3. Antibiotic Concerns Prompt a Different Approach by Dr. Sirish Nigam
-
Upload
inayath-ulla-khan -
Category
Food
-
view
1.001 -
download
0
Transcript of 3. Antibiotic Concerns Prompt a Different Approach by Dr. Sirish Nigam
Antibiotic Concerns Prompt a Different Approach
Dr. Shirish NigamMD - EW Nutrition India Pvt Ltd
Overview
Ban of AGP‘s in European Community
Feed quality influencing factors- Quality of used raw materials- Anti-nutritional factors (ANF‘s)- Technical feed quality- Nutrient content and digestibility- Additives
Enzymes Probiotics and Prebiotics Organic acids Secondary plant compounds
Take-Home Message
Antimicrobial Growth Promotors (AGPs)
When Sweden joined the EU in 1995, they maintained their total ban on AGPs from 1986 based on the safeguard clause (an exemption from the Acquis Com.)
In 1996: First scientific proof of cross-resistance in a Dutch turkey farmer
Political discussion on EU level started somewhere in the second half of the 90s
Relatively quickly political agreement reached (mainly initiated by The Netherlands and Sweden) that the use of antimicrobials as growth promotors (AGPs) is unwanted (‘used to disguise management failures’)
Prohibition on AGPs in Europe
1997: EU ban on Avoparcin 1998: ban on Carbadox and Olaquindox in The Netherlands (safeguard clause)1999: EU ban on Tylosin, Spiramycin, Virginiamycin and Bacitracin-ZincIn 1999 Sweden applied for the safeguard clause for the remaining AGPs (Flavophospholipol, Avilamycin, Monensin and Salinomycin)Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003: total ban on all remaining AGPs as from 01.01.2006Use of selected coccidiostats is still allowedThe use of some antibiotics as therapeutic VMP is still allowed (only after prescription by a veterinarian)
Challenge: how to support health in GIT and performance?
Solution: Bundle of different actions needs to be considered.
Prohibition on AGPs in Europe
Feed quality influencing factors
Feed measures can‘t replace
Hygiene on farmBiosecurity in the barns
important actions of farmers to keep the flock in the best possible health condition.
Quality of used raw materials
Hygienic status of raw materialsMicrobial contamination should be as low as possible
Load with mycotoxins must be considered closely
→ High standard in manufacturing practice, in the chain from field to storage and feedmill
→ Grain and corn should be cleaned technically before used as raw material for feed production
→ Specifically adjusted use of Mycotoxin risk Managment tool
Mycotoxins – influence of sieve cleaning actions
Source: Persak, P.; Jarnjak,M. (2015)
10
The GIT – complex environmentFeeding
Crop: pH 5.550 min
Proventiculus90 min (including gizzard)
Gizzard
Duodenum5 – 8 min
Jejunum20 – 30 min
Ileum50 – 70 min
Caecainfrequent emptying up to 24 h – 48 h
Colon25 min
IMPORTANT TO KNOW:Rapid inflammatory response (12 h – mammals 3 to 4 days)epithelial turnover rate 48 to 96 h
11
absorbed nutrients
Optimal digestion rate leads to reduced amount of nutritive substances for bacteria
less bacteria
starch
fat
protein
Graphic according Bedford (2002),
Dysbacteriosis
12
less absorbed nutrients
Incomplete digestion leads to higher amount of nutritive substances for bacteria in the caecum / colon
more bacteria
starch
fat
protein
Graphic according Bedford (2002),
Acute Effect:• Dysbacteriosis • Insufficient feed
conversion
Longterm Effect:• Increased
production of endogenous enzymes
• Immune reaction• Growth of organs
related to digestion• Consumption of
nutrients (energy)
Dysbacteriosis
Grinding process- Technology- Screen perforation- distance hammer - sieve
Components- Materials- Structure e.g. premixes- Structure e.g. byproducts
Agglomeration- Pelleting- Pelleting technique- Granulation and screening
Effect on structure of the feed and physical properties in feeding
systems and the GIT- Particle size distribution -
Influences on physical properties of feed
Technical feed quality
Ingredient FPQF Ingredient FPQF Ingredient FPQFCorn 5 Soybean meal 4 Corn gluten meal 4Barley 5 Fish meal 4 Ground nut meal 8Wheat 8 Sunflower meal 6 Guar meal 7DDGS 5 Linseed meal 7 Rice bran 2Brewers grains 3 Coconut cake 5 Vit./Min. premix 2.5Oil -40 Palm kernel meal 6 Binder: lignin 50Molasses 7 Rape seed meal 6
Prediction of pellet quality by „Feed Pellet Quality Factor (FPQF)“
Source: FARAHAT, M. (2015): Good pellet quality – does it makes sense?http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Processing/Pelleting/2015/7/Good-quality-feed-pellets-Does-it-make-sense-1785760W/
Technical feed quality
Source: KLEINE KLAUSING, H. (2011): Aspects of feed structure and technological treatment of grain on intestinal healthIFF Feed Processing Conference at Victam International 2011 Cologne - 03 May 2011
Nutrient content and digestibility
(1) Adapted to the different production phases
(2) According to actual practical-scientific knowledge, published by the breeding companies
(3) Formulating on basis of digestible nutrients, especially AA
(4) Considering actual knowledge on support of health in GIT through fermentable fiber in the diets
Anti-nutritional factors (ANF‘s)
→Protease inhibitors→Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP‘s)→Phytate
How to handle such challenges?
Processing of raw materials toasting, expansion, extrusionAddition of selected enzymes like phytase, glucanase,
xylanase, ….
Feeding
In animal nutrition the following groups of additives are often used to balance microflora in order to have a positive influence on gut stability and intestinal health:
Enzymes Prebiotics Probiotics Organic acids (Essential oils) Secondary plant compounds (standardized
combination of extracts from e.g. essential oils and other plant parts)
Enzymes
Use of enzymes is common in European poultry diets
→ Phytase→ Xylanase, Glucanase and combination of them→ Protease
They appear to be important as part of an integral approach to animal health that is less reliant on antibiotic compounds.
Probiotics and Prebiotics
Probiotics→Balancing intestinal microflora by …..
→competitive exclusion and antagonism→taking influence on digestive enzyme activity→stimulating immune system
Prebiotics→Non-digestible ingredients taking beneficially influence on
microbiota in the GIT→ substrate for beneficial gastrointestinal microbes→ Able to alter microflora and reduce colonization of pathogens→ FOS and MOS→ Hydrothermally processed fiber-rich raw materials
„fermentable fiber“
Organic acids
Use of organic acids in feeding is popular in the EC.
→Maintenance of hygienic status of feed raw material or complete feed.
→Achieving a positive influence on digestion in the stomach.
Which organic acids should be used for which target?
Does feed composition influence efficacy of organic acids?
Organic acids
g/mol pKA
Propionic acid (C3H6O2 ) 74,1 4,90
Butyric acid (C4H8O2 ) 88,1 4,80
Sorbic acid (C6H8O2) 112,1 4,80
Acetic acid (C2H4O2) 60,0 4,76
Lactic acid (C3H6O3) 90,1 3,87
Formic acid (CH2O2) 46,0 3,75
Citric acid (C6H8O7) 192,4 3,14
strong acids pKA -1,74 – 4,5 medium acids pKA 4,5 – 9
weak acids pKA 9,0 – 15,74
How to evaluate organic acids?
Organic acids
Feed composition and efficacy of organic acids
Protein content buffer capacity Limited protein content AA digestibility and protein
source
Calcium content and source buffer capacity Partly use of organic calcium source Phytase and limited content of Ca and P
Organic acids in animal feed
The supplementation of the right organic acids at the right doses in animal feed can ….
decrease microbial count (bacteria and fungi) in the feed take positive influence on animal performance reduce colonization of pathogens in the intestine
But practical experiences show even so that ….
only doses of at least 3 to 5 kg liquid formic acid or combination of formic and lactic acid (80/20) per MT animal feed can be effective
usually liquid organic acids on an inorganic carrier (e.g. 55 to 65 % formic acid on silicate) in low doses of 1 to 3 kg per MT animal feed are ineffective and doesn’t make sense
Organic acids in drinking water
The supplementation of the right organic acids at the right doses in drinking water can lead to ….
decreased microbial count (bacteria and fungi) in the drinking water
increased animal performance reduced colonization of pathogens in the intestine
But practical experiences show even so that ….
only doses of at least 0.5 to 2.5 kg liquid organic acids like formic acid or combination of formic and lactic acid (80/20) per 1000 liter drinking water can be effective
Secondary plant compounds
GroupsPhenolic and polyphenolic substancesEssential oilsTanning agentsBitter and pungent substancesAlkaloids and saponins
MOAStimulation of sensor cells in GIT activation of digestionIncrease of permeability of cell membrane of the bacteriaDegradation of the enzyme system of the bacteriaIncrease of anti-oxidative activities
LTLC (Long Term Conditioning and Liquification)Unique technology for processing feed materials to change their properties (nutrition-wise and physical)
MOISTURE
TEMPERATURE
HIGH PRESSURE
feed materials
Refined product with improved
nutritional value
TIME
SHEAR FORCES
Combining expanding + extrusion: LTCL
Principle of LTLC (Long Term Conditioning and Liquification)
Energy transfer via steam, mechanical energy, pressure; expansion of the materialCharacteristic changes in the matrix structure of the products
Modification of the starch granula as well, as the structural carbohydrates like NDF / ADF right down into molecular rangeEnlargement of the starch granula surface and far-reaching desintegration of the semi-cristalline and cristalline structure of the amlyopectin and amylose resp. of the cristalline carbohydrate structure in NDF / ADF-rich raw materials
Combined advantages of a moist extrusion like in a HTST extruder (intensive material transformation), and of an expander (only product cooling, no drying)
Significant reduction of ANF‘s
Combining expanding + extrusion: LTCL
Broiler feed formulation “fermentable fiber”
% BR 1 BR 2 BR 3 BR 4Corn 35,000 39,995 42,294 43,988LTCL cooked corn 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000LTCL cooked soybeans 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000LTCL cooked sunflowermeal 6,000 6,650 8,330 9,000LTCL cooked canola expeller 6,091 6,683 8,337 9,333Soybean meal 46 18,050 11,632 5,676 2,372Limestone 1,426 1,467 1,210 1,195Soy oil 0,706 0,813 1,718 1,922MCP 0,844 0,811 0,759 0,661Lysine sulphate 70% 0,480 0,466 0,433 0,369Methionine-HA 0,264 0,323 0,210 0,200Premix 497 0,250 0,250 0,240 0,240Premix 499 0,250 0,250 0,240 0,240Sodium bicarbonate 0,200 0,230 0,230 0,230Salt 0,117 0,130 0,073 0,074Pigment 40 0,050 0,100 0,100 0,100L-Threonine 0,072 0,090 0,041 0,026Coccidiostat premix 0,060 0,060 0,060NSP Enzymes 250 g/t 0,025 0,025 0,025 0,025Secondary plant compounds 0,015 0,015 0,015 0,015Phytase 100 g/t 0,010 0,010 0,010 0,010
g/kg BR 1 BR 2 BR 3 BR 4Dry matter 890 890 891 891ME poultry MJ/kg 12,3 12,5 12,8 12,9ME poultry kcal/kg 2938 2986 3057 3081Crude protein 221,131 199,608 184,684 175,884Digestible protein 193,32 174,388 160,564 152,462Lysine 14,04 12,5 11,264 10,32Methionine 5,68 5,922 4,92 4,78M+C 9,523 9,5 8,37 8,153Threonine 9,161 8,5 7,481 7,018Tryptophane 2,651 2,326 2,111 1,986Valine 10,412 9,397 8,748 8,369Arginine 14,724 13 11,826 11,146SID Lysine 12,7 11,262 10,057 9,135SID Meth 5,36 5,623 4,624 4,487SID M+C 9,525 9,569 8,469 8,271SID Thr 8,382 7,809 6,839 6,404SID Try 2,408 2,114 1,911 1,793SID Val 9,525 8,599 7,996 7,646SID Arg 13,531 11,948 10,861 10,233Crude fats & oils 66,164 68,894 79,702 82,811C 18:2 31,042 32,316 37,331 38,662C 18:3 3,295 3,372 4,096 4,273Crude fiber 44,037 47,175 53,332 56,537NDF 139,475 141,528 146,96 149,972ADF 66,03 65,546 68,846 70,444Starch 310,107 341,028 355,231 365,718Sugar 39,045 38,107 38,796 39,087Crude ash 56,36 54,207 49,394 46,963Ca 9 9 8 7,8P 6,7 6,469 6,372 6,152Available P 4,4 4,3 4,2 4Na 1,7 1,82 1,6 1,6K 9,812 8,769 8,038 7,617Cl 1,527 1,6 1,24 1,245Mg 1,503 1,39 1,392 1,385
There‘s not the „one measure-solution“ – a bundle of different actions in feed quality, feed processing and formulation concepts must be taken.
Innovative feed formulation without antibiotics means …..
• Considering SID AA – not only the first three to four ones
• Continous evaluation of the different raw materials and their quality on basis of digestible nutrients (even SID AA as well as further nutrients)
• Take care for support of digestion in gizzard and controlled passage rate particle size in feed!
• Support digestion of usually not or less digestible substances in feed Phytin-P and „NSP“ use the right enzymes
• Support the balance of the microflora in the whole GIT and the performance figures in a natural way alternative feed additives like secondary plant compounds from natural sources, based on farm-specific consultation
Take-Home Message
Thank you for your attention.Dr. Shirish Nigam
[email protected]. Heinrich Kleine Klausing
EW Nutrition [email protected]