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3.2 Applications software

SOFTWARE FUNDAMENTALS

(Tomorrows Technology and You - Chapter 4)

Software refers to the programs that we run on computer systems. They allow the hardware to do their job;without software, the hardware wouldn't know what it was supposed to do.

Software is made up of a series of instructions orcomputer code. It is these instructions which tell thehardware it needs to print a document or save a file or even change the word 'form' to 'from'.

There are two main types of computer software: system software and application software:

System software includes the operating system and utility programs that control how the hardware of a computer works.

Application software includes the everyday programmes that you use such as Word Processors, Spreadsheets andDatabases. It also includes e-mail packages, web browsers and anti-virus software

(A)SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Types of System software

1. Operating system

Definition of an Operating systemAn operating system is a collection of related programs that enable the computer to perform itsfunctions with minimum human interventions from the user.

An operating system controls the performance of a computer by doing a variety of jobs to ensure the

proper, orderly and efficient use of the hardware by application programs.

An OS is a program that allows applications software to communicate with the hardware. A computer cannotfunction without an operating system.

The sophistication and speed of modern computers is beyond capabilities of human operatorsto control without the aid of an operating system.

The operating system is part of the system software; it is needed to make the system work. All computershave an operating system. It controls the hardware and is the link between you and the computer Examples ofoperating systems are, Windows XP, Windows NT, UNIX, MacOS

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Functions of an Operating SystemThere are several functions of an operating system but we are going to discuss a few of them

in this chapter. These are as follows;

-Loading programs and subroutines.

The programs and data are to be loaded from the storage system before they can beprocessed. The loading of other system programs or software into the main storage i.e. a compiler ishandled. The duty also includes the swapping of application programs between direct main storageand direct access storage, and the calling into main storage and linking together the applications orsystems subroutines to be used together with particular jobs.

-File security and management.Ensures that unauthorized users do not gain access to the computer files i.e.i). Use of pass word to prevent illegal access or amendments to user of systems filesii). Copying file contents for use incase of losses.iii). Maintaining all the file descriptions and their locations.

-Input and output control.

It is composed of a set of routines to manage or control the input from and output to the peripherals.These routines are part of the executive. Control over hardware resources e.g. control over theselection and operation of devices used for input/output or devices for Storage (control over selectionof input/output devices).

-Provision of error correction routinesThe programming errors can be channeled to the user incase an interrupt is not attended to promptlythen data may be lost during the transfer and such may be recovered by setting up the read processagain.

-Communication with the operatorNormally through the keyboard the operator has to deal with errors missed by the operating systemand re-establishing the systems failure. The communication routines include:

i). Operators to computer- Command language to load jobs or other software.- Command language to call routines for faults.- Command language to terminate the job.

ii). Computer to the operator- Report end of jobs.

-Report job usage i.e. lapse time and CPU time used.-Error message.-Ask for commands.

-Interrupt handlingEntails different users connected to the CPU via keyboard terminals and all running different programson the computer at the same time. Done by the executive, which determines the cause of the interrupt.

The causes of the interrupt may include or be caused by: --Power failure-Arithmetic or logical error-Clock

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-Input/output interrupts.-Protecting hardware, software and data from improper user.

-Memory management.Memory Management i.e. calls into Main Storage of programs and sub-routines as and when required.Storing, retrieving, erasing and copying data files or programs on magnetic storage. Supports variousfile organization methods.

-Job sequencingPassing of control from one job (job sequencing) to another under a system of priority when more than

one applications program occupies Main Storage (i.e. provision for multi-programming operations).

-Furnishing a log of eventsProvision of the events or jobs and keeping track of their execution and hardware use. Furnishing acomplete recording of all that happens during processing. Usually in the form of a printed log. (Loggingthe system). Operating Systems can keep record of what the human operator is doing.

Types of operating system

There are different types of operating system:

Single-user

Multi-user or network operating systems.Network systems are more complicated as they have to deal with more than one user at a

time.Tasks of the operating system

The operating system performs many roles, these are just a few:

It sorts out where to store data on disk drives

It deals with security user names and passwords

It allows you to organise files using folders, and to copy and

delete files

It manages the data travelling between the peripherals i.e.

printer/monitor

It allows the application you are using to print, save and

open files

Operating systems operate in one or more of the following interfaces: Graphical user interface (GUI)

Command line interface (CLI),

Menu-driven interface (MDI),

2. Utility programs

These are another useful set of systems software.

A Utility program is designed to do one or perhaps two tasks very well and nothing else.

For example, you may want to compress a file to let you save it on to a floppy disk. For this task you wouldchoose to use a file compression utility program.

Quite often, a Utility program is built right in to the operating system. For example Windows XP has a built in 'Zip'compression utility you can use to compress a file or folder.

Here are some very common tasks that are carried out by different Utility programs

File sorting

File renaming

File conversion ( e.g. convert a sound file to MP3)

File repair

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Disk monitoring and defragmentation (defragging)

Printing jobs

Backing up data.

Anti-Virus

3. Software driver

Is another piece of essential system software.

A driver is a specially written program which translates the commands from the operating system intocommands that hardware understands, for example the printer, mouse and keyboard each have a driver tomake it work with the operating system.

It also translates responses back from the hardware to the operating system.

When the operating system is first released by the manufacturer, it will contain most of the drivers needed forthe devices on the market. This is because they have been working hard with the main hardware suppliers toensure that as many drivers are available straight out of the box.

However, as new devicesare manufactured, their drivers will have to installed. Normally the device comes with

aninstallation diskthat will load the new drivers into the operating system. If you try to use a

device without the correct driver, then it probably won't work.

4. Firmware

In computing, firmware is a computer program that is embedded in a hardwaredevice, for example a microcontroller. It can also be provided on flash ROMs or asa binary image file that can be uploaded onto existing hardware by a user.

As its name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware andsoftware. Like software, it is a computer program which is executed by a

computer. But it is also an intimate and vital part of a piece of hardware,and has little meaning outside of that particular hardware.

Examples of firmware include:

The BIOS found in IBM-compatible Personal Computers;

The iPod's control menus

The Xbox 360 Dashboard Updates (like including1080pHDTV Resolutions)

Timing and control systems forWashing machines

Software available in intelligent TV remote controls

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A microcontroller, like

this PIC18F8720 is

controlled by firmware

stored inside onFLASH memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine

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(B) Application Software

Software Applications work through the operating system to gain access to the hardware.

A Software Application carries out tasks that the user is interested in such as writing a letter, working out thecompany payroll, calculating the distance of a certain route, sending an email etc.

Application software can be classified under three main categories:

general-purpose

specialist or

tailor-made (be-spoke software)

1. General-purpose

A general-purpose application package is a type of software that can perform many different (but related)tasks. Word processors, spreadsheets, databases, graphics and presentation software are all examples ofgeneral purpose application packages This type of software is sometimes called generic software. This means,for example, that any one of the many different word processing packages that you could buy will all do the samegeneral sorts of tasks as each other

Most computer users buy application packages off-the-shelf. There are several good reasons for using this typeof ready-made software:

it is relatively cheap;

it is readily available and can be installed quickly and easily;

it will have been thoroughly tested so there will be very little chance of it having any serious faults or

bugs;

it will be well supported with a lot of books about how to use it available as well as on-line help and

discussion forums on the Internet.

2. Integrated package

An integrated package combines many different types of application together in one single package Integratedpackages normally include facilities for word processing, spreadsheets, databases, graphics, presentation andcommunications Microsoft WORKS is an example of an integrated package

The advantages of using integrated packages are:

it is much cheaper to buy one integrated package rather than several separate application packages;

different applications have the same user interface;

data can be transferred quickly and easily between applications;

they are much quicker to install than several separate application packages

A problem with integrated packages is that the individual applications do not have as many features compared tothe single application package

Integrated packages have gradually been replaced by applications bundled together by software manufacturersand sold as suites of programs

Bundled suites offer the advantages of applications with a complete set of features, a common user interfaceand easy facilities for sharing and exchanging data Microsoft Office XP is an example of a bundled suite ofapplication programs database, spreadsheet, word processing and desktop publishing software are allincluded

3. Specialistapplication software performs a single very specific type of task

Examples:

payroll

calculate accounts

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plan driving routes

work out income tax returns

deal with stock control

4. Sometimes an organization finds that off-the-shelf software will not do exactly what they want.

In this case they might decide to have special software specially developed for the purpose, this is called Tailor-made, orbespoke software. The main advantage is that the company gets exactly what it needs. The maindrawbacks of this approach are the high cost and long time that some programs take to develop. As theorganization requires new features in their tailor-made software, they will have to pay yet more money to get itwritten, tested and re-released. With 'off-the-shelf' software this development cost is effectively shared amongstthousands of customers.

Application software can also be categorized as:

Shareware - Copyrighted software that is available free of charge on a trial basis, usually with the condition

that users pay a fee for continued use and support.

Public domain - Programs that are un copyrighted because their authors intended to share them with

everyone else are in the public domain. The UNIX community has developed a number of such programs

over the years. Programs in the public domain can be used without restriction as components of other

programs. When reusing such code, it is good to understand its history so that you can be sure it really is in

the public domain.

Freeware- Like shareware, freeware is software you can download, pass around, and distribute without any

initial payment. However, the great part about freeware is that you never have to pay for it. No 30 day limit,

no demo versions, no disabled features -- it's totally free. Things like minor program updates and small

games are commonly distributed as freeware. Though freeware does not cost anything, it is still copyrighted,

so other people can't market the software as their own.

Commercial software- Software that is designed and developed for sale to the general public.

Integrated software Same as integrated package discussed above that is -these are separate

software components or applications that have been combined into one package.

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http://www.answers.com/topic/sharewarehttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212844,00.htmlhttp://www.techterms.org/definition/freewarehttp://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=commercial+software&i=40059,00.asphttp://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,,t=integrated+software&i=56774,00.asphttp://www.answers.com/topic/sharewarehttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212844,00.htmlhttp://www.techterms.org/definition/freewarehttp://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=commercial+software&i=40059,00.asphttp://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,,t=integrated+software&i=56774,00.asp