3 Day Residential Training Programme

Present Scenario of Water Resources and its Solutions in India-Global challenge

By

Dr. N. RUBENAssociate professor,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Vignan’s University,

Guntur.

Andhra Pradesh Human Resource Development Institute

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1

Overview

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❑ Introduction

❖ Indian Scenario

❖ Necessity of Inter-linking of Rivers

❑ Past and Present developments in Inter Linking of rivers

❑ Local Challenges

❖ Water Resources Scenario in Andhra Pradesh

❖ Plan of Action

❑ Pattisam Lift Irrigation Project –Case study

❖ Challenges in design– Surge analysis

❖ Conclusions

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Introduction

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❑ India is one of the few countries – Blessed with Water resources or rivers

Why is India suffering with shortage of water ?

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Introduction

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❑ India is facing global challenges in the form of increasing demand for

water

❖ due to population growth

❖ deterioration of surface and ground water both in quantity and quality

❖ impact of climate change on water resources

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Introduction

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❑ Sustainable Development was very essential for optimal use of water

“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

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Erratic (Fluctuations) rainfall…..

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❑ It is observed that for last two

consecutive monsoons, the

rainfall has been below

normal. (IMD) Indian

Meteorological Dept.

❑ Drought situation in

Bundelkahand, parts of

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra

Pradesh and Telangana

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Erratic (Fluctuations) rainfall…..

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❑ In 2015-16 alone

❑ 10 states like Karnataka, Maharastra, U.P etc. hit by

droughts

❑ Where as some cities hit by floods ex: Chennai, Hyderabad,

Srinagar

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Erratic (Fluctuations) rainfall is…..

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❑ Causing

❖ Damage to social, economic and ecological changes

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Erratic (Fluctuations) rainfall is…..

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❑ Creating tensions Globally - between countries

❖ ex . water sharing between Egypt, Ethiopia and Libya

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Erratic (Fluctuations) rainfall is…..

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❑ Creating tensions Locally - (among states) i.e……????

❖ Cauvery water dispute between Karnataka and Tamilnadu…

❖ Yamuna water dispute between Punjab and Haryana…..

❖ never ending tensions between two sibling states of

Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

Recent protests by Tamilnadu

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To address the twin problems of …

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❖ Floods and Droughts…

❖ Concept of Inter Linking of Rivers (ILR) originated…….

❖ Inter Linking of Rivers (ILR) programme

“seeks to transfer water from surplus areas to deficient areas in the

country”

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Inter- Linking of Rivers (ILR)

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❑ ILR programme

❑ Its vision is equal distribution of water in drought prone and

rain fed areas

❑ It seeks to deliver or transfer of water through a 12,500 Km

canal network

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Past and Present developments in ILR

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❑ This idea was framed in 1960 by eminent Engineer Dr.K.L.Rao

❑ Supreme court Intervention in 2002.

❑ In 2002, a task force to identify possible

river links in the country has been constituted

❑ River links :

❖ Himalayan river components -14 links

❑ Peninsular river Components - 16 links

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Past and Present developments in ILR

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❑ In 2003, An MOU was signed between Union government, MP and UP

states to link KEN-BETWA rivers.

❑ In 2016, A.P was the first state to link two major rivers i.e Godavari and

Krishna by Pattisam lift irrigation project.

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Local Challenges - Andhra Pradesh

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❑ A.P was called as “Annapurna”

❖ Major rivers - Godavari, Krishna, Pennar

❖ Minor rivers are Nagavali, Vamshadhara, etc. of 37 no’s

❑ Out of seven missions that the government has started,

❖ First mission - Irrigation and Cultivation

❖ It includes completion of pending projects, Interlinking of Rivers (ILR)

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Geographic and Climatic Conditions - A.P

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❑ The average rainfall of A.P is generally 940mm

❑ Rainfall varies with respect to regions and climates

❖ In Ananthapur - rainfall is 550mm , In Coastal regions - 1200mm

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Geographic and Climatic Conditions - A.P

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❑ Total availability of water

❑ Surface water + Ground water =1916+355 =2271TMC

❑ Huge quantity of water - but suffering with shortage of drinking water

❑ Reasons behind this - not properly managing and utilizing available water

resources

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Plan of Action by A.P

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❑ Government has chosen seven irrigation projects

❑ Rededicated itself to complete these projects as early as possible

❑ These projects are

• Pattisam Lift Irrigation Project (ILR),

• Thotapalli project,

• Handriniva sujala Sravanthi,

• Galeru- Nagari Sujala Sravnthi,

• Vamshdhara Stage-2, Phase -2,

• Velugonda Project,

• Gundlakamma Project.

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Plan of Action by A.P

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❑ Thotapalli project

❖ Situated in Thotapalli village of Vizayanagarm District on river Nagavli

❖ Project includes constructing a reservoir of storage capcity of 2.509

TMC of water

❖ Divert the water to irrigate the aycaut in Vizayanagam and Srikakulam

districts

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Plan of Action by A.P

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❑ Handriniva sujala Sravanthi

❑ Is meant to utilize the flood water of 40TMC available in Srisilam reservoir

❑ Main purpose of the scheme is to irrigate ayacut of 6.03 Lakh acres and to

supply drinking water for 33 Lakh people in 4 districts of Rayalaseema

❑ Project is considered to be a major lift scheme as it includes five numbers of

under-tunnels of length 13.05m and eight balancing reservoirs.

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Plan of Action by A.P

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❑ Galeru Nagari Sujala Sravnathi

❑ Is designed in such a way that the flood water in srisialam reservoir is to be

diverted by gravity system which is very economical.

❑ 5 Lakhs people that are residing in Cuddapah, Chittor and Nellore regions

will benefit.

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Plan of Action by A.P

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❑ Vamshadhara Stage-2, Phase-2

❑ A side weir is to be constructed on the upstream side of Nerradi barrage on

Vamshadara river

❑ The ayacut that is to be irrigated under this canal is aroungd 20 Thousnand

Acres.

❑ Further, a high level canal will be constructed across this river from

Hiramandalam Reservoir to irrigate 5 lakh acres.

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Plan of Action by A.P

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❑ Velugonda Project

❑ This project is to supply water from the banks of srisialam reservoir situated

in prakasam district by gravity.

❑ 15.25 lakkh people existing in Prakasam, Nellor and kadapa Districs.

❑ The completion of this project gives solution for problems faced by the

people due to fluoride in the water.

❑ Two tunnels each 7m and 9.2m diameter and 18.80m length is being built.

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Plan of Action by A.P

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❑ Gundlakamma Project

❑ The project was built on Gundlakamma river, situated near Mallaram

viilage of Maddipadu mandal in Prakasam District.

❑ It is designed to irrigate 80,068 acres and

to supply drinking water to the city of

Ongole and nearby 43 villages comprising 2.56 Lakh People.

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Pattisam Lift Irrigation Project –Case study

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❑ Figure 4 shows water transmission line of Pattisam Lift Irrigation Project

Fig.4 Schematic sketch of Pattisam Lift Project

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Salient Features

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❑ First phase is completed and commissioned on 15th August, 2016.

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Salient Features

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❑ Pumps used are high capacity (pump inertia = 28600 Kg-m2)

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Salient Features

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❑ Biggest challenge for this project -

❖ Extreme water hammer pressures (Surges) - during pump trip or power

failure to pumps.

Pipe burst Pipe Collapse

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Surge or water hammer analysis

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❑ Def: It is a flow condition where pressure and discharge

changes rapidly with time due to

❖ sudden disturbance like Closing/Opening of valve

( Ex: Hydro power generations)

❖ Pump trip.(Pumping systems)

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Surge or water hammer analysis

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❑ Pattisam Lift project - Pipeline profile and steady HGL

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Surge or water hammer analysis

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Maximum and minimum Piezometric heads with different pump inertia’s

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Surge Protection Devices

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❑ Air vessel/Air Chamber:

❖ It is a vessel containing two parts, the upper part is composed of

compressed air and the lower part is with water

❑ Water is supplied from the air chamber in to the pipeline

❖ to compensate the lower pressures developed due to power failure.

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Surge Protection Devices

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❑ One Way Surge Tank:

❖ is a Reinforced Cement concrete (RCC) tank usually located

at relatively elevated points along the alignment

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Surge Protection Devices

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❑ Air cushion Valves: At low pressure locations….

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Suitable Surge Protection Deveices

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❑ The design of surge mitigation system is an iterative process

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ILR programme - Advantages

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❑ As per estimate,

❑ 12% of land in India is prone to floods

❑ 68% of land is prone to droughts

❑ This program solves the simultaneous occurrence of floods and

droughts

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ILR programme - Advantages

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❑ Creates irrigation facilities that doubles the farm income by

2022.

❑ Construction of small, medium dams can be done to create

34000MW hydro power

❑ Can ease pressure on Ground water resources

❑ Will Prevent flow of fresh water in to sea – increase water

usability by 25%

N. Ruben 37

ILR Programme - Challenges

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❑ This programme needs huge investment – 10 Lakh crores.

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ILR Programme - Challenges

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❑ Tussle over expenditure sharing between central and state Govts

Central Govt.

State Governments

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ILR Programme - Challenges

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❑ States are not ready to forego their surplus water resources.

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ILR Programme - Challenges

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❑ Himalayan rivers are cross boarder ex: Ganga, Brahmaputra,

Indus belong to China, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bhutan and

Bangladesh

❖ Any change will met with stiff resistance from these countries

❑ .

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Conclusions

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❑ presents the past and present water resources developments that are globally

with particular mention of India

❑ stresses the need to preserve the precious water resources for sustainable

development

❑ presents the issues of various conflicts between countries and within the

countries

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Conclusions

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❑ innovative programme called Interlinking of rivers (ILR) is proposed to be

implemented in India

❑ challenges both in technical as well as in execution of one ILR programme

called Pattisam Lift irrigation project were discussed and analysed.

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