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3 Particle counting with HD engines acc to EU VI
Transcript of 3 Particle counting with HD engines acc to EU VI
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20.03.2012
Particle counting with Heavy Duty engines and EURO VI
Oliver FRITZ
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CONTENT
� Measurement technology requirements concerning PM / PN
- EU
- US 1065
� Device components of Smart Sampler and Particle Counter „Add on Sampling“
� Summary
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PM MEASUREMENT DEVICES
Dilution air
Dilution tunnel
Partial Flow Tunnel
Dilution air
Dilution tunnel
Full Flow Tunnel
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EUROPEAN HD LEGISLATION
NEWS FOR PARTIAL FLOW DILUTION SYSTEMS
http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29grpe/whdc_docs.html
WHDC-FE31 - (WHDC Secretary) Proposal for draft amendment to global technical regulation No. 4 (WHDC)
Punkt: 9.4. Particulate measurement and sampling system
- 47°C ±5°C Filter face temperature
- Cyclone separator <2,5µm required
- Residence time between 0,5 and 5 seconds
- 47mm Filterholder
- Dilution Air Temperature <52°C
http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29grpe/grpedoc_2010.html
ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/2010/7 - (UK) Proposal for Supplement 4 to the 05 series of amendments to Regulation No. 49 (Emissions for compression ignition and gas fuelled positive ignition engines for use in vehicles)
- Particle Counting
VIEU
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WHY PARTICLE COUNTING FOR HD?
No correlation
Comparison of the PN with the regulated PM emissions for different
heavy duty engine technologies. Grey solid symbols are data from
the PMP heavy duty inter-laboratory exercise with the heavy duty Golden
instrument (SPCS prototype). Colored open symbols are
measurements with APCs at JRC and AVL. Each point is a different engine or test cycle. DOC=Diesel Oxidation Catalyst, DPF=Diesel Particulate Filter, SCR=Selective
Catalytic Reduction for NOx.
VIEU
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MEASUREMENT DEVICE REQUIREMENTS(MASS PM / NUMBER PN)
� CVS
� Filtered dilution air over fine/ charcoal / Hepa filter� Sample Probe (SSprobe until cyclonic separator)� PM Measurment system
* Abb. Figure 15 Proposal for Supplement 4 to the 05 series of amendments toRegulation No. 49 (Emissions of compression ignition and gas fuelled positive ignition engines for use in vehicles)
� Partial flow dilution tunnel
� Filtered dilution air over fine/ charcoal / Hepa filter� Sample Probe (SSprobe until cyclonic separator)� PM Measurment system
* Abb. Figure 14 Proposal for Supplement 4 to the 05 series of amendments toRegulation No. 49 (Emissions of compression ignition and gas fuelled positive ignition engines for use in vehicles)
VIEU
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Partial Flow Dilution System (PFDS)
Feeding back
or
sending a 1 Hz signal
Accuracy of qex <0.1% of qmdew
ProportionalitySplit ratio r = qmp / qexh
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PROPORTONAL REQUIREMENTS
Numerical example Numerical example
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NON-PROPORTIONALITY EFFECT
Proportionality
Split ratio r = qmp / qexh
Error Cases
The sample flow qmp in a PFDS must be proportional to the exhaust flow qexh. (stringent control require-ments!)
• Error at qex means error at qmp
and thus the PFDS is not proportional
• The effect is bigger when the qmp
is low (e.g. idle)
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FEEDING BACK THE FLOW
- Comparison of a PN system connected to the CVS and another at a PFDS feeding back the flow
- Differences ±10% for both DPF and non-DPF engines
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
PN
C [
p/c
m3]
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Time [s]
PN
C [
p/c
m3]
CVS
PFDS
non-DPF engine
DPF engine
max PN zero background
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CVS - PFDS
-75%
-50%
-25%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
125%
150%
1 10 100
PM Emissions [mg/kWh]
PM
: P
FD
S /
CV
S -
1 .
>10 mg/kWh: +/-20%
2-10 mg/kWh: +/-60%
<2 mg/kWh: >70%
Euro III, engine out, DPFEuro III
Euro III (PMP) engine out, open filter, DPFHD Euro V
HD Euro V+SCRUS 2007
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CVS - PFDS
-75%
-50%
-25%
0%
25%
1.0E+10 1.0E+11 1.0E+12 1.0E+13 1.0E+14 1.0E+15
PN Emissions [p/kWh]
PN
: P
FD
S /
CV
S -
1 .
Constant value
Feeding back
>1x1011 p/kWh: +/-20%
<1x1011 p/kWh: >20%
Feeding back: +/-6%
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Homologation ESC / ETC / WHTC / WHSC with PM/PN measurement devices
AVL Particle Counter
Conditioning Trolley
AVL Smart Sampler
Chopper Diluter
SYSTEMCOMPONENTS
VIEU
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Exhaust duct
SP
C T
unnel
REQUIRED CORRECTIONS
Legislative Requirement 1 (PN sample flow)
� Sample flow from CVS or PFDS shall be returned completely or shall be measured and corrected afterwards
oder
Dil. Air
Particlefilter
Dil. Flow
kg/s
Q mdw
Sample
Flow
APC 489
kg/s
Q ex
Dil. Exh.
Mass
Flow
kg/s
Q mdew
Sample
Flow
feed-back
kg/s
Q sw
Sample
Flow
kg/s
Q mp
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Legislative Requirement 2 (Particle Mass)
� Due to the additional sample process a correction of the PM Filter results needs to be done in the partial flow device.
REQUIRED CORRECTIONS
Exhaust duct
SP
C T
unnel
Dil Air
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Emission determination with partial flow measurement devices
Emission
measurement
e.g.
THC/NOx/CO/
CO2/…..
Special
measurement.
NH3,…..
Particle Mass
Particle counting
VIEU
MEASUREMENT DEVICE REQUIREMENTS(MASS PM / NUMBER PN)
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Volume
Wall mounted: 0,46m³
Baseplate: 0,96m³
Volume
Main Cabinet:0,82m³
Filter Panel: 1,11m³
Total: 1,93m³
AVL SMART SAMPLER
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18Dilution Air In
HEPA filter
Laminar Flow Element
Dilution Air Conditioner
Dilution Manifold
Dilution Tunnel
Cyclonic Separator
Distribution Manifold
Filter Holder
Outlet Manifold
Total Flow Measurement
Sample Pump
Outlet to Vent
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ADVANCED DILUTION
TUNNELThe AVL Smart Sampler is equipped withan advanced dilution tunnel that is fullycompliant with both the US EPA CFR-1065 regulation and the European ISO16183 regulation. The advanced tunnel iscapable of both heating and cooling theexhaust sample, which allows a widerrange of input conditions (exhaust gastemperature, dilution ratio, flow rate) whilestill maintaining filter face temperaturewithin regulatory limits.
HIGH PRESSURES
HIGH TEMPERATURESExhaust backpressures up to 600 mbar and high temperatures for R&D measurements before and after exhaust after treatment systems.
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INTUITIVE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACEThe Smart Samplers Graphical User Interface is structured such that beginners can rapidly start using it in a productive function, while also maintaining high-level functionality for expert users. The intuitive interface design means that customers spend less time setting up tests because test run configuration is done in one simple step from the main Graphical User Interface.
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RECOMMENDED OPTIONS
•Add On Sampling enables the Smart Sampler toprovide particulate sample to the AVL Particle Counter.Utilizes the exact same 3 way valve that is found in theAVL Chopper Diluter
•Cyclonic Separator for EPA Compliant Testing
•47mm and 70mm filters are easily changed (5 minutes)and can be used within the same test run (in differentfilter streams)
47mm Filter. 70mm Filter.
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The new designed partial flow dilution tunnel:
� US 1065 and EU VI ( and ISO 16183) conform
� Operation modes� Cooling & Heating
� CVS Sampling port for no dilution measurement withoutcyclonic separator and dilution tunnel
�High back pressure range up to 600 mbar rel. with highpressure option
�Fast Startup time – long term flow stability
�Modularity for easy upgrades
New designed filter holder:
� Easy access
� Easy Handling (1 / 2 / 3 x Filterpanel)
AVL SMART SAMPLER
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0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
AVL Graz WVU Test 1 WVU Test 2
mg
Fil
terl
oa
din
g
SPC 472
SPC 478
AVL SMART SAMPLER
Correlation tests between former SPC 472 vs. NEW SPC 478
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HEAVY-DUTY USA
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US LEGISTLATION ACCORDING TO US EPA 1065http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=33f172b24a3dff82c1b6f6ba8b15e982&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40cfr1065_main_02.tpl
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTIAL FLOW DILUTION SYSTEMS:
- 47mm Teflo Filter (Adsorb less HCs)
- 47°C +/-5°C Filter Face Temperature
- Residence time: 1-5 seconds
- Diltuion Air 25°C ±5°C
- Sample probe length: ≤ 26cm
- Cyclonic separator
USA1065
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NEW US EMISSION LEGISLATIONDifferent Measurement Methods are possible
TransientTesting
SteadyState
Testing
FieldTesting
The recommended and accepted measurement methods are defined only by this diagram in CFR-1065. No where else. Don’t look for text information (example: is a CVS mandatory or not ?), you will
not find it.
PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURESSubpart A—Applicability and General Provisions
§ 1065.15 Overview of procedures for laboratory and field testing.
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CFR-1065VALID METHODES
AMA i60
Gaseous: RawParticulate: CVS
Gaseous: CVSParticulate: CVS
Gaseous: RawParticulate: partial flow dilution
AMA i60 SPC
StationaryTransient
StationaryTransient
StationaryTransient
CV
S i6
0
CV
S i6
0
PTS i60PTS i60 Accepted since 2011
USA1065
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EPA ALLOWENCE FOR PARTIAL FLOW DILTUION SYSTEMS
•After many years of testing and correlation theEPA now fully endorses the partial flow dilutionmethod for certification purposes
•This final rule is published in the CFR websiteand is in place as of January 07 2011
•This ruling allow customers to certify enginesusing the smart sampler.
USA1065
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SUMMARY
- For EURO VI PM measurement new definet particle number measurment is required
- US CFR 1065 allows partial flow dilution systems for homologation
- AVL SMART SAMPLER and AVL PARTICLE COUNTER fulfill the requriements
- AVL SMART SAMPLER 478 NEW introduced in 2011
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TEILSTROMPARTIKELZÄHLUNG:ADD ON SAMPLING – FUNKTIONSÜBERSICHT
Dilution air
Rückführung des Entnahmestrohmes vor
Filter