SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9

3 AND STANDARD_ COLLEGE TEXTS

* AN INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY-by William RobertFearon, Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. 475 pages. Price, $3.75

* MICROBES WHICH HELP OR DESTROY US-by Paul W. Allen andD. Frank Holtman, Professor and Associate Professor of Bacteriology;and Louise Allen McBee, Formerly Assistant in Bacteriology, Universityof Tennessee. 540 pages, 102 illustrations, 13 color plates. Price,$3.50

* TEXTBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY-by W. D. Zoethout, Professor ofPhysiology, Chicago College of Dental Surgery and W. W. Tuttle, Pro-fessor of Physiology, College of Medicine, State University of Iowa.7th Ed. 743 pages, 302 illustrations. Price, $4.50

* TEXTBOOK OF HISTOLOGY-by Evelyn E. Hewer, Reader in His-tology in the University of London. 365 pages, 340 illustrations.Price, $4.50

* HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIC-by Aram A. Krajian, Dept. of Pathol-ogy, Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles, Calif. 272pages, 44 illustrations, 7 color plates. Price, $3.50

* ESSENTIALS OF COLLEGE CHEMISTRY-by G. H. Whiteford andR. G. Coffin, Professor and Associate Professor of Chemistry, ColoradoState College. 2nd Ed. 534 pages, 32 illustrations. Price, $3.50

* ESSENTIALS OF ZOOLOGY-by George Edwin Potter, Professor ofBiology, A. and M. College, College Station, Texas. 432 pages, 204illustrations. Price, $3.75

* INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL BIOLOGY-by John B. Parker andJohn J. Clarke, Professor and Assistant Professor of Biology, CatholicUniversity of America, Washington, D. C. 503 pages, 163 illustrations.Price, $3.75

* PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS-by E. Grace White, Professor of Biol-ogy, Wilson College, Chambersburg, Pa. 430 pages, 179 illustrations.Price, $2.50

* A TEXTBOOK OF GENERAL BIOLOGY-by E. Grace White, Pro-fessor of Biology, Wilson College, Chambersburg, Pa. 2nd Ed. 667pages, 336 illustrations. Price, $3.50

* ART AND SCIENCE OF NUTRITION-by Estelle E. Hawley andGrace Carden, of the University of Rochester, New York. 619 pages,140 illustrations, 12 in color. Price, $3.50

Thse C. V. MOSBY COMPANYPine Boulevard

JANUARtY 2,. 1942

~ Saint Louis

10

THE RELATIVISTIC UNIVERSE

PROFESSOR ALBERT EINSTEIN drove the final scientificrivet in the relativistic universe which he began to buildmore than two decades ago to replace the edifice erectedby Newton. In a report presented at the Princeton meet-ing of the American Physical Society he announced thefinal development of his gravitational theory at the In-stitute for Advanced Study, where he almost lives anddoes his work.

Previously, Einstein had been able to prove his gravi-tational theory only for certain special cases. Now thestructure is completed by a perfectly general and rigorousmathematical proof that it applies in all cases.

In his paper, it is rigorously proved, from the equationsof the theory of general relativity, that there do not existany gravitational fields of finite total mass which are freefrom singularities (i.e., which are finite at every point).Until now this was proved only for fields with certainsymmetry properties.

Scientists have ceased to discuss whether relativity istrue or not. It is accepted and applied in all branches ofphysical science. Especially in atomic physics, its tri-umphs have been great. The conversion of mass into

energy accounts for the heat of the sun and the long life

of the stars. The hope of atomic power rests on the same

basis. These are but two of its accomplishments.Albert Einstein, now sixty-two years of age, proud of

his American citizenship, is the world's most distin-guished refugee from Nazi Germany. He was in New

York early in 1933, on his way back to Germany after a

visit to California, when Hitler swept into power. Since

then he has remained, and we hope will long remain, our

Einstein.-MORTON MOTT-SMITH.

THE KODACOLOR FILM

SPEAKING at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Dr.C. E. K. Mees, research director of the Eastman KodakCompany, described a new Kodacolor roll-film producedby the company.

Home picture takers are already familiar with colorpictures. But for the most part they have had to be con-

tent with color movies or transparencies which can be

shown only when projected onto a screen. Color printscould be made from these only at considerable expense

and some uncertainty of the outcome. The film would fit

only some cameras, usually expensive ones.

Now even the small boy or girl with a box camera can

snap pictures with the new Kodacolor film, which will be

available in six standard sizes. The film must be returned

to the manufacturer for processing. When it comes back

to the photographer, he will have a set of color negatives-not color transparencies as in the Kodachrome now

available for 35 mm. cameras. Light areas of the subjectwill appear dark in these negatives, and dark areas, light.The colors also will be in reverse-that is, they will be

complementary to those in the actual subject. With these

VOL. 95, No. 2453

color negatives, the photographer receives full color printson paper.

The new Kodacolor film, like its predecessor the Koda-chrome, is a sort of photographic layer-cake of color-sensitive emulsion layers. In the Kodacolor process, how-ever, the "couplers" in which the color image is formedare not dissolved in the emulsion layers themselves, butin particles of organic materials of microscopic size whichprotect them from the gelatin and, at the same time,protect the silver bromide from any interaction with thecouplers. When the film is placed in the developer, theoxidized developer penetrates the particles and there re-

acts with the coupler to form the dye. There are three ofthe emulsion layers and also a yellow filter layer on thefilm. The developer in which it is processed acts simul-taneously on all three couplers, producing a dye imagein each layer. When the finished negative is printed on a

paper coated with a similar set of emulsions, the resultingcolor print has the colors of the original subject.

SULFANILAMIDEHow sulfa drugs can overcome one of the worst horrors

of war casualties, germ infections in wounds, was de-scribed in reports at the Baltimore meeting of the Societyof American Bacteriologists.

Sulfanilamide itself is the best of the sulfa drugs forthis purpose, in the opinion of Dr. Roy G. Klepser andDr. J. Ross Veal, of Gallinger Municipal Hospital, Wash-ington, D. C. They reported on their use of sulfanilamidein treating more than 500 infected wounds. Other sulfadrugs are more effective in test-tube experiments, buthave no advantage in actual wound treatment and are as

much as eight times as expensive.After three or four days, sulfanilamide powder checks

the healing of wounds, probably because of its drying ef-fect and the substitution on the third or fourth day oftreatment is advised of an ointment containing a lowerconcentration of sulfanilamide and also containing allan-toin. This chemical is the substance from fly maggotswhich the late Dr. William S. Baer, of Baltimore, foundto be good treatment for infected wounds.Wounds can be about two thirds sterilized within three

or four days, Dr. Klepser said, provided the wound isdraining adequately and the sulfanilamide is in contactwith the germs. Dead tissue must be cleaned away or itwill interfere with the action of the drug. The sulfanila-mide does not kill the germs in the wound directly, butstarves them out by combining with their food supply.

Sulfanilamide is effective against all kinds of germs

which get into wounds and burns. It must be put di-rectly on the wound in order to get a high enough concen-

tration. When the drug is given by mouth the dosageis calculated generally to give a concentration in the bloodof about eight milligrams per 100 cubic centimeters, but

by putting the drug directly on the wound, a concentra-

tion 100 times as high can be reached in the fluid in the

wound tissues.-JANE STAFFORD.

SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT

SCIENCE NEWSScience Service, Washington, D. C.

JANUARY 2, 1942 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 11

ervice to the nation in peace and war

Following the last World War a bronze and marble groupwas placed in the lobby of the American Telephone andTelegraph Company building in New York. On it areinscribed these words, "Service to the nation in peaceand war."

They are more than words. They are the very spiritof the entire Bell System organization. In these stirringdays, we pledge ourselves again to the service of thenation . . . so that "Government of the people, by thepeople, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTSJANUARY 2, 1942 11

12 SCIENCE-S

GERM CHEMICALS FROM THE SOILFROM germs living in the earth itself and from common

molds like those that spoil bread, nearly a dozen newweapons for fighting disease have been obtained. Someof these new chemicals are powerful enough to rivalthe sulfa drugs in stopping germ invasion of the humanbody, according to reports presented before the Societyof American Bacteriologists.

Dr. Selman A. Waksman and Dr. H. Boyd Woodruff,of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station,stated that some of these germ chemicals can kill othergerms outright. Others, unable to kill germs, can never-theless stop their growth. Gramicidin, already being usedin treating patients, is most specific, acting primarily ontiny round germs labelled gram-positive micrococci.Penicillin, another of these germ chemicals which hasalready reached the stage of practical use, and two othersubstances from different microorganisms, pyocyanase,and pycanin, are similar in their action over the wholerange of germs in the tests. Some germs are killed bypenicillin and some only stopped by it, according to Dr.-Gladys L. Hobby, Dr. Karl Meyer, Dr. Martin H. Dawson-and Dr. Eleanor Chaffee, of Columbia University.

In tests at the Mayo Clinic, reported by Dr. DorothyHeilman and Dr. Wallace E. Herrell, gramicidin was moreeffective than penicillin against one kind of streptococcusand a pneumonia germ, but penicillin was more effectiveagainst another streptococcus and a staphylococcus or-ganism.From these and other studies will come knowledge

needed for using effectively these new chemical weaponsagainst disease.-JANE STAFFORD.

RUSSIA'S GRAIN VARIETIESTHE United States Government has offered to aid in

rescuing from destruction Russia's important grain varie-ties, to keep them alive for the time when scorched earth-can spring up green again.

Responding to a suggestion by Sir John Russell, of-the Rothamsted Experimental Station in England, who-feels that the need is urgent, the U. S. Department ofAgriculture stands ready to receive and plant specialRussian grains in United States areas suited to them, orto aid in any other way practicable.

British scientists are expected to salvage Russia's im-portant fruit tree varieties. Very little material is neededand it can be carried by air. British varieties of fruitswould not be at all suitable, he emphasizes.To lessen hunger and suffering, agricultural reconstrue-

-tion will be tremendously important in fought-over areas,deliberately burned by Russian peasants to prevent enemy-use. Russian plant breeders have successfully producedmany varieties of crops suited to specific regions, par--ticularly drought-resistant varieties. Years of laborwould be lost if seed for future planting is not saved from-the chaos of war.

ITEMSPROTECTION against some of the ailments called 'flu,

grippe or colds, may be achieved through development ofa discovery announced by Dr. Rene J. Dubos, of the Hos-pital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.

TV PPLEMENT VOL. 95, No. 2453

A toxin or poison from the influenza bacillus has beenobtained by Dr. Dubos in the form of a dry powder. Atiny speck (one tenth of a milligram) of this powderwhen injected into rabbits kills them within a few hours.But this lethal stuff can be used to protect rabbits againstboth the poison and the living germs which produce it.The blood of immunized rabbits will in turn protect otherrabbits from either the poison itself or the living germs.THE germs which are believed to cause trench mouth, so-

named because it was a serious ailment of soldiers inWorld War I trenches, have now been examined underthe electron microscope, which uses particles of negativeelectricity to peer into secret places of matter that cannot be seen with microscopes using light and opticallenses. Pictures of these and of the syphilis germ andother germs were shown at the meeting of the Society ofAmerican Bacteriologists by Dr. Katherine A. Polevitzky,Dr. Thomas F. Anderson and Dr. Harry E. Morton, ofthe University of Pennsylvania and RCA ManufacturingCompany. Tiny hairs, heretofore seen only with difficulty,were clearly visible at the ends of thin, spiral germs fromhuman mouths. The syphilis germ was found to be fre-quently surrounded by a slime sheath which occasionallyformed thin tendrils projecting from the organism.THE old fable that dogs pant because they can not

sweat has been "shattered"' by discovery of sweat glandsin their skins, according to the editor of the Lancet. J.G. Speed, of Edinburgh, has found sweat glands in theskin of the lips, head, back, thorax, shoulders, thighs andpads of the feet, a finding previously reported by numer-ous other investigators but apparently not generallyknown. Nevertheless, the dog does pant, and it would beinteresting to know how effective the skin sweating is andwhether all breeds of dogs are equipped with sweat glandsin their skin. Absence of visible moisture on the skinmay be due to efficient evaporation while the probabilityof water vapor enmeshed in the hairs suggests the reverse.

SULFATHIAZOLE, one of the sulfa drugs, appears to bethe means of an effective, broad-scale attack on gonor-rhea, according to a study by Drs. J. F. Mahoney, C. J.Van Slyke and R. R. Wolcott, of the U. S. Public HealthService, according to a report on the results of sulfa-thiazole treatment of 360 patients at U. S. Marine Hos-pital, Staten Island, N. Y. The gross rate of cure forthe 360 patients was 85.4 per cent. None of the patientswas severely poisoned by the drug, and even mild symp-toms were infrequent.DAMAGE to body organs due to heavy insulin dosage

required in shock treatment for the mental disease, de-mentia praecox, may be avoided by lesser insulin doses,it appears from studies reported by Dr. Frank N. Lowand Dr. H. Ward Ferrill, of the University of NorthCarolina, in the current issue of Endocrinology. Fivesuccessive generations of white rats were given insulindoses just under amounts necessary to cause shock. Ex-amination of the rats after death and study of their or-

gans under the microscope showed no damage directlytraceable to the insulin. Some psychiatrists believe thatresults in dementia praecox treatments with insulin arejust as effective if shock is not produced.

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

Write for literature.

Does More- New

osts Less

Embodies in a pump of smaller di-

mensions all the features and ad-vantages including internal vane

movement-found in the larger DUO-SEAL pumps. Maintains high vac-

uum performance after many yearsof operation. Especially convenient

for many laboratory and industrialapplications.

CAPACITY-19 liters of free air per

minute.

VACUUM-0.1 micron (.0001 rmmHg) or better.

VISIBLE OIL LEVEL-with

positive sealing.QUIET OPERATION.GAS COLLECTION OUTLET.

No. 1400-B Offered at favorable prices that suggest immediate purchase.

No. 140ou-3-DUO-SEAL VACUUM PUMP, Write for circularTwo Stage, Motor Driven. Mounted on castiron base with 1/4 H.P. 110 volt A.C. motor

and V Belt with belt tightening device. A ddm*B y c. Scientific Co . a7Each, $75.00 bSiseNo. 1400-DUO-SEAL VACUUM PUMP, E1ishe 1880

Two Stage, with pulley but without belt, motor 57Sedgwick Street Chicago.Illinois.U.S.or -base...................... Only $50.0015

THEELECTRO-MEDICAL LABORATORY

INCORPORATEDHOLLISTON, MASSACHUSETTS

U. S. A.

THE JUNIOR GARCEAUELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHAC. Operated, inkless writing.Makes standard records. No shielding required.Also available in multiple types with 2 to 20

recording channels.

No. 10 Analytical Balance

HENRY TROEMNERThe Standard of Excellence for 101 years.

Manufacturer of the highest grade Analytical,Assay and Pulp Balances and Weights of Pre-cision.

Catalog 1929S

911 Arch StreetPhiladelphia, Pa.

.. .... .........................................--------------------- ------

JANUAR.Y 2, 1942 13

14 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

Designed to give all types of illumi-nation generally used in microscopy,the Spencer Universal Microscope Lampfills a iong-felt need for a small, stable,lightweight illuminator.

The triple lens condensing system isin a spiral focusing mount and providessupport for filter holder and iris dia-phragm. Cobalt blue, heat absorbing,neutral density or color filters for

photomicrographic work may be in-serted.

It is a brilliant source which may befocused from a sharp image of the fila-ment to an evenly illuminated spot oflight. The well-ventilated lamphouseis provided with fins to dissipate heat,making it cool enough to handle andadjust at all times. Write Dept. Alfor folder describing the UniversalMicroscope Lamp and its many uses.

Spencer Lens Company1Er BUFFALO, NEW YORK

Scientific Instrument Division ofAMERICAN OPTICAL COMPANY

SolesOffices: NewYork,Chicago,San Francisco,Washington, Boston,LosAngeks, DaIlas,Columbw,St.Louls,Philadelphia,Atlante1

my&w-

14 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 95, No. 2453