3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell...
-
Upload
todd-harper -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
4
Transcript of 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell...
![Page 1: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
3-1
Functions of the Cell
• Basic unit of life
• Protection and support
• Movement
• Communication
• Cell metabolism and energy release
• Inheritance
![Page 2: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
3-2
Cell Characteristics
• Plasma Membrane– Outer cell boundary– Substances inside the cell membrane
are intracellular– Substances outside the cell are
extracellular.– Encloses an supports the cell
contents.
![Page 3: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3-3
Plasma Membrane
– It attaches cells to the extracellular environment or to other cells.
– The ability of cells to recognize and communicate with each other take place through the plasma membrane
– It determines what moves into and out of cells.
![Page 4: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3-4
Plasma Membrane
• Ion movement by cells results in a charge difference across the plasma membrane called the MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
• The outside of the plasma membrane is positively charged compared to the inside because there are more positively charged ions immediately on the outside of the plasma membrane and more negatively charged ions inside.
![Page 5: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3-5
Plasma Membrane
• The membrane potential allows cells to function like tiny batteries with a positive and negative pole.
• It is an important feature of a living cell’s normal function.
![Page 6: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3-6
Plasma Membrane• Consists of:
– 45% -50% lipids– 45% - 50% proteins– 4% - 8% carbohydrates
• The carbohydrates combine with lipids to form glycolipids
• The proteins combine with lipids to form glycoproteins.
![Page 7: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3-7
Membrane Lipids• 1st: Phosoplipids
• Form lipid bilayer
– Double layer of lipid molecules
– They have a polar head (exposed to water inside and outside the cells) and a non polar tail (face one another in the interior of the plasma membrane.
![Page 8: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3-8
Membrane Lipids• 2nd: Cholesterol
– Interspersed among the phospholipids and accounts for about 1/3 of the total lipids in the plasma membrane.
– The amount of cholesterol in a given membrane is a major factor in determining the fluid nature of the membrane. Which is critical to its function.
![Page 9: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
3-9
Membrane Lipids
• Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer
– Hydrophilic (water-loving) polar heads
– Hydrophobic (water-fearing) nonpolar heads
• Cholesterol: Determines fluid nature of membrane
![Page 10: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3-10
Membrane Proteins• Many functions of the plasma membrane
are determined by its proteins.
– FLUID-MOSAIC MODEL:
• The plasma membrane is neither rigid nor static in structure.
• It is highly flexible and can change its shape and composition through time.
![Page 11: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
3-11
Membrane Proteins• Integral or intrinsic
– Extend from one surface to the other
• Peripheral or extrinsic
– Attached to either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer
![Page 12: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
3-12
Marker Molecules
• Allow cells to identify one another or other molecules
![Page 13: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3-13
Channel Proteins• Nongated ion channels
– Always open• Ligand gated ion channel
– Open in response to small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins
• Voltage-gated ion channel– Open when there is a
change in charge across the plasma membrane
![Page 14: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
3-14
Movement through the Plasma Membrane
• Diffusion• Osmosis• Filtration• Mediated transport mechanisms
– Facilitated diffusion– Active transport– Secondary active transport
![Page 15: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3-15
Osmosis• Diffusion of water (solvent) across a
selectively permeable membrane• Important because large volume changes
caused by water movement disrupt normal cell function
• Cell shrinkage or swelling– Isotonic: cell neither shrinks nor swells– Hypertonic: cell shrinks (crenation)– Hypotonic: cell swells (lysis)
![Page 16: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3-16
Osmosis
![Page 17: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
3-17
Filtration• Works like a sieve• Depends on pressure difference on
either side of partition• Moves from side of greater pressure
to lower–Example: In kidneys in urine
formation
![Page 18: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
3-18
Mediated Transport Mechanisms• Many essential molecules, such as amino acids
and glucose, cannot enter the cell by simple diffusion.
• Many products such as proteins cannot exit the cell by diffusion.
• Mediated transport mechanisms involve carrier proteins within the plasma membrane that move large, water-soluble molecules across the membrane.
![Page 19: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
3-19
Mediated Transport Mechanisms• Involve carrier proteins• Characteristics
– Specificity• To a single type of
molecule– Competition– Saturation
• Rate of transport limited to number of available carrier proteins
![Page 20: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
3-20
Mediated Transport Mechanisms• Facilitated diffusion
– Higher to lower concentration without metabolic energy
• Active transport– Requires ATP
• Secondary active transport– Ions or molecules move
in same (symport) or different direction (antiport)
![Page 21: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
3-21
Endocytosis
• Internalization of substances by formation of a vesicle
• Types– Phagocytosis
– Pinocytosis
– Receptor-mediated endocytosis
![Page 22: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3-22
Pinocytosis
![Page 23: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
3-23
Exocytosis
• Accumulated vesicle secretions expelled from cell• Examples
– Secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas– Secretion of mucus by salivary glands– Secretion of mild by mammary glands
![Page 24: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
3-24
Cell Characteristics
• Cytoplasm
–Cytosol
–Cytoskeleton
–Cytoplasmic inclusions
![Page 25: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3-25
Cytoplasm• Cellular material outside
nucleus but inside plasma membrane
• Cytosol: Fluid portion• Cytoskeleton: Supports the
cell– Microtubules– Microfilaments– Intermediate filaments
• Cytoplasmic inclusions
![Page 26: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
3-26
Organelles
• Small specialized structures for particular functions
• Most have membranes that separates interior of organelles from cytoplasm
• Related to specific structure and function of the cell
![Page 27: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
3-27
Centrioles• In specialized zone
near nucleus: Centrosome
• Each unit consists of microtubules
• Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and become spindle fibers
![Page 28: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
3-28
Cilia• Appendages projecting
from cell surfaces• Capable of movement• Moves materials over
the cell surface
![Page 29: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
3-29
Flagella• Similar to cilia
but longer
• Usually only one exists per cell
• Move the cell itself in wavelike fashion
• Example: Sperm cell
![Page 30: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3-30
Microvilli• Extension of plasma
membrane• Increase the cell
surface• Normally many on
each cell• One tenth to one
twentieth size of cilia
• Do not move
![Page 31: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
3-31
Ribosomes• Sites of protein
synthesis
• Composed of a large and small subunit
• Types
– Free
– Attached to endoplasmic reticulum
![Page 32: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
3-32
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Types– Rough
• Attached ribosomes• Proteins produced
and modified– Smooth
• Not attached ribosomes
• Manufacture lipids• Cisternae: Interior spaces
isolated from rest of cytoplasm
![Page 33: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
3-33
Golgi Apparatus • Modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use
• Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other
![Page 34: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
3-34
Peroxisomes and Proteasomes• Peroxisomes
– Smaller than lysosomes
– Contain enzymes to break down fatty and amino acids
– Hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of breakdown
• Proteasomes
– Consist of large protein complexes
– Include several enzymes that break down and recycle proteins in cell
![Page 35: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
3-35
Mitochondria• Provide energy for
cell
• Major site of ATP synthesis
• Membranes
– Cristae: Infoldings of inner membrane
– Matrix: Substance located in space formed by inner membrane
![Page 36: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
3-36
Nucleus
• DNA dispersed throughout• Consists of :
– Nuclear envelope: Separates nucleus from cytoplasm and regulates movement of materials in and out
– Chromatin: Condenses to form chromosomes during cell division
– Nucleolus: Assembly site of large and small ribosomal units
![Page 37: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
3-37
Chromosome Structure
![Page 38: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
3-38
Overview of Cell Metabolism
![Page 39: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
3-39
Overview of Protein Synthesis
![Page 40: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
3-40
Overview of Protein Synthesis • Transcription
– Copies DNA to form mRNA
– tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome
• Translation
– Synthesis of a protein at ribosome
![Page 41: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
3-41
Translation
![Page 42: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
3-42
Cell Life Cycle • Interphase
– Phase between cell divisions
• Mitosis
– Prophase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
• Cytokinesis
– Division of cell cytoplasm
![Page 43: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
3-43
Mitosis
![Page 44: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
3-44
Mitosis
![Page 45: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
3-45
Meiosis
![Page 46: 3-1 Functions of the Cell Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b6745a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
3-46
Cellular Aspects of Aging
• Cellular clock• Death genes• DNA damage• Free radicals• Mitochondrial damage