3-D Sight Distance Assessment in Road Design
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4th International Conference on Road Safety and Simulation
RSS 2013
23rd-25th October 2013 Rome, Italy
Analytical Method for Three-Dimensional
Stopping Sight Distance
Adequacy Investigation
Fotis Mertzanis Antonis Boutsakis Ikaros Kaparakis
Rural and Surveying Eng. MSc, PhD Candidate Civil Eng. Research Associate Civil Eng. Research Associate
Stergios Mavromatis Basil Psarianos
Assistant Professor Professor Technological Educational Institute of Athens National Technical University of Athens
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2D
► inexact – fragmentary
► negative impact
■ cost
(excessive overdesign suggestions)
■ design consistency
(unnecessary posted speed areas)
3D ► integrated
Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) Approach
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2D approach ► efforts to overcome this incorrect SSD
determination ■ establishing some coordination between the
horizontal and vertical curve positioning – e.g. vertical transition curve should be entirely designed
inside the horizontal curve [Green Book (2011)]
■ not all design cases are addressed
Current Practice
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2D and 3D models ► capable of simulating accurately compound road
environments (3D)
► allow the definition of actual vision field to driver (3D)
► focused in optimizing the available SSD ■ introducing new algorithms
■ design parameter combinations
SSD Modeling
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simulate from a 3-D perspective
concurrently ► alignment design
► vehicle dynamics on the road surface during emergency braking conditions
point out design elements responsible
for SSD inadequacies ► providing precious guidance to the designer
for further alignment improvement
Objectives
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SSDdemanded calculation ► 3D road environment
► vehicle dynamics
SSDavailable calculation ► 3D road environment
► define areas where line of sight intersects roadway or cross sectional elements
Methodology
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SSDdemanded Calculation (1/5)
𝑺𝑺𝑫 = 𝑽𝒐𝒕 +𝑽𝒐𝟐
𝟐𝒈𝒂𝒈+ 𝒔
where :
Vo (m/sec) : vehicle initial speed
t (sec) : driver’s perception – reaction time
g (m/sec2) : gravitational constant
a (m/sec2) : vehicle deceleration rate
s (%/100) : road grade [(+) upgrades, (-) downgrades]
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SSDdemanded Calculation (2/5)
𝑺𝑺𝑫 = 𝑽𝒐𝒕 +𝑽𝒐𝟐
𝟐𝒈𝒂𝒈+ 𝒔
where :
Vo (m/sec) : vehicle initial speed
t (sec) : driver’s perception – reaction time
g (m/sec2) : gravitational constant
a (m/sec2) : vehicle deceleration rate
s (%/100) : road grade [(+) upgrades, (-) downgrades]
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enriched model of SSD determination
► actual friction in the longitudinal direction
SSDdemanded Calculation (3/5)
where :
fT : friction demand in the longitudinal direction of travel
V (m/sec) : vehicle (design) speed
a (m/sec2) : vehicle deceleration rate
g (m/sec2) : gravitational constant
R (m) : horizontal radius
e (%/100) : road cross – slope
𝒇𝑻 =𝒂
𝒈
𝟐
−𝑽𝟐
𝒈𝑹− 𝒆
𝟐
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enriched model of SSD determination
► grade effect on vertical curves
SSDdemanded Calculation (4/5)
where :
Vi (m/sec) : vehicle speed at a specific station i
Vi+1 (m/sec) : vehicle speed reduced by the deceleration rate for t = 0.01sec
t (sec) : time fragment (t = 0.01sec)
s (%/100) : road grade in i position [(+) upgrades, (-) downgrades]
fT : friction demand in the longitudinal direction of travel
BDi (m) : pure braking distance
g (m/sec2) : gravitational constant
𝑽𝒊+𝟏 = 𝑽𝒊 − 𝒈 𝒇𝑻 + 𝒔 𝒕
𝑩𝑫𝒊 = 𝑽𝒊𝒕 −𝟏
𝟐𝒈 𝒇𝑻 + 𝒔 𝒕
𝟐
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enriched model of SSD determination
► actual friction in the longitudinal direction
► grade effect on vertical curves
SSDdemanded Calculation (5/5)
where :
Vo (m/sec) : vehicle initial speed
t (sec) : driver’s perception – reaction time 𝐁𝐃𝐢 (𝐦): total vehicle pure braking distance for the initial vehicle speed
𝑺𝑺𝑫𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝑽𝒐𝒕 + 𝑩𝑫𝒊
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line of sight between driver – obstacle positioned
at any desired offset and any predefined heights
identify areas where line of sight intersects
roadway or cross sectional elements
SSDavailable Calculation (1/6)
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roadlines
lines running longitudinally across the roadway that split the
road into areas of uniform or linearly varied transverse slope
SSDavailable Calculation (2/6)
plan view
x-section view
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roadline calculation step is user-specified and delivers a
number n of cross-sections
► n is defined as the total roadway length divided by the selected calculation step
roadline coordination performed on every cross-section
a network of triangles representing the roadway surface
as well as other distinctive parts is created
► connecting a point on one roadline with two relative points on an adjacent roadline
SSDavailable Calculation (3/6)
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SSDavailable Calculation (4/6)
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SSDavailable Calculation (5/6)
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Line of Sight – Obstacle Intersection
analytical geometry
SSDavailable Calculation (6/6)
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SSDdemanded ≤ SSDavailable
SSD Adequacy
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SSD Adequacy Investigation Flow Chart
SSDdemanded
definition
road environment
3D road environment
driver’s line of sight until position i uninterrupted
cross - sections
plan view
digital terrain model
longitudinal profile driver – object heights
initial speed
calc. step definition i
SSDi, available
temporary definition
i=i+Δi
driver’s line of sight until position i interrupted
SSDavailable definition
SSDdemanded ≤ SSDavailable
ΟΚ
SSDdemanded > SSDavailable
PROBLEM
roadside elements (barriers, walls, cuts – fills etc.)
record position
driver position (j)
i=i-Δi
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Case Study divided highway
right branch section (L=4.3km)
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right branch section (L=4.3km)
Vdesign = 120km/h
open roadway
tunnel ► Ltunnel = 1,250m (St.3+000 – St.4+250)
passing lane
Case Study divided highway
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tunnel advisory speed = 100km/h
tunnel effective length ► 300m in advance of the entering portal
► extra 200m segment transition zone ahead Vvehicle=120km/h → Vvehicle=100km/h
fwet = 0.38 (decelarationwet = 0.38 x g m/sec2 )
fdry = 0.65 (decelarationdry = 0.65 x g m/sec2 )
Case Study assumptions
open roadway x-section tunnel x-section
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Case Study longitudinal profile
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Case Study SSD Adequacy Investigation
outputs
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Case Study SSD Adequacy Investigation
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Case Study SSD Adequacy Investigation
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Case Study SSD Adequacy Investigation
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Case Study SSD Adequacy Investigation
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Case Study SSD Adequacy Investigation
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Case Study SSD Adequacy Investigation
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Case Study SSD Adequacy Investigation
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Conclusions
accurate SSD adequacy investigation
► based on the difference between SSDavailable - SSDdemanded
► applied in any 3-D road environment
flexibility among every road design and/or vehicle
dynamic parameter inserted
direct overview regarding design elements
responsible for SSD inadequacies
accurate aid to implement geometric design control
criteria