3 - 1 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour...
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Transcript of 3 - 1 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour...
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 1 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Lecture # 3 GENETICS and EVOLUTION
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 2 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour
The Development of Evolutionary Theory Charles Darwin and origin of species
a species’ behaviour (and physical make-up) is due to the constant (natural occurring) reproductive pressure to propagate the species ie giraffes, sickle cell anemia, bacterial antibiotic resistance
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 3 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
A Couple of (important) definitions:
Genotype: the collection of genes which define the biological potential of an organism
Phenotype: the actual behavioural or physical state that results from gene expression and other outside influences
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 4 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Biological evolution: alterations in the the phenotype of an organism due to changes in the genetic make-up (genotype).
HOW DOES THIS WORK?
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 5 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Natural Selection and Evolution
Artificial Selection – A procedure in which animals are deliberately mated to produce offspring that possess particularly desirable characteristics.
Natural Selection – The consequence of the fact that organisms reproduce differentially, which is caused by behavioural differences among them. Within any given population, some animals – the survivors – will produce more offspring than will other animals.
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 6 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Development of Evolutionary Theory
Varieties of pigeons believed to have been produced through artificial selection:
(1) Wild rock pigeon (ancestor)(b) Blue grizzle frillback(c) English pouter(d) Indian Fantail
F 3.1
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 7 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Natural Selection and Evolution
F 3.2
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 8 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
SO…why aren’t there wolves who can run as
fast as a cheetah?
There are a number of factors…•Genetic potential
• i.e. biomechanics•Confounding disadvantages
•inability to change direction quickly reduces hunting success
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 9 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Reproductive success – the number of viable offspring an individual produces relative to the number of viable offspring produced by other members of the same species
Variation – the differences found across individuals of any given species in terms of their genetic, biological, and psychological characteristics
Natural Selection and Evolution
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 10 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Environment can play an important role. Consider the role of intereuterine sex hormones
Adaptive modification: alteration in behaviour due to an outside source of variabilty.
Are the genes you are “dealt” the only factor in
your reproductive success ?
NO!
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 11 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Heredity and Genetics
The structure and composition of DNA. Genes serve as “recipes” for the synthesis of proteins and enzymes.
F 3.4
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 12 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Flow of Genetic Information
DNA
Protein
translation
FUNCTION
transcription
UCGA
RNA
Enviromental factors
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 13 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Heredity and Genetics
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 14 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Heredity and Genetics
The determination of sex. The sex of human offspring depends on whether the sperm that fertilizes the ovum caries an X or a Y chromosome.
F 3.5
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 15 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Heredity and Genetics
F 3.6
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 16 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Sociobiology Sociobiology – the study of the genetic bases
of social behaviour
Parental Investment – the resources that a parent spends in procreations and feeding, nurturing, and protecting of offspring
Sexual Selection – selection of traits specific to sex, such as body size or particular patterns of behaviour
Reproductive Strategies – different systems of mating and rearing offspring, including monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, and polygynandry
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 17 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Sociobiology
Monogamy – the mating of one female and one male
Polygyny – the mating of one male with more than one female
Polyandry – the mating of one female with more than one male
Polygynandry – the mating of several females with several males
Evolution, Heredity, and Behaviour 3 - 18 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Reproductive Strategies
F 3.8