3- Aldehydes (1)
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Aldehydes
R-CHO
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Physical properties
State: Gas at room temperature.
Miscibility: Miscible with water forming a 40% solution
called formalin.
Color: Colorless.
Effect on Litmus paper: Neutral.
(1) Formaldehyde (1) Formaldehyde HCHO
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(1) Schiff reagent test (Fuchsin aldehyde reagent):
Procedure: In a test tube take 1 ml formaldehyde and 1 ml
of freshly prepared Schiff reagent, shake, and observe the
color at once.
Observation: Magenta color (violet color).
Chemical Reactions
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(2)Tollen's reagent test (Ammonical silver nitrate)
Procedure: In a test tube take 1 mL of formaldehyde, 2 mL
of Tollen's reagent, shake well and then warm in water bath
for 5 minutes.
Observation: A grey precipitate or silver mirror.
HCHO + 2 Ag(NH3)2OH 2Ag + HCOONH4 + H2O + 3NH3w.b.
5 min.Silver mirror
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(2) Fehling test:
Procedure: put 1 ml of Fehling (A) solution (CuSO4) and
1 ml of Fehling (B) solution (Rochelle salt, potassium
sodium tartarate), then add 1 ml of formaldehyde soln.,
put in water bath for 5 min.
Observation: A brick-red precipitate.
HCHO + 2CuO HCOOH + Cu2Ow.b.
5 min. Cuprous oxidered ppt.
Cupric oxide
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(4) Resorcinol test:
Proceduer: take few crystals of resorcinol and 1 ml
formaldehyde soln., then add few drops of conc. sulfuric
acid drop-wise on the walls of the test tube.
Observation: a red ring is formed at the junction of the
two liquids and white precipitate is formed which turns
violet-red in color after shaking.
2
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Physical properties
State: Liquid
Miscibility: Miscible with water.
Color: Colorless.
Effect on litmus paper: Neutral.
(2) Acetaldehyde (2) Acetaldehyde CH3CHO
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(1) Schiff reagent test (Fuchsin aldehyde reagent):
Procedure: as formaldehyde.
Observation: Magenta color.
Chemical Reactions
![Page 9: 3- Aldehydes (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081811/55cf9143550346f57b8c1503/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
(2)Tollen's reagent test (Ammonical silver nitrate)
Procedure: as formaldehyde
Observation: A grey precipitate or silver mirror.
CH3CHO + 2 Ag(NH3)2OH 2Ag + CH3COONH4 + H2O + 3NH3w.b.
5 min.Silver mirror
![Page 10: 3- Aldehydes (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081811/55cf9143550346f57b8c1503/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
(3) Fehling test:
Procedure: as formaldehyde
Observation: A brick-red precipitate.
CH3CHO + 2CuO CH3COOH + Cu2Ow.b.
5 min. Cuprous oxidered ppt.
Cupric oxide
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(4) Iodoform formation test:
Procedure: take 2 ml acetaldehyde, 3 ml 10% iodine
solution with shaking, then add dilute NaOH drop-wise
with shaking till a persistent straw-yellow ppt. is formed.
Observation: yellow precipitate of iodoform.
CH3CHO + 3I2 CI3CHO + 3HI iodalCI3CHO + NaOH CI3H + HCOONa iodoform
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(5) Sodium nitroprusside test:
Procedure: In a test tube take 1 ml of acetaldehyde, few
drops of freshly prepared sodium nitroprusside soln., then
add dilute NaOH portion-wise with shaking.
Observation: Red color.
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(3) Benzaldehyde (3) Benzaldehyde C6H5CHO
Physical properties:
State: Liquid
Miscibility: Immiscible with water.
Color: Colorless.
Effect on litmus paper: Neutral.
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Chemical Reactions
(1) Schiff reagent test:
Procedure: as formaldehyde but needs strong
shaking because it’s immiscible.
Observation: Magenta color.
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(2) Oxidation with potassium permanganate (KMnO4):
Procedure: take 2 ml benzaldehyde, 3 ml of potassium
permanganate with shaking, and 2 drops of dilute NaOH. Then
heat the mixture on the direct flame for five minutes, then filter
and acidify with dilute HCl.
Observation: decolorization of violet color of KMnO4 White ppt
of benzoic acid .
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CHO
KMnO4
COOH
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(3) Sodium bisulfite test:
Procedure: take 1 ml benzaldehyde and one drop of
sodium bisulfite with shaking.
Observation: A white precipitate.
CHO
NaHSO3
CHOH
SO3Na
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Finish