CAPT RISHI POKHREL

JOINTSJOINTS

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INTRODUCTION

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Fibrous Cartilaginous SynovialFixed Slightly movable Freely

movable(Synarthroses) (Amphiarthroses)

(Diarthroses)Types Types

TypesSutures Pri.cart. joints Plane• Plane (Synchondroses) Hinge• Squamous Pivot • Limbous Sec.cart. Joints

Bicondylar• Serrate (Syndesmoses)

Ellipsoid• Dentate Saddle Schindylesis Ball and

socketGomphosis Syndesmosis

CLASSIFICATIONS

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CLASSIFICATIONS

JOINTS

SYNARTHROSES

SYNOVIALFIBROUS

SUTURES SYNDESMOSIS GOMPHOSES

CARTILAGENOIS SYNCHONDROSES SYMPHYSES

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SUTURES

FIBROUS JOINTS

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Sutures

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Syndesmosis

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GOMPHOSES

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SYNCHONDROSES

CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS

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SYMPHYSES

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SYNOVIAL JOINT

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ARTICULAR SURFACE OF BONES

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ARTICULAR CARTILAGE MIC. STR.

LAMINA SPLENDENS Bright line at free surface

of articular cartilage seen on oblique sections on negative phase microscopy

Not an anatomically distinct surface layer.

Artifect at border between regions of different ref index

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Joint capsule

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SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

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SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

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SYNOVIAL FLUID

Volume – 0.5 ml in knee jt

Color – clear or pale yellow

pH - slightly alkaline Proteins – 0.9 mg/dl Cells – 60/ml Amorphous

metachromatic particles

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INTRAARTICULAR MENISCUS & DISC

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LABRUM

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BLOOD SUPPLY

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NERVE SUPPLY

Hilton's law

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NERVE RECEPTORS

Ruffini endingsLamellated articular corpusclesGolgi tendon organsSimple nerve endings

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CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Based on shape of articular surface

∞ Plane jt∞ Ellipsoid jt

∞ Hinge jt ∞ Saddle jt

∞ Pivot jt ∞ Ball and socket jt

∞ Bicondylar jt

Articular shapes are never truly flat, spherical, cylinder, cone or ellipsoids but part of a spheroid.

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PLANE JOINT

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HINGE JOINT

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PIVOT JOINT

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BICONDYLAR JOINT

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ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT

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SADDLE JOINT

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BALL & SOCKET JOINT

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FACTORS INFLUENCING MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Complexity of form

Degrees of freedom

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ARTICULAR MOVEMENTS AND MECHANISMS

Combination of translation and angulation Movement

slight – similar sized reciprocal surfaces wide – habitually more mobile bone has

larger articular surface

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ARTICULAR MOVEMENTS AND MECHANISMS contd...

Translation Angulation

• Flexion and extension• Abduction and adduction• Axial rotation• Circumduction

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DevelopmentMesodermal origin with some

neural crest contribution. Regions of developing

cartilage consist of widely spaced cells surrounded by matrix.

Condensation of somatopleuric mesenchymal cells develop between developing skeletal elements to form plates of interzonal mesenchyme

Their subsequent development varies acc. to type of joint

Fibrous joint Cartilagenous joint Synovial joint

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Development

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APPLIED ANATOMY

1.Craniosynostosis

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2. JOINT REPLACEMENTS

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3. Premature fusion of synchondroses4. Arthritis

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