Institutional, Commercial and Industrial (ICI)

Water Use by the NumbersPresented at Emerging Water Technology Symposium - 2018

H.W. (Bill) Hoffman, P.E.H.W.(Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC

Phone – 512‐294‐7193E‐mail – billhoffmantx@earthlink.net

PO Box 690Lockhart, Texas 78644

What this Presentation Hopes to Shed Light On

1.How much water is use in the ICI sector?2.Where is it used?3.What are the benchmarks?4.How do codes, standards and regulations

impact use? 5.What are the trends? 6.What are the driving forces?

So how do we use water in the built

environment?

Use vs. Consumption vs. Return Flows.

• Water Use (withdrawal) is the amount of water withdrawn from a water source (lake, well, river, etc.)

• Water Consumption is the amount of water that is evaporated, included in a product, injected into

disposal wells or otherwise not returned in liquid form to a water source.

• Return flows equal the difference between use and consumption.

17.3

46

117126

715

4

114

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Industrial/Mining Com./Inst./Res. Power AgriculturalBill

ions

of

Gal

lons

per

Day

Withdrawal vs. Consumption - 2010306 Billion Gal./Day Withdrawal

140 Billion Gal./Day ConsumptionSources: USGS and H.W.(Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC

Withdrawal Consumption

USGS Trends

Municipal72%

Manufacturing(Mfg)17%

Mining3%

Steam Electric (Power)

8%

Municipal and Industrial Water Use in Texas

Single Family47%

Commercial21%

Industrial16%

Multi-family10%

Institutional/ Other

6%

Municipal Water Sales in Texas - 2015

47%

9%

44%48%

10%

42%

48%

10%

42%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Single‐Family Multi‐Family ICI & Other Business

Percen

t of C

ity W

ater Sales

Water Use in Texas Cities of 3,300 Population or More 

SB 181 Report

2013 2014 2015

Multi-Family Is Commercial?They are commercial facilities supplying domestic users

• The company owns and operates the property for profit.

• The company is responsible for plumbing repairs.

• Unless the utility meters each apartment, the company pays the water bill.

• On‐property uses (irrigation, pools, common laundry, etc.) are all on the company bill.

82

79

78

77

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

2013 2014 2015 2016

Gal

lons

per

Per

son

per

Day

Year

Residential Per Capita Use in Texas

79

90

85

74

69

88

76

62

73

82

159

170

159

175

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

Medium Utilities (237)

Medium-Large Utilities3 (31)

Large Utilities (30)

Medium Significant ICI1 Utilities (27)

Metropolitan Utilities

Medium-Large Significant ICI Utilities (5)

Large Significant ICI Utilities (5)

Gallons per Person per Day

Texas Utilities Water SalesTWDB 2015 ‐ SB 181 Report

Residential GPCD ICI & Other GPCD

Where & How it is used

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

ReligiousIndustrial Warehouse

Other Educational BldgService Station‐Repair Garage

Correctional FacilityAmusment‐Recreation‐Athletic

Other Group ShelterSancturay

Commercial WarehouseFood Stores

CollegesSchools

Service Est.Resturant/ Bar

HealthcareHotel

All OtherRetail

Offices

Millions of Gallons per Day (MGD)

Water Use by Commercial/Institutional UsersAustin, Texas Study 2010

Red = Food Svc. Commonly found

Water Use By Type of Activity

Facility Type

Type of Use

Dom

estic

Laun

dry

&

Dry

Cle

anin

g

Coo

ling

&

Hea

ting

Food

Ser

vice

Med

ical

/ La

b Eq

uipm

ent

Land

scap

e Irr

igat

ion

Wat

er

Feat

ures

Wat

er

Trea

tmen

t

Was

hing

&O

utdo

or

Cle

anin

g

Alte

rnat

e So

urce

s

Office X ? X X ? ? ? ?Restaurants X ? ? X X ? ? ? ?K-12 Schools X X ? X X X ? ? ? ?Universities X ? ? X ? X ? ? ? ?Other Educational Facilities X ? ? X ? X ? ? ? ?Lodging/Hotel X X ? X X ? ? ? ?Theaters / Entertainment / Museums, etc. X ? X X ? ? ? ?Hospitals X ? ? X X X X ? ? ?Clinics of all types X ? ? X X X ? ? ?Retirement Homes / Nursing Homes X X ? X X X ? ? ? ?

Dormitory / Residence Hall X X ? X X ? ? ? ?

Multi-Family / Apartments X X ? X X ? ? ? ?

Religious Establishments X ? X X ? ? ? ?

Warehouses (unrefrigerated) X ? X ? ? ? ?

Warehouses (refrigerated) X ? X ? ? ? ?Supermarket/Grocery X ? ? X X X ? ? ?Convenience Stores X ? X X ? ? ? ?All Other Retail X ? ? X ? X ? ? ? ?Gymnasiums X ? X ? ? ? ?Meeting Places X ? ? X ? ? ? ?Commercial Laundries X X ? ? X X ? ?

EPA WaterSense End Use Chartshttps://www3.epa.gov/watersense/commercial/types.html#tabs‐educational

How Water is Used in Texas Facilities With Cooling Towers

Special Study of Audits in Austin, Dallas, and Fort Worth

43%

35%

33%

40%

29%

40%

31%

30%

3%

10%

17%

34%

37%

57%

61%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Elementary Schools(N=6)

High Schools (N=14)

Hospitals (N=4)

Middle Schools (N=5)

Office Buildings (N=33)

Percent of Total UseN = Number of Facilities in Sample

Indoor Use Landscape Irrigation Cooling Towers

Impact of Geography on Cooling Water Use6,

181

5,08

5

4,67

9

4,08

8

4,02

6

3,63

2

3,63

2

3,60

8

3,09

0

3,00

4

2,62

3

2,59

8

2,19

2

2,01

9

1,97

0

1,94

5

1,74

8

1,47

8

1,14

5

973

825

325

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

6,000

6,500

Gal

lons

per

Yea

r per

Chi

ller T

on

Estimated Annual Water User per Ton Hour of Capacity at 4.0 Cycles of Concentrationhttp://help.looplinkpro.com/en/latest/examples/Equivalent_Full_Load_Cooling_and_Heating_Hours.pdf

315

365

418

453

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

480

North East West Mid West South

Gal

./Bed

/Day

Hospital Use per Bed based on CBECS

HOSPITAL USE CHARACTERISTICSNorthern Climate South & South West

Cooling Towers

43%

Toilets20%

Other Plumbing

8%

Food Service

8%

Medical Equip.

9%

Leaks & Other

8%Boilers4%

How Water Is Used Indoors at Audited FacilitiesSpecial Study of Audits in Austin, Dallas, and Fort Worth

31%

38%

41%

58%

61%

62%

62%

66%

72%

79%

84%

90%

94%

95%

68%

0%

58%

12%

14%

13%

10%

17%

25%

16%

12%

6%

3%

5%

1%

62%

2%

30%

24%

24%

28%

16%

3%

5%

4%

4%

3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Community CenterClinic

Community CollegeHotels

Elementary SchoolsHigh Schools

Office BuildingsMiddle Schools

Senior Care…Hospitals

Service StationsCourt House

Convention CenterReligeous Facilities

Percent of Indoor Use

Restroom Use Food Service Other (medical, water treatment, laundry, leaks, etc)

Percent Restroom Use by Type of UseSpecial Study of Audits in Austin, Dallas, and Fort Worth

28%

52%

56%

59%

60%

62%

71%

22%

17%

11%

14%

20%

13%

12%

46%

10%

2%

6%

7%

8%

3%

2%

15%

29%

14%

11%

16%

13%

2%

6%

2%

5%

3%

0%

1%

0% 10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Hotel

All

Office

Community Colleges

Hospital

High Schools

Elementary/ Middle…

Percent Savings in Restrooms

Toilets Faucets/Lavatories Showers/Bath Urinals Other

6.8%7.4%

9.6%

8.2%8.6%

9.0%

10.2%

9.1%

7.4%

8.4% 8.2%

7.2%7.4%

7.9%

8.7%

7.7%

9.2% 9.2% 9.4%

8.6%

7.8%

9.0%

7.6% 7.4%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

Perc

ent o

f Ann

ual U

se

Monthly Percent of Annual Use for 15 Hotels In New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas 2011-2012

Commercial & Institutional Landscape use from ARID area

WRF 4375

26.5%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Motels

Medical Centers

Retail

Misc. Commercial

Restaurants/Bars

Warehouses

Hotels

Office

Government

Total Combined CI

Schools

Percent of Total Use for Irrigation

Percent of Use for Irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona

Multi-Family Irrigation Use Low in These Cities

WRF 4554

Multi-Family Irrigation Use High in These Cities

WRF 4554

Benchmarking

Major New Data Initiatives that will Impact ICI Use

• US EPA Energy Star Portfolio Manager data on commercial and institutional use,

• Better Buildings Challenge, • 3050 District,• Water Research Foundation studies, • USGS data, • Academic research, • CBECS – commercial buildings energy consumption survey

• Many new local initiatives

What is Benchmarking?• Benchmarking is comparing one's business processes and performance metrics to industry bests and best practices from other companies. (From Wikipedia)

• For water, this means dividing water use (Numerator)

by some meaningful measure of the facility (Denominator) and then comparing that to other establishments of the same type.

• Welcome to the Denominator Dilemma!

Examples of Possible DenominatorsFacility Type Function Metric Facility Metric Other People

MetricsHotel Guests Rooms, Square Feet Employees

Hospital Patients, Discharges, Out-Patients, Patient Nights Beds, Square Feet Employees

School Students Square Feet Faculty, Staff

Restaurant Meals Served, Covers (tickets)People Served Number of Seats, Square Feet Employees

Office Employees, Visitors Square Feet

Retirement Home Residents Rooms, Beds, Square Feet Employees

Commercial Laundries Pounds of Laundry Washer Capacity, Square Feet Employees

Multi-Family Number of Residents Dwelling Units,Square Feet

Automotive Shop Vehicles Serviced Square Feet, Number of Bays Employees

Manufacturing Units of Product Produced, Dollars Produced

Square Feet, Number of Pieces of Equipment Employees

Time Metric•Year•Month•Week• Day•Hour

Examples of information in the 2009Water Use in Santa Fe Report

file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Water_Use_in_Santa_Fe_2009%20(1).pdf

Use is in Acre Feet per Year

What you divide by makes a huge difference

• Middle schools average 1.68 acre feet per year per 100 students. (5,474 gallons per year per 100 per student)

• If divided by 365 days a year, gallons per student per day = 15.0 gal/student/day.

• However, students are only at school about 185 days a year. Based on 185 days per year, per capita student use = 29.6 gal/student/day.

Summary of 13 Studies Reporting Water Use by Gallons per Square Foot of Space per Year

Median or Mean as reported

Type of Facility

EPA

Por

tfol

io

Man

ager

1

Uni

vers

ity

of

Flor

ida2

San

ta F

e, N

ew

Mex

ico3

Col

orad

o W

ater

W

ise

-Bre

ndle

G

roup

.4

Wat

er R

esea

rch

Foun

dati

on

End

U

se S

tudy

200

0 5

Aus

tin

2013

6

Bos

ton

Ben

chm

ark

Law

77

2015

7

New

Yor

k B

ench

mar

k La

w 8

Was

hing

ton

DC

B

ench

-m

ark

Law

9P

hila

delp

hia

Ben

chm

ark

Law

10

Min

neap

olis

B

ench

mar

k La

w11

WR

F R

epor

t 37

520

15 –

Tam

pa 1

2

WR

F R

epor

t 37

520

15 –

Aus

tin

12

Gallons per Square Foot of Heated Space per YearRestaurants 221 173 to 211 130 to

330 215

Senior Care Facilities 61 106 62 to 101 86Hotels 54 85 79 to 165 60 to115 72 55 71 55 100 62 75

Hospitals 51 31 58 68Grocery/ Supermarkets 24 95 36 52to 64 24

Medical Offices 19 34 49 33 35Offices 13 20 26 9 to 15 12 13 15 17 11Banking/ Financial 12 89Court House 11K-12 Schools 10 20 12 to 19 8 to 16 7 10 13Houses of Worship 7 15 11Retail/ Shopping Centers 5 32 20 10 16Unrefrigerated Warehouses 4 8 3 2 4Colleges/ Universities 23 14 24 75Residence Halls/ Dormitories 31 50 41Multi-Family 35 54 40

CBECS and Energy Star Data

2.2

11.5

11.9

12

12.1

12.5

12.7

18.6

42.2

44.5

46.3

53.8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Warehouse and storage

Other

Education

Enclosed and strip malls

Outpatient

Office

Mercantile

Public assembly

Lodging

Health care

Inpatient

Public order and safety

Gallons per Square Foot per Year

Water Use per Square Foot from CBECSGal./sq.-ft./Yr.

https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/reports/2012/water/

75th Percentile Median 25th Percentile

141515161718

262627

33363738

455152

57585960

65123

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

SSAGSAHUDRRB

USPSDOT

COMMERCETVA

ARCHIVESDHS

TREASURYUSDA

STATEEPA

LABORNASA

HHSDOE

InteriorDOD

VSJustice

Gallons per Square Foot per Year

Water Coefficients for Federal Facilities in 2012

http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/05/f22/annrep12.pdf

WRF # 4619 Report Will Be Available Later This Year

Same Cities Without High and Low Data

05

10152025303540455055606570

5% 10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

Gal

lons

per

Squ

are

Foot

per

Yea

r

Office Building Water UseEPA Portfolio Manager

New York Washington DC Boston Mineapolis

1 12 23 34 45 56 67 78 89 100

111

122

133

144

155

166

177

188

199

210

221

232

Gallons per Bed

Hospitals2002 ASHE Study

Do You see the same Pattern Here?  

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76

GPC

D

Elementary Schools in a District in Texas

Codes, Standards, and Regulations

Major Regulatory Code, and Standards Developments

WE – STANDGreen Building initiatives (LEED, GB, etc.)Other code and standard development

• ASHRAE 189.1• ASHRAE 191.P`• IGCC

Texas, California, Georgia, and New York plumbing requirementEPA Appliance and Equipment Standards (Energy Star and

Water Sense)

New DOE requirements

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

ShowerCommercial Toilets

Residential Clothes WasherCommercial Clothes Washer

Pre Rinse Spray ValveResidential Toilets

Residental DishwashersCommercial Dish Washer

Urinal

Percent Reduction in Use for Best in Class

Reduction in Water Use Since 1980How has new technology helped?

53%

56%

61%

61%

63%

67%

79%

84%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Commercial Steamers (1)

Clothes Washers (1)

Commercial Ice Makers (1)

Shower Heads 2.5 gpm=/< (3)

Faucets 2.2 gpm=/< (3)

Commercial Dishwashers (1)

Toilets 1.6 gpf=/< (2)

Residential Dishwashers (1)

Percent that Meet Minimum Efficiency Standards

Market Penetration of Minimally AcceptableWater Saving Fixtures and Appliances

(1) Energy Star Market Penetration Study - 2015(2) US Market Penetration Of WaterSense Shower Heads, Lavatory Faucets And Toilets - 2015

(3) A Saturation Study of Non-Efficient

28%

25%

7%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Showers 2.0 gpm

Faucets 1.5 gpm

Toilets 1.28 gpf

Percent of All Installed

WaterSense Residential Fixture Market Penetration as of 2015

We still have a long way to go!

Hey, I don’t make this stuff up!

19 2021

2223

24

12 1213 14 15 15

8 8 9 10 10 11

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

2017 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

Bill

ions

of G

allo

ns p

er D

ay

Year

Indoor Residential Use in USAAquacraft & H.W (Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC

58.6 GPCD 36.7 GPCD 25.3 GPCD includes toilet on Gray Water

Trends

Post Clean Water Act of 1972 Impact on

Industrial Water Use

The single most important pivot point was the Clean Water Act

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Man

ufac

turin

g In

dex

-200

9 =

100

Bill

ion

Gal

lons

per

Day

Year

Manufacturing Index vs Water Use in USASources: USGS & Dept. of Commerce

Manufacturing Index - 2009=100 Water Use - Billion Gal./Day

Examples of Trend Benchmarking for Industry

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Gal

lons

per

Dol

lar o

f Out

put

Water Use per Dollar of Output for Texas Industries(Gallons per Dollar Adjusted for Inflation)

Food & Beverage Computers Primary MetalsChemicals Petroleum Refinng Pulp & Paper

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Gal

lons

per

Per

son

per

Day

Year

Per Capita Water Use in USASource: USGS

75 7369

6055 53

34

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Future

Gal

lons

per

Per

son

per D

ay

Year

Estimated Change in

Residential IndoorPer Capita Use in USA a 55% Decrease

Sources: AWWARF Studies

New York CitySource: Vlada Kenniff

Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority

59%

64%67% 68% 67%

59%

52%56%

58% 58%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Perc

ent O

ccup

ancy

Gal

lons

per

Squ

are

Foot

per

Yea

r

Hotel and Motel Water Use Factors for Phoenix - 2003 to 2012

Percent Occupancy Motel Adjusted for Occupancy Motel Unadjusted for OccupancyHotel Adjusted for Occupancy Hotel Unadjusted for Occupancy

Five Future Driving Forces for ICI

1. Rising Cost of Water and Wastewater

2. Codes, Standards, and Regulations

3. Technical Advances

4. Going Green

5. Future Regional Water Shortages

Cost to Flush a Toilet at Current Inflation Rate of 5.85%

Gallons per Flush

Cents per Flush in 2017

Cents per Flush in 2037

5 5.6 17.63.5 3.9 12.31.6 1.8 5.61.28 1.4 4.5

The Cost of One Toilet Flush

$4

$6

$8

$10

$12

$ per Year

$ per

Thou

sand

Gall

ons

Figure 1. Annual Plumbing Fixture Use Cost for a Building with 500 Employees open 255 days/Year

Before 1980’s 1980's Code* Current Lowest

Equipment Life Utility Cost ComparisonsFor the Toilet Replacement Example

Year Water & Sewer Rate per Thousand Gallons Toilet Savings per Year2016 $11.27 $214.542017 $11.93 $227.092018 $12.63 $240.382019 $13.37 $254.442020 $14.15 $269.322021 $14.98 $285.082022 $15.85 $301.762023 $16.78 $319.412024 $17.76 $338.092025 $18.80 $357.872026 $19.90 $378.812027 $21.06 $400.972028 $22.30 $424.432029 $23.60 $449.252030 $24.98 $475.542031 $26.44 $503.352032 $27.99 $532.802033 $29.63 $563.972034 $31.36 $596.962035 $33.19 $631.882036 $35.14 $668.852037 $37.19 $707.982038 $39.37 $749.392039 $41.67 $793.232040 $44.11 $839.64

25 Year Total Savings $11,525.04

$0 $2 $4 $6 $8 $10 $12 $14 $16 $18 $20 $22

Conventional PotableGround Water

Conventional PotableSurface Water

Saline Ground WaterDesalinization

Sea Water Desalinization

Conventional Wastewater

Advanced Wastewater

Dollars per Gallon Day of Capacity

Capital Cost for Water & Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Dollars per Gallon Day of Capacity

$0.00$0.00

$0.45$0.58

$0.87$1.15$1.17

$1.30$1.38$1.44

$1.52$2.19

$2.31$3.48

$3.83$4.39

$0 $1 $2 $3 $4 $5

Passive ConservationDrought Management

Irrigation ConservationOther Conservation

Indirect ReuseMunicipal ConservationExisting Surface Water

Other ReuseAquifer Storage & Recovery

New ResevoirsGround Water Wells & Other

Ground Water DesalinationConjuncitve Use

Direct Potable ReuseOther Strategies

Sea Water Desalination

Dollars per Thousand Gallons - Not Delivered

Texas 2017 Water Plan Cost in Dollars per Thousand Gallons Undelivered

Water Stress IndexAnd the latitude of stress.

Map of United States Showing Cumulative Groundwater DeclineSource: USGS, Konikow, L.F., 2013

No Water

Failure to Conserve and Reuse will leave us hanging out there!

Questions?

Institutional, Commercial and Industrial (ICI)

Water Use by the NumbersPresented at Emerging Water Technology Symposium - 2018

H.W. (Bill) Hoffman, P.E.H.W.(Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC

Phone – 512‐294‐7193E‐mail – billhoffmantx@earthlink.net

PO Box 690Lockhart, Texas 78644