8

I Facts and Figures

3. Work

■ Number of Employed Persons by Industry and SexThe number of employed women continues to increase. By contrast, the number of employed men has declined since 1995, particularly in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, construction, and manufacturing.

■ Number of Dual-Income HouseholdsLooking at the employment of wives in households in which their husbands are employed (as salaried workers), in 1980 the number of single-income households (man was employed) was nearly double the number of dual-income households, however in the 1990s the number of dual-income households surpassed the number of those in which only the man was employed, and it continues to be on an upward trend.

Source: “Labour Force Survey (Basic Tabulation),” MICNote: Attention should be paid to the time-line of the data, because of revisions of the Japan Standard Industry Classification.

Source:“Special Survey of the Labour Force Survey” “Labour Force Survey (Detailed Tabulation)”, MICNote:1 . “ H o u s e h o l d s c o n s i s t i n g o f a n

employed husband and a non working wife” refers to households in which the husband is employed in a non-agriculture and forestry sector and the wife is not employed.

2. “Dual-income households” refers to households in which both the husband and the wife are employees in non-agr iculture and forestry sectors.

3. Actual numbers in brackets for 2010 and 2011 are national wide results that exclude Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima Prefectures.

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,0004,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0

1955

1975

1995

2005

2015

2016

MenWomen

Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesMiningConstructionManufacturing

Electricity/Gas/Heat supply and Water, Transport and CommunicationsWholesale and Retail trade, Eating and Drinking placesFinancing and Insurance, Real estate, ServicesGovernment

10,000persons

(Year)

774 172 466 169 426 233 112

38

774 172 466 169 426 233 112

38

330 420 871 319 619 524 165

15

330 420 871 319 619 524 165

15

198 557 915 371 723 883 176

5

198 557 915 371 723 883 176

5

163 487 774 425 696 951 180

3

163 487 774 425 696 951 180

3

140 425 723 450 649 1009 168

3

140 425 723 450 649 1009 168

3

138 418 727 449 652 1030 168

2

138 418 727 449 652 1030 168

2

19 239 335 291 762

24 23

7

19 239 335 291 762

24 23

7

31 501 508 44 475 59 331

1

31 501 508 44 475 59 331

1

42 944 726 73 542 106 169

1

42 944 726 73 542 106 169

1

49 1112 769 104 368811191

49 1112 769 104 368811191

62 1317 731 122 31375871

62 1317 731 122 31375871

62 1358 738 125 31374841

62 1358 738 125 31374841

ここにあった原稿は消去しました。

700

900

1100

1300

600

800

1000

1200

(10,000 households)

(Year)

1980

1990

2000

2010

2018

Households consisting of an employed husband and a non working wifeDual-income households

823

897

942

916

1,077

720

1,065

745

[987]

[771] [773]

[973]

1,114

687

1,129

664641

606

1,188

1,219

614

1,114

9

I Facts and Figures

■ Women’s Labour Force Participation Rate by Age GroupThe labour force participation rates of women in Japan by age group illustrates an “M-shaped curve” due to the burdens in the labour force participation of women around their thirties.The Women’s labour participation rates in most of other developed countries no longer shows M-shape.

■ Women Employment RateThe women employment rate from age 15 to 64 in Japan in 2017 is 67.4% and 16th among 35 OECD countries.

■ Work History of Wives before and after Giving Birth to Their First ChildThe percentage of women who continue working before and after giving birth to their first child had hovered around 40% but the percentage of women giving birth to their first child between 2010–2014 increased to 53.1%. “Before” means when finding out about pregnancy and “after” means when child was 1 year old.

Source: Japan: Data from “Labour Force Survey 2018 (Basic Tabulation)” MICOther Countries: Data from “LABORSTA” and “ILOSTAT,” International Labour Organization (Data of United States as of 2018; Data of Sueden, France and Germany as of 2017)Note: “Labour force participation rate”=Proportion of labour force participation (Employed persons+Unemployed persons) in total population 15 years and over

Source: Created from “OECD Stat,” OECDNote: “Women employment rate” = the number of Women employed persons / Women population

Source:Data from “The National Fertility Survey,” the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

10

30

50

70

90

(Age)15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 and Over

Sweden　　　 France　　　　 Germany　　　 United States　　　 Japan

83.983.987.487.4

80.880.8

76.976.9

74.974.9

74.874.8

79.679.679.6

%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2017　　　　2017 OECD average

Turk

eyG

reec

eM

exic

oIta

lyC

hili

Spai

nKo

rea

Belg

ium

Pola

ndSl

ovak

Rep

ublic

Hun

gary

Fran

ceIre

land

Luxe

mbo

urg

Portu

gal

Uni

ted

Stat

esIs

rael

Slov

enia

Cze

ch R

epub

licJa

pan

Aust

ralia

Aust

riaLa

tvia

Finl

and

Uni

ted

King

dom

Can

ada

Esto

nia

Net

herla

nds

Ger

man

yD

enm

ark

New

Zea

land

Nor

way

Switz

erla

ndSw

eden

Icel

and

67.4

83.3

60.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

10

30

50

70

90

1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2010-20142005-2009

(%)

Not StatedUnemployed before becoming pregnant Cessation of employment upon becoming pregnantContinuous employment (not using child- care leave)Continuous employment (using child- care leave)

(Year of birth of first child)

Employed before becoming pregnant 72.2%

Cessation of employment upon becoming pregnant

46.9%

Continuous employment 53.1%

3.1

35.5

37.3

18.4

5.7

3.4

34.6

37.7

16.3

8.1

3.8

32.8

39.3

13.0

11.2

3.8

28.4

40.3

12.2

15.3

4.1

24.0

42.9

9.5

19.4

4.2

23.6

33.9

10.0

28.3

10

I Facts and Figures

■ Type of EmploymentThe graph indicates the declining proportion of regular staffs in recent years. Particularly, proportion of women regular staffs have been declining since 1985, less than half since 2005, but it has turned upward since 2015.

■ Wage for WorkersThe wage gap between men ordinary workers and women ordinary workers has been decreasing. The wage gap between ordinary workers and part-time workers also has been decreasing.

Source: Data of 1985 and 1995 come from “Special Survey of the Labour Force Survey” (every February) by the Management and Coordination Agency, while data of 2005 and after come from the “Labour Force Survey (Detailed Tabulation)” (annual average) by MIC. Caution is necessary for making chronological comparisons.

Source: Taken from “Basic Survey on Wage Structure,” MHLWNote: ”Wage” is calculated from the scheduled cash earnings in June of each year

MenWomen

0 20 40 60 80 100100 80 60 40 20 0

1985

1995

2005

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

( )( )

Regular staffPart-time workers and Arbeit (temporary worker)Other statuses (e. g. Dispatched worker from temporary labor agency, Contact employees, and entruted employee)

67.928.53.6

60.935.53.7

47.540.711.8

43.644.112.3

43.344.312.3

44.143.912.0

4.1

3.392.6

3.75.291.1

9.18.682.3

11.310.578.2

11.110.878.1

11.111.177.9

11.011.078.1

10.711.577.843.944.211.9

44.543.511.9

(Year)

(%)

Wage of men ordinary workers = 100

(Year)

Level of wages of women ordinary workersLevel of hourly wages of part-time workers

65.3

49.9

40

50

60

70

80

45

55

65

75

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Hourly wage of ordinary workers = 100

72.2 73.0 73.472.2 73.0 73.4

57.158.0

59.4

57.158.0

59.4