EVERY DROPQuality Water Our treatment plants consistently produce some of the highest quality water in the nation. Starting with good sources of water and treating it to the highest degree possible with up-to-date treatment facilities, these plants operate around the clock, seven days a week to ensure that the quality of wa-ter we deliver to our customers is the best. We, as well as our families, drink the water we serve you. We take our commitment to water quality very
seriously. Our treatment plant operators continuously sample and test the water during all stages of treatment to ensure nothing is over-
looked when it comes to our water quality. Our treatment plant operators also work closely with the chemists and
biologists on water quality testing at our main testing facility, the EnviroLab. Information from the EnviroLab is used to tweak and adjust the treatment process in order to maximize treatment efficiency. Positioned in the back of our main campus, the EnviroLab is one of the largest utility-owned certi-fied laboratories in Alabama. The 7,000-square foot laboratory accommodates microbiological testing, organic testing and inorganic testing required by the Alabama Department of Environmental Manage-ment. EnviroLab technicians collect samples of water from all over the BWWB’s service area to make cer-
tain water quality is at the top of the list in the water distribution system. Throughout the year, chemists in
the lab run more than 100,000 water quality tests on samples collected. Our EnviroLab team is consis-tently testing treated and untreated water to assure the quality of water supplied to customers exceeds
all government regulations. It is our responsibility to make sure that we do all that we can to provide customers in Birmingham and surrounding areas with a high quality water resource for their day-to-day activities. It is our goal to remain consistent in providing a quality system, quality service and quality water.
QUALITY SERVICE IN EVERY DROPQuality System Quality, Quality, Quality! It is in our system, in our service, and especially in the water you drink. Customers never have to rethink the safety of what they are consuming. The Birmingham Water Works Board takes pride in knowing customers’ water supply needs are always met. From the time the Water Board was created in the 1950s until today, our company has spent millions of dollars on projects to help ensure the highest quality of water treatment. One of our most recent projects is the upgrade to the Shades Mountain Filter Plant. It is one of the largest capital improvement projects ever undertaken by the Birmingham Water Works Board and it is nearing the final stages of construction. The ongoing project includes new piping and electrical work, a fin-ished water pump station, an intermediate pump sta-tion and two 6 million-gallon clearwells. The clearwells provide additional space for water storage at the plant to meet peak water usage needs and also guarantees that customers will receive an uninterrupted supply of the highest quality water. The new finished water pump station will support the constant growth of the BWWB service area and demands within the existing service areas. The new pumps will support operations for the next 30-50 years improving reli-able water delivery.
Quality Service Water is an essential element of everyday life. Did you know that the average resident uses over 100,000 gallons of water indoors and outdoors during the year? Every year the BWWB receives multiple awards for our exceptional operations leading to greater water quality. The service provided to the citizens in our service area speaks for itself. Daily, we strive to put quality in everything we do. This year the BWWB earned the Alabama Water and Pollution Control Association’s (AWPCA) Three Year Award. The award gives recognition to our successful achievement of outstanding operations in our water distribution system for three years in a row. We have been supplying reliable water to our customers for more than 137 years and we would not fathom the thought of compromising quality now.
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Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
SOURCE WATE THE WATER TR
WHERE DOESABBREVIATIONSYSTEM INFOR
Service Area Map
A source water assessment has been updated for the water system. It is available for review at the BWWB’s main office during normal business hours. The following is a list of the sources of raw water along with the susceptibility rating of the contaminant source and the contaminant sources:
• Inland Lake – low susceptibility (septic tank); moderate sus-ceptibility (boat launch)
• Cahaba River – moderate susceptibility (highways, secondary roads and railroad)
• Mulberry Fork – moderate susceptibility (septic tanks and propane tanks); high suscepti-bility (industrial facility, bridge and highway)
• Sipsey Fork - moderate susceptibility (power plant)
The Birmingham Water Works Board is making a maximum effort to physi-cally protect all of our critical assets.
Black Warrior Basin • Sipsey Fork • Mulberry Fork
• Inland Lake / Blackburn Fork
Cahaba Basin • Big Cahaba River • Little Cahaba River • Lake Purdy
1. Intake - Water is taken from the source. Fish, plants and other debris are screened out and water is drawn into the treatment plant.
2. Chemical Addition - Chemicals are added to kill germs, remove odor and improve taste.
3. Mixing - Water and chemicals are rapidly mixed.
4. Coagulation & Flocculation - The particles stick together and form larger particles called floc.
5. Sedimentation - The water and floc particles flow into a sedimentation basin. The floc then settles to the bottom and is removed from the water.
6. Filtration - Water flows through filters. The filters are made of lay-ers of sand and gravel.
7. Disinfection - A small amount of chlorine or other disinfecting chemical is added to kill any re-maining germs and keep the water safe as it travels to your house.
8. Storage - Water is placed in a closed tank or clearwell.
9. Distribution - Water is transported to houses. The BWWB delivers an average of 100 million gallons of water per day.
• Gallons of water produced each day: 102.36 million*• People served: 600,000*• Square miles in service area: 759*• Miles of water main (pipes) in system: 3,970* *Approximations
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NA: Not ApplicableND: Not Detected
CDC: Centers for Disease ControlNTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
EPA: Environmental Protection AgencyADEM: Alabama Department of Environmental Management
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT THE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
WHERE DOES MY WATER COME FROM?
ABBREVIATIONSSYSTEM INFORMATION FOR 2011
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012W
ATER
QUAL
ITY D
ATA
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WAT
ER QU
ALIT
Y DAT
A
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012W
ATER
QUAL
ITY D
ATA
• T
he m
ost
rece
nt t
estin
g fo
r Le
ad a
nd C
oppe
r C
ompl
ianc
e w
ithin
the
dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
was
from
June
– S
epte
mbe
r 20
10.
Thi
s te
stin
g w
as d
one
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith a
pplic
able
reg
ulat
ions
. T
he 9
0th
perc
entil
e le
ad s
ampl
e w
as <
0.00
5 m
g/L.
N
o le
ad s
ampl
es e
xcee
ded
the
actio
n le
vel.
The
90t
h pe
rcen
tile
copp
er s
ampl
e w
as 2
8.8
mg/
L.
No
copp
er
sam
ples
exc
eede
d th
e ac
tion
leve
l.
• T
he B
WW
B vo
lunt
arily
mon
itors
for
the
orga
nism
s cr
ypto
spor
idiu
m a
nd g
iard
ia q
uart
erly
at
our
raw
wat
er s
ites.
• T
he B
WW
B us
es a
cryl
amid
e ba
sed
poly
mer
s in
its
solid
s ha
ndlin
g op
erat
ions
.
• O
n A
pril
27, 2
011,
torn
ado
dam
age
caus
ed p
ower
failu
res
that
res
ulte
d in
a lo
ss o
f wat
er p
ress
ure.
A b
oil w
ater
not
ice
was
issu
ed fo
r th
e af
fect
ed a
rea
of o
ur w
ater
sys
tem
. On
May
2nd
, the
sys
tem
was
res
tore
d to
nor
mal
ope
ratio
n.
• If
pres
ent,
elev
ated
leve
ls o
f lea
d ca
n ca
use
seri
ous
heal
th p
robl
ems,
espe
cial
ly fo
r pr
egna
nt w
omen
and
you
ng c
hild
ren.
Le
ad in
dri
nkin
g w
ater
is p
rim
arily
from
mat
eria
ls a
nd c
ompo
nent
s as
soci
ated
with
ser
vice
line
s an
d ho
me
plum
bing
. T
he B
irm
ingh
am W
ater
Wor
ks B
oard
(BW
WB)
is r
espo
nsib
le f
or p
rovi
ding
hig
h qu
ality
dri
nkin
g w
ater
, but
can
not
cont
rol t
he v
arie
ty o
f mat
eria
ls u
sed
in p
lum
bing
com
pone
nts.
Whe
n yo
ur w
ater
has
bee
n si
ttin
g fo
r se
vera
l hou
rs, y
ou
can
min
imiz
e th
e po
tent
ial f
or le
ad e
xpos
ure
by fl
ushi
ng y
our
tap
for
30 s
econ
ds t
o 2
min
utes
bef
ore
usin
g w
ater
for
drin
king
or
cook
ing.
If yo
u ar
e co
ncer
ned
abou
t le
ad in
you
r w
ater
, you
may
wis
h to
hav
e yo
u w
ater
tes
ted.
Info
rma-
tion
on le
ad in
dri
nkin
g w
ater
, tes
ting
met
hods
and
ste
ps y
ou c
an t
ake
to m
inim
ize
expo
sure
is a
vaila
ble
from
the
Saf
e D
rink
ing
Wat
er H
otlin
e or
at
http
:ww
w/e
pa.g
ov/s
afew
ater
/lead
.
• Ba
sed
on a
stu
dy c
ondu
cted
by
AD
EM w
ith t
he a
ppro
val o
f the
EPA
, a s
tate
wid
e w
aive
r fo
r th
e m
onito
ring
of a
sbes
tos
and
diox
in w
as is
sued
. Thu
s, m
onito
ring
for
thes
e co
ntam
inan
ts w
as n
ot r
equi
red.
10 11
WAT
ER QU
ALIT
Y DAT
A
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012W
ATER
QUAL
ITY D
ATA
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WAT
ER QU
ALIT
Y DAT
A
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
ADDI
TIONA
L INF
ORM
WAT
ER QU
ALIT
Y DAT
A
A
ll dr
inki
ng w
ater
, inc
ludi
ng b
ottle
d w
ater
, may
rea
sona
bly
be e
xpec
ted
to c
onta
in a
t le
ast
smal
l am
ount
s of
som
e co
n-ta
min
ants
. The
pre
senc
e of
con
tam
inan
ts d
oes
not
nece
ssar
-ily
indi
cate
tha
t w
ater
pos
es a
hea
lth r
isk.
Mor
e in
form
atio
n ab
out
cont
amin
ants
and
pot
entia
l he
alth
effe
cts
can
be o
b-ta
ined
by
calli
ng t
he E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy’s
Saf
e D
rink
ing
Wat
er H
otlin
e at
1-8
00-4
26-4
791.
T
he s
ourc
es o
f dri
nkin
g w
ater
(bot
h ta
p w
ater
and
bot
tled
wat
er) i
nclu
de r
iver
s, la
kes,
stre
ams,
pond
s, re
serv
oirs
, spr
ings
an
d w
ells
. As
wat
er t
rave
ls o
ver
the
surf
ace
of t
he l
and
or
thro
ugh
the
grou
nd, i
t di
ssol
ves
natu
rally
occ
urri
ng m
iner
als
and
radi
oact
ive
mat
eria
l, an
d it
can
pick
up
subs
tanc
es r
esul
t -in
g fr
om t
he p
rese
nce
of a
nim
als
or fr
om h
uman
act
ivity
.
So
me
peop
le m
ay b
e m
ore
vuln
erab
le to
con
tam
inan
ts in
dr
inki
ng w
ater
than
the
gene
ral p
opul
atio
n. P
eopl
e w
ho a
re
imm
uno-
com
prom
ised
, suc
h as
can
cer
patie
nts
unde
rgo-
ing
chem
othe
rapy
, org
an t
rans
plan
t re
cipi
ents
, peo
ple
with
H
IV/A
IDS
or o
ther
imm
une
syst
em d
isor
ders
, som
e el
derl
y pe
ople
and
infa
nts
can
be p
artic
ular
ly a
t ri
sk fo
r in
fect
ion.
Peop
le a
t ri
sk s
houl
d se
ek a
dvic
e ab
out
drin
king
wat
er
from
the
ir h
ealth
car
e pr
ovid
ers.
EPA
/ C
DC
gui
delin
es
on a
ppro
pria
te m
eans
to
less
en t
he r
isk
of i
nfec
tion
by
cryp
tosp
orid
ium
and
oth
er m
icro
bial
con
tam
inan
ts a
re
avai
labl
e fr
om t
he S
afe
Dri
nkin
g W
ater
Hot
line
at 1
-800
-42
6-47
91. F
or f
urth
er i
nfor
mat
ion,
con
tact
the
Jef
fers
on
Cou
nty
Hea
lth D
epar
tmen
t at
205
-933
-911
0.
14 15ADDI
TIONA
L INF
ORMA
TION F
OR YO
UR HE
ALTH
WAT
ER QU
ALIT
Y DAT
A
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012W
ATER
QUAL
ITY D
ATA
Un
regu
late
d O
rgan
ic S
ub
stan
ces
- In
com
plia
nce
with
AD
EM r
egul
atio
ns, t
he B
WW
B m
ust
sam
ple
and
mon
itor
for
the
unre
gula
ted
subs
tanc
es in
the
cha
rt b
elow
.
16 17
WAT
ER QU
ALIT
Y DAT
A
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012W
ATER
QUAL
ITY D
ATA
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WAT
ER QU
ALIT
Y DAT
A
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
DEFINITIONS WATER WORD ACTION LEVEL (AL) – Concentration of contaminant that, when exceeded, triggers treatment of other requirements that a water system must follow.
MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL GOAL (MCLG) – Level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety.
MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL (MCL) – Highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as fea-sible using the best available treatment technology.
MAXIMUM RESIDUAL DISINFECTANT LEVEL GOAL (MRDLG) – The level of drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants.
MAXIMUM RESIDUAL DISINFECTANT LEVEL (MRDL) – The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that ad-dition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants.
TREATMENT TECHNIQUE (TT) – Required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.
RUNNING ANNUAL AVERAGE (RAA) – Compliance period where an aver-age of four consecutive quarterly samples are used.
CONTAMINANT – Any substance other than water. Note that contaminants, as defined, include dissolved minerals, purifying and dental health promotion additives.
TURBIDITY – Measure of the clarity of water as it relates to its particle content.
VARIANCE AND EXEMPTIONS – ADEM or EPA permission not to meet an MCL or treatment technique under certain conditions.
mg/L – milligrams per liter, or parts per million (ppm).
ug/L – micrograms per liter, or parts per billion (ppb).
TOTAL TRIHALOMETHANES (TTHM) – By-product of drinking water chlorination.
TOTAL HALOACETIC ACIDS (HAA5) – By-product of drinking water chlorination.
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Write the letter of the correct match next to each question.1. What is the name of the BWWB’s water quality headquarters? ____2. What are land areas surrounding water sources called? ____3. What are facilities dedicated to treating water called? ____4. Where is the place the BWWB gets water from? ____5. What is the measure of clarity as it relates to its particle content? ____6. How do you abbreviate milligrams per liter, or parts per million (ppm)? ____7. What requires all systems to deliver an annual water quality report? ____8. What does CCR stand for? ____9. The BWWB works hard to provide what? ____10. What is the required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant
in drinking water? ____
Water Word Scramble Answers
Answers on page 20
1. j 2. d3. g4. i5. c
6. a7. h 8. e 9. f10. b
DEFINITIONS WATER WORD MATCH
a. mg/Lb. Treatment
Techniquec. Turbidity
d. Watershed
e. Consumer Confidence
Reportf. Quality Water
g. Treatment Plants
h. Safe Drinking Water Acti. Source
j. EnviroLabword
bank
Q3 = Quality System x Quality Service x Quality WaterBirmingham Water Works Annual Water Quality Report 2012
PRSST STDU.S. POSTAGE
PAIDPERM
IT #1789BIRM
INGHAM
, AL
3600 First Avenue N
.Birm
ingham, A
L 352 22
Re
qu
i
re d
Governm
ent
Plea
se R
ea
d