PLUMBING MATERIALS

PIPE MATERIALSCast Iron (Vertically or centrifugally cast)Steel Reinforced ConcretePrestressed ConcreteGalvanized iron tubesCopperBrassWrought IronAsbestos CementLeadPolyethyleneUnplasticized PVC pipes

PLUMBING MATERIALS• CeramicsEarthenware – ball clay, heavyVitreous China – strong, light and less absorbent earthenware

Water closets, wash basins and urinals; accessories like toilet paper holders, soap dishes, etc.

Fire clay – Used in large fittings, rough handling locations; kitchen sinks, slop sinks, and urinals

• Cast Iron Bath tubs, wash basins and sinks; vitreous enamelledUsed in rough handling environmentTaps, hydrants and supply fittings in railway stations and public

buildings

PLUMBING MATERIALS• Pressed Steel, Mild Steel

Bath tubs, wash basins and other applications similar to CILight, easy to handle

• Stainless steelSinks, wash basins; water closets especially in railway train toilets

• Fiber-glass Reinforced Plastics (FRP)Bath tubs, shower trays, wash basinsSwimming pool diving boards, water slides

• AcrylicHarder, smoother and more scratch resistant than FRPBath tubs, sometimes wash basins and sinks

PLUMBING MATERIALS• Polymarble

Clay and resins; heavyColors, easy mouldabilityBath tubs, wash basins, shower trays

• Alloys – Brass and Gun MetalSupply taps, mixing fittings, waste fittings and trapsElectroplated with Cu or Cr or Ni or all.Expensive finishing, e.g. gold plating, power coating in many colors, burnished brass, silver and non-shining matt finishingExcellent workability

• PlasticsLight, corrosion resistant, tough, easy to mouldUsed in rough handling locations

PLUMBING MATERIALS

• Characteristics

Smooth, non-absorbent materialStrength and available sizesWorkabilityFinishingCost

Environmental considerations

SUITABLE PIPE SELECTIONCriteria• Design life• Cost involved• Hot or cold water• Material and environment characteristics – strength, roughness, ease

of transportation, available sizes, and availability of skilled labor

General Principles• Corrosion resistant material• Lead may be used only for flushing and overflow pipes• Polyethylene and unplasticized PVC pipes should not be

installed near heat sources.

TAPS AND VALVESPILLAR AND BIB TAPS

• Pillar Tap. basins, baths and sinks. Combined hot and cold pillar taps with fixed or swivel outlet

• Bib Tap. Wall fixing.

TAPS AND VALVES

Allows replacing washer during supply on.

Easy to operateUsed in hospitals

TAPS AND VALVES

Bib Tap

TAPS AND VALVES

Pillar Tap

TAPS AND VALVES

Bath Supply Mixer

TAPS AND VALVES

Wash Basin Mixer

TAPS AND VALVESGlobe Valve. slow closing stop valve for high pressure locations

TAPS AND VALVESGate or sluice valve.

Stop valve for low pressure

installations.

TAPS AND VALVES

Drain Valve. Lowest point in the pipe systems, boilers and storage vessels

TAPS AND VALVES

Float valves. Cisterns

TAPS AND VALVES

Float Valves. Pressure range Low 275 kPa Medium 690 kPa High 1380 kPa

COPPER PIPE JOINTS• Bronze Welding.

• Push-fit joints are made from polybutylene.

• Above ground pipe work. Non-manipulative compression joints (no special provision to prevent pulling out of the joint)

• Below ground pipe work. Manipulative compression joints (resist pull out).

• Capillary joints. Fit wire wool, flux, solder flow with heat application; solder alloys – Cu, Sb

COPPER PIPE JOINTS

COPPER PIPE JOINTS

STEEL PIPE JOINTSThreaded joints sealed by non-toxic jointing paste and hemp or polytetrafluorethylene.

Union joints permit slight deflection without leakage

Plain ended steel pipes may be joined by welding

CAST IRON PIPE JOINTS

FLANGED JOINT SPIGOT AND SOCKET JOINT

PVC PIPE JOINTS

POLYTHENE PIPE JOINTS

HOUSE-WATER CONNECTION

PIPING SYMBOLS

PIPING SYMBOLS

PIPING SYMBOLS

PIPING SYMBOLS

NBC GENERAL REQUIREMENTS• Wholesome water supply for drinking and culinary purposes• No cross-connection between pure and contaminated water pipes• No back-flow towards the source of supply• Maintain definite air gap in all appliances (minimum 15 cm or twice

pipe bore for storage cisterns)• Water-tight pipes and pipe-connections• No piping under wastewater pipes• Corrosion protection measures in corrosive environments (e.g.

corrosive soils, proximity to electric cables), e.g. exterior CI tubing• Sufficient strength of pipes underground or under traffic loads or

frost• Maximum rate of discharge required• Economy in labor and materials

NBC GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

• Avoid formation of air locks• Avoid noise transmission • Avoid unsightly arrangement• Smooth joints• Gradual size and direction changes• No direct connection of boilers or hot machinery,

use feed cistern

NBC PIPEWORK REQUIREMENTS• Adequate size providing required rate and pressure of flow• Use sluice and other valves to divide main into sections of shutting off

for maintenance• Avoid dead ends• Wash-out valve not to discharge directly into drain or sewer,

interpose a trap chamber• Air valves at all summits and washout at low points between

summits.• Mains to follow general contour, rise towards air valves and fall

towards washouts; always ensure positive pressure everywhere • Clear cover over pipe 90cm under roadways and 75 cm under

footpaths• Locate mains in easily identifiable locations where there are

telephone and electric cables, etc. laid.

NBC COMMUNICATION PIPES REQUIREMENTS

• Communication Pipes (Between water main and stop-cock at the boundary of premises) – A communication pipe may serve many premises, if an owner owns many adjacent premises

• Disconnection using screwed ferrules upto 50mm dia pipes and T-branch off for larger diameter

• Identification and repair is easy of communication pipe and underground service pipe both are perpendicular to main and parallel to each other

• All communication pipes to have a stop-cock and concealed meter for inspection and observation by authority

NBC CONSUMER PIPES REQUIREMENTS

• Underground connection to communication pipe• Use stop-cocks suitably to minimize interruption during repairs of

sections• Do not use booster pumps directly on the service pipe, use it on a

storage tank• Consideration of expansion and contraction or other movements• No service pipe connection with distribution pipe; tanks may

backflow into service pipes causing contamination and overpressure

• No direct service pipe connection with any water closet or urinals; use separate storage tanks instead

• No direct service pipe connection to hot water apparatus

NBC WATER STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

• PurposeTo provide against interruptions of the supply caused by repairs to mains, etc.To reduce the maximum rate of demand on the mainsTo tide over periods of intermittent water supplyTo maintain a storage for firefighting requirements

• ProvisionsGenerally welded, riveted or pressed galvanized steel tanks are used. Steel tanks bitumen coated internally and exterior painted with anti-corrosive weather-resistant paint are also used. Tanks are covered with dust-tight, mosquito-proof lids and are provided with mosquito-proof warning pipes.Stop valve or stop tap at each outlet except overflow pipe

NBC WATER STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

• Storage capacity requirements criteriaHours of supply at sufficiently high pressure to fill up the overhead tankFrequency of replenishment of overhead tanks during 24 hoursRate and regularity of water supplyConsequences of exhausting storage particularly in case of public buildings like hospitals.

• Generally minimum half a day’s supply is stored when the water supply is intermittent and the hours of supply are irregular.

• It is not necessary to have separate storage for flushing and sanitary requirements when there is only one communication pipe provided for water supply to a building. Tap water for flushing purpose from lower level and other domestic purposes from upper level outlets.

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Wash Down Water Closet

PLUMBING FIXTURESDouble Siphonic Water ClosetA. Flush LeverB. Flush ChamberC. Pressure reducing deviceD. Suction chamber for C (-ve pr.)E. Atm. pr. for siphon action

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Wall Hung Water Closet

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Squatting Type Water Closet

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Universal Water Closet

PLUMBING FIXTURES

ValveLow Volume Water Closet

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Flush Valve Installation

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Automatic Cistern

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Urinals With Flush Valve

PLUMBING FIXTURES

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Bidet

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Bath Tub

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Shower

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Wash Basin

PLUMBING FIXTURES

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Laboratory Table Piping Layout