1. Three dimensional Av aidsPresented by likhila Abraham

2. Actual objects or their scale down or blown up replicas are called non projected av aids 3. ModelsDefinitions A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally ,height ,width and depth are felt as reality Bt basavanthappa 4. Models are concrete objects ,some of them are larger than the real objects and some of them are small replicas of objects which are too large to be seen as a whole ,can be prepared (r.sudha) 5. Situations where models can be used 1.The real thing is not available in that season or far away from the educational institutions 2.The real thing may be too big to brought to school 3.Real thing may cause physical harm 4.Too expensive 5.Real thing may be invisible to human vision 6. Types of modelsSolid models Cut away or cross sectional models Working models Sand models 7. Solid models 8. Cross sectional models 9. Working models 10. Sand models 11. Materials used in model preparations 1.Cardboard 2.Plastics 3.Wax 4.Plaster of paris 6.Wood 7.Clay 8.thermocol 12. Preparation of models 1.Identifying the purpose of model preparations 2.Being knowledgeable about the model 3.Collection of materials 4.Proper planning 5.Making with exact measurement 6.Pretesting the models 7.Mounting and labeling the models 13. purposes 14. Advantages of models Models help in simulating a real situations The size can be adjusted as needed Distance and time do not become a limitation It gives learner a sense of experience Stimulate interest and capture attention Enables learner to have a correct concept about real objects Working models helps to explain the action in a real situation 15. Disadvantages of models1.Models are costly to purchase 2.Needs more storage place 3. Useful for only small group teaching 4.Require skills and talents to prepare models 16. Objects and specimens 17. Definition Collection of real things for instructional use is called as objects 18. Specimen A specimen is any typical objects representing a class or group of things a specimen is a sample of real object or materials 19. Points to be remembered while using specimens and objectsPlan your teaching priorly Ask questions regarding student observations Clarify and detail about the structure of the specimen or objects Provide review and practice to make learning permanent 20. Sources of collection 21. Purposes of objects and specimens in education 22. Advantages of objects and specimens Development of social skills and values Power of observation enhanced For investigatory projects Hobbies Interest and motivation 23. Disadvantages of objects and specimens 1.Time consuming 2.Expensive 3.Space needed for storage 4.Maintenances should be done 24. Dioramas 25. DefinitionsA diorama is a three dimensional arrangements of objects and models and cut outs to illustrate a central theme or concepts (R. Sudha) Eg ;harvesting scene planting trees scene 26. Natural dioramas1.Aquariums 2.Terrarium 3.Avarium 4.Herbarium 27. Purposes of dioramas 28. Advantages of dioramas 1.To get senses involvement 2.Develop social skills 3.Information with pleasure 4.Foster creativityDisadvantages 1.Time consuming 2.Highly expensive 3.Maintaenance is needed 4.Physical harm 29. Thank you