280] 2011 Kupeli Akkol - Assessment Dermal Wound Healing in Vitro Antioxidant Properties Avena...

8/12/2019 280] 2011 Kupeli Akkol - Assessment Dermal Wound Healing in Vitro Antioxidant Properties Avena Sativa

1/6

Assessment of dermal wound healing and in vitro antioxidant properties ofAvena sativaL.

E. Kpeli Akkol a,*, I. Sntar a, I. Erdogan Orhan a, H. Keles b, A. Kan c, G. oksari d

a Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330 Ankara, Turkeyb Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03030 Afyonkarahisar, Turkeyc Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Program for Food Technologies, Seluk University, 42070 Konya, Turkeyd Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Seluk University, 42070 Konya, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 9 April 2010Received in revised form15 December 2010Accepted 24 January 2011

Keywords:

Avena sativa

Wound healingAntioxidantTotal phenol and avonoid

a b s t r a c t

Avena sativa L. (Poaceae) has been reported to have traditional utilization against skin diseases andinammation. Therefore, in this study, the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water extracts ofA.sativawere investigated for their wound healing and antioxidant activities. Total phenol andavonoid contentsof the extracts were established spectrophotometrically. For the wound healing activity, linear incisionand circular excision models on rats and mice were evaluated with a standard ointment Madecassol.Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferrousion-chelating, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Signicant wound healing activitywas observed with the ointment formulation of the ethanol extract at 1% concentration. The histo-pathological examination results also supported the outcome of both linear incision and circular excisionwound models. All of the extracts exerted low antioxidant activity in the applied assays. The presentstudy provides a scientic evidence for the traditional usage ofA. sativa in the management of woundhealing.

2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction

Avena sativaL. (Poaceae), known as common oat, is a cerealgrain species used also as food. It has been cultivated in Anatolianpeninsulasince ancient timeswhose cultivationwas recorded by theGreek scientist Galenus in the 17th century. The major cultivationarea of oat is the Marmara region and internal Anatolia in Turkey. Insome folk medicine systems belonging to different parts of theworld, it has been reported to be used traditionally against somediseases. For instance; in the southern Appalachia region of theUnited States, A. sativa was recorded to have utilization against

chickenpox, poison ivy, and other rashes externally (Cavender,2006). In traditional medicine of Lebanon, its alcoholic maceratewas reported to be used as antirheumatic and antineuralgic (ElBeyrouthy et al., 2008). Ballabh et al. (2008)reported use of oatagainst kidney and urinary disorders in traditional medicine of clod

desertLadakh in theremotest regionof theIndian subcontinent. Oatis an important crop plant containing high levels of proteins, lipids,vitamins, dietarybers, and minerals as well as a foodplant for bothhumans and animals (Gajdosova et al., 2007).A. sativa was reportedto possess a variety of biological activities such as angiotensin-Iconverting enzyme inhibitory (Cheung et al., 2009), anti-inam-matory and anti-itchy (Sur et al., 2008), anti-HIV (Shun et al., 2008),and cardioprotective activities (Ryan et al., 2007).

The aim of the present study was to investigate in vivowoundhealing activity ofA. sativa to clarify its traditional use in a scienticplatform along with its in vitroantioxidant activity. Then-hexane,

ethyl acetate, ethanol, and waterextracts of the plant were tested inmice and rats for their wound healing activity using in vivolinearincision and circular excision woundmodels, which have been usedtogether for conrmation of the wound healing activity. Addition-ally, antioxidant activity was conducted in the extracts to exploit itsrelation to wound healing activity. Antioxidant activity of theextracts was determined using three different in vitro methods; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferrous ion-chelating, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays at250, 500, and 1000mg/ml concentrations. Total phenol and avo-noid contents of the extracts were established spectrophotomet-rically by FolineCiocalteau and AlCl3methods, respectively.

Abbreviations: ABTS, 2,20azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid);DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP, Ferric-reducing antioxidant power;S.E.M, Standard error mean.* Corresponding author. Tel.: 90 312 2023185; fax: 90 312 2235018.

E-mail address:[email protected](E.K. Akkol).

Contents lists available atScienceDirect

Journal of Cereal Science

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m/ l o c a t e / j c s

0733-5210/$ e see front matter 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2011.01.009

Journal of Cereal Science 53 (2011) 285e290 [280]
mailto:[email protected]://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07335210http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jcshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.01.009http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.01.009http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.01.009http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.01.009http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.01.009http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.01.009http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jcshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07335210mailto:[email protected]


2/6

2. Experimental

2.1. Plant material

Cultivated sample of A. sativa was obtained from the experi-mental farm of Seluk University, in Konya province, Turkey, at theowering stage in June, 2009.

2.2. Preparation of plant extracts

After theplant material wasdriedin shade at room temperature, itwasweighed accurately (200g) in a digitalbalancer (MettlereToledo)and powdered in a mechanical grinder. Then, the powdered materialwas subjected to successive extraction starting from n-hexane(2 L 2),ethyl acetate (3 L 2), ethanol (3 L 2), and water(3 L 1).After the corresponding organic phases in each extraction werelteredthroughregularlter paper, theywereevaporated invacuo tilldryness to give the crude extracts. The water extract was nallylyophilized. The extract yields (w/w) were calculated as follows: Then-hexaneextract; 2.09%, theethylacetate extract; 25.98%, theethanolextract; 15.61%, the water extract; 29.47%.

2.3. Wound healing activity tests

2.3.1. Animals

Male, SpragueeDawley rats (160e180 g) and Swiss albino mice(20e25 g) were purchasedfrom the animal breeding laboratories ofExperimental Animal Research Center of Gazi University (GDAM)(Ankara, Turkey).

The animals were left for 3 days at room conditions for accli-matization. They were maintained on standard pellet diet andwater ad libitum throughout the experiment. A minimum of sixanimals were used in each group. Throughout the experiments,animals were processed according to the suggested internationalethical guidelines for the care of laboratory animals under the auditof Gazi University Commission of Animal Ethics.

2.3.2. Preparation of test samples for wound healing activity

Incision and excision wound models were employed to evaluatethe wound healing activity. For the in vivo wound models, testsamples were prepared in an ointment base (vehicle) consisting ofglycol stearate, 1,2-propylene glycol, liquid parafn (3:6:1) in 1%concentration. 0.5 g of each test ointment was applied topically onthe wounded site immediately after the wound was created bya surgical blade.

Animals of the vehicle group were treated with the ointmentbase only, whereas animals of the reference drug group weretreated with 0.5 g of Madecassol (Bayer, 00001199). Madecassol

contains a 1% extract ofCentella asiatica.

2.3.3. Wound healing activity2.3.3.1. Linear incision wound model. All the animals were anaes-thetized with 0.15 cc Ketalar and the back hair of the rats wereshaved by using a shaving machine. Five cm long, two linear-par-avertebral incisions were made with a sterile surgical bladethrough the full thickness of the skin at a distance of 1.5 cm fromthe midline of each side of the vertebral column (Ehrlich and Hunt,1968). The wounds were closed with three surgical interruptedsutures 1 cm apart. The extracts, reference drug (Madecassol), andvehicle were topically applied once a day throughout 9 days.Animals of the negative control group were not treated with anymaterial. All the sutures were removed on the 9th post wound day.On the 10th day, all the animals were killed under anesthesia. Onelinear-paravertebral incised skin was measured using a tensiometer

(Zwick/Roell Z0.5, Germany) for its tensile strength, the other

incised skin was sent for histopathological examination (Lodhiet al., 2006; Suguna et al., 2002).

Tensiometer measures the breaking strength in N (Newtons),which is called tensile strength.

Tensile strengthTS of extract % TSextract TSvehicle 100

TSvehicle

Tensile strength of reference % TSreference TSvehicle 100

TSvehicle

Tensile strength of vechicle % TSvechicle TSnegative 100

TSnegative

2.3.3.2. Circular excision wound model. A circular excision woundmodel was used to monitor wound contraction and wound closuretime. Each group of animals (six animals in each) wasanaesthetizedby 0.01 cc Ketalar. The back hairs of the mice were depilated byshaving. The circular wound was created on the dorsal inter-scapular region of each animal by excising the skin with a 5 mm

biopsy punch; wounds were leftopen (Tramontina et al., 2002). Theextracts, the reference drug (Madecassol, Bayer) and the vehicleointments were applied topically once a day till the wound wascompletely healed. The progressive changes in wound area weremonitored by a camera (Fuji, S20 Pro, Japan) every other day. Lateron, wound area was evaluated by using AutoCAD program. Woundcontraction was calculated as percentage of the reduction inwounded area. A specimen sample of tissue was isolated from thehealed skin of each group of mice for the histopathological exam-ination (Sadaf et al., 2006).

2.3.4. Histopathological examination

The cross-sectional full-thickness skin specimens from eachgroup were collected at the end of the experiment to evaluate for

the histopathological alterations. Samples were

xed in 10% buff-ered formalin, processed and blocked with parafn and thensectioned into 5mm sections and stained with hematoxylin & eosin(HE) and Van Gieson (VG) stains. The tissues were examined bylight microscope (Olympus CX41 attached Kameram Digital ImageAnalyze System) and graded as mild (), moderate () and severe() for epidermal or dermal re-modeling. Re-epithelization orulcus in epidermis; broblast proliferation, mononuclear and/orpolymorphonuclear cells, neovascularization and collagen deposi-tions in dermis were analyzed to score the epidermal or dermal re-modeling. At the end of the examination, obtained results werecombined and staged for wound healing phases as inammation,proliferation, and re-modeling in all groups.

Table 1

Effects of the extracts ofA.sativaon linear incision wound model.

Materials Statisticalmean S.E.M.a (mm2)

(Tensilestrength %b)

Vehicle 14.86 1.81 12.1Negative control 13.26 2.19 ec

n-Hexane extract 14.31 2.03 eEthyl ace tate extract 17.42 1.14 17.2Ethanol extract 19.21 1.87 29.3Water extract 17.91 1.21 20.5Madecassol 23.45 1.75 57.8

a Standard error meaning.b Percentage of the tensile strength values: The vehicle group was compared to

the negative control group; Extracts and the reference material were compared tovehicle group.

c

No activity.

E.K. Akkol et al. / Journal of Cereal Science 53 (2011) 285e290286


3/6

2.4. Antioxidant activity

2.4.1. DPPH radical scavenging assay

The hydrogen atom or electron donation capacity of the corre-sponding extracts was computed from the bleaching property ofthe purple-colored methanol solution of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhy-drazyl (DPPH). The stable DPPH radical scavenging activity wasdetermined by the method of Blois (1958). The samples andreference dissolved in ethanol (75%) were mixed with DPPH solu-tion (1.5 104 M). Remaining DPPH amount was measured at520 nm using a Unico 4802 UVevisible double beam spectropho-tometer (USA). The results were compared to that of gallic acidemployed as the reference. Inhibition of DPPH in percent (I%) wascalculated as given below:

I% h

Acontrol Asample.

Acontroli

100

where Acontrolis the absorbance of the control reaction (containingall reagents except the test sample), and Asample is the absorbance ofthe extracts/reference. Experiments were run in triplicate and theresults were conveyedas average values with S.E.M. (Standard errorof mean).

2.4.2. Fe2eferrozine test system for iron chelating

The ferrous ion-chelating effect of the extracts by theFe2eferrozine test system was estimated by the method ofChuaet al. (2008). Accordingly, the samples were incubated with 2 mMFeCl2 solution. The reactionwas initiated by the addition of ferrozinesolution into the mixture and left standing at ambient temperature

for10 min. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at

562 nm. The ratio of inhibition of the ferrozineeFe2 complexformation was calculated as follows:

I% h

Acontrol Asample.

Acontroli

100

The control contained only FeCl2and ferrozine. Analyses wererun in triplicate and expressed as average values with S.E.M.(Standard error of mean).

2.4.3. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)

The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the extractsand reference was tested using the assay ofOyaizu (1986). Differentconcentrations of the extracts as well as chlorogenic acid as refer-ence for comparative purposes was added to 2.5 ml of phosphatebuffer (pH 6.6) and 2.5 ml of potassium ferricyanide. Later, themixture was incubated at 50 C for 20 min and then trichloroaceticacid (10%) was added. After the mixture was shaken vigorously, thissolution was mixed with distilled water and FeCl3(0.1%, w/v). After30 min incubation, absorbance was read at 700 nm using a Unico4802 UVevisible double beam spectrophotometer (USA). Analyseswere achieved in duplicate. Increase in absorbance of the reactionindicated increase in reducing power of the extracts.

2.5. Determination of total phenol and totalavonoid contents of

the extracts

Phenolic compounds were determined in accordance withFolineCiocalteaus method (Singleton and Rossi, 1965). In brief, the

Table 2

Effects of the extracts ofA.sativaon circular excision wound model.

Day Wound area (mm2) S.E.M.a (Contraction %b)

Vehicle Negative Control n-Hexane extract Ethyl acetate extract Ethanol extract Water extract Madecassol

0 19.14 1.89 19.60 2.09 19.86 1.22 20.05 1.03 20.28 1.68 19.25 1.26 19.21 1.442 17.22 1.40 17.30 1.56 17.01 2.24 16.29 1.69 16.05 1.10 17.04 2.37 15.29 2.09

(0.5) (1.2) (5.4) (6.8) (1.0) (11.2)4 14.31 1.82 16.43 2.99 14.08 2.14 13.32 1.50 12.21 1.54 12.46 1.26 11.29 2.76

(12.9) (1.6) (6.9) (14.7) (12.9) (21.1)6 12.53 1.07 13.42 1.62 12.27 1.38 10.62 1.63 9.96 1.32 11.10 1.17 8.43 1.64

(6.63) (2.1) (15.2) (20.51) (11.4) (32.7)*8 8.77 1.37 10.78 1.54 8.80 1.43 7.53 0.36 6.46 0.11 8.51 0.94 3.90 1.71

(18.6) ec (14.1) (26.3) (2.9) (55.5)**10 4.58 0.91 4.96 1.19 4.63 0.17 3.49 0.66 3.09 0.70 3.98 0.86 1.03 0.18

(7.7) e (23.8) (32.5)* (13.1) (77.5)***12 2.50 0.06 2.76 0.17 2.59 0.19 1.76 0.26 1.48 0.03 2.24 0.16 0.00 0.00

(9.4) e (29.6) (40.8)* (10.4) (100.0)***

*p < 0.05.***p < 0.001.

a Standard error meaning.b Percentage of thecontractionvalues: Thevehicle group wascomparedto thenegative control group;Extracts andthe referencematerialwere compared to vehicle group.c No activity.

Table 3

Wound healing processes and healing phases of the vehicle, negative control, A. sativaextracts and Madecassol administered animals.a

Groups Wound Healing Processes Healing Phases

S U RE FP CD MNC PMN NV I P R

Vehicle / / /Negative Control / e / / en-Hexane extract / e eEthyl acetate extract / / / / Ethanol extract e / / / / / / / /Water extract / / / / / / /Madecassol e / / / / / /

a HE and VG stained sections were scored as mild ( ), moderate () and severe () for epidermal and/or dermal re-modeling. S: Scab, U: Ulcus, RE: Re-epithelization,FP: Fibroblastproliferation,CD: Collagen depositions, MNC: Mononuclear cells, PMN: Polymorphonuclear cells, NV: Neovascularization, I: Inammation phase, P: Proliferation

phase, R: Re-modeling phase.

E.K. Akkol et al. / Journal of Cereal Science 53 (2011) 285e290 287


4/6


5/6

was seen in the other groups. In experimental groups, best re-modeling, particularly, re-epithelization was detected in theMadecassol treated group, and then, the same equal in bothethanol and water extracts treated groups. Compared with thesegroups, indecisive healing results and excessive neovascularizationwere observed in the ethyl acetate-treated group. Histopathologicalresults are demonstrated inFig. 1,which stained with HE and VG.

Accordingly, histopathological observations supported the out-come ofin vivowound models of this study.

3.2. Antioxidant activity results and total phenol and avonoid

contents

Antioxidant activity of the extracts of A. sativa was tested inthree different in vitro assays; namely DPPH radical scavenging,ferrous ion-chelating, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP) assays. As tabulated inTables 4 and 5, the extracts showeda low scavenging activity against DPPH radical and stumpychelating capacity on ferric ion. However, occurrence of moderateFRAP was observed in the extracts.

For total phenol content of the extracts, the calibration equation

was calculated as y 0.9051x 0.0549 (r2 0.9943) (gallic acidequivalent), while it was y 5.5398x 0.1209 (r2 0.9988)(quercetin equivalent) for total avonoid content (Table 4). Ourndings showed that the ethyl acetate extract was the richest interms of total phenol (75.79 4.02 mg/g extract) and avonoid(77.59 6.71 mg/g extract) amounts as compared to the others.

4. Discussion

Wound healing is a multifarious procedure that includesinammation, granulation tissue formation, re-epithelialization,and matrix formation. Numerous studies have proved that oxida-tion reactions, frequently initiated by various unwanted radicals in

biological systems, are associated with many pathophysiologicalconditions including inammation and wound healing. In recentyears, oxidative stress and free radicals have been implicated inimpaired wound healing. Different mechanisms like free radicalscavenging, metal chelation as well as immune modulation may actat different levels independently or in combination to bring aboutthe wound healing effects. Consequently, we also studied herein

antioxidant effects ofA. sativaextracts besides their wound healingactivity. According to the literature survey; it was revealed that theleaves, stems, and inorescences of A. sativa contained a rangeof avonoid-type compounds including vitexin and isoswertisin200-rhamnosides, isovitexin and isoorientin 200-arabinosides(Chopin et al., 1977), which might be related to the wound healingand antioxidant activities. Not only the avonoid type of constitu-ents, but also vitamin E, phytic acid, and avenanthramides are themost abundant constituents that exhibit antioxidant activity(Peterson, 2001). Avenanthramides (substituted N-cinnamoylan-thranilic acids), the alkaloid-class compounds specic toA. sativa,have been reported to be strong antioxidants in both in vitroandinvivo methods (Bratt et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2007; Dimberg et al.,1993; Ji et al., 2003). Since avenanthramides were shown to

possess antioxidant activity, they might be responsible for antiox-idant activity of the oat extracts as well. However, the amount ofavenanthramides in A. sativa samples may depend on severalfactors such as genotype, soil factors, climate, irrigation, collectionperiod, etc. Therefore, their amounts might be supposed to be quitelow in our sample, which may have led to occurrence of low anti-oxidant activity in our extracts. Nevertheless, the method distinc-tion to assess antioxidant activity can also be speculated toinuence level of activity.Wojdyo and Oszmainski (2007)analyzedphenolic acids of the enzymatically hydrolyzed extract and themethanol extract of oat and also studied their antioxidant activityusing scavenging tests against DPPH and 2,20azinobis-(3- ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. Although ferulic

Table 4

Total phenol and total avonoid contents and of DPPH radical scavenging activity ofA. sativaextracts.

Materials Total phenol content S.E.M.a

of the extractsbTotal avonoid content S.E.M.of the extractsc

Inhibition % S.E.M. against DPPH radical

250mg ml1 500mg ml1 1000mg ml1

neHexane 26.10 2.31 40.72 4.81 3.72 1.24 4.69 0.12 7.04 0.42Ethyl acetate 75.79 4.02 77.59 6.71 4.90 1.92 6.15 0.01 11.29 1.42Ethanol 39.34 0.78 NDd 6.51 0.50 7.03 0.08 11.35 0.17Water 46.02 0.70 ND 4.02 0.67 5.97 1.42 6.50 1.17

Gallic acid (Reference for DPPH test) NTe 91.61 0.06 92.57 0.10a Standard error meaning.b Data expressed in mg equivalent of gallic acid (GAE) to 1 g of extract.c Data expressed in mg equivalent of quercetin to 1 g of extract.d Not detected.e Not tested.

Table 5

Ferric ion-chelating capacity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) ofA. sativaextracts.

Materials Ferric ionechelating capacity(Inhibition % S.E.M.a) Ferricereducing antioxidant power (FRAP)(Absorbance at 700 nm S.E.M.)

250mg ml1 500mg ml1 1000mg ml1 250mg ml1 500mg ml1 1000mg ml1

neHexane 10.19 3.38 16.16 2.40 23.37 3.17 0.231 0.007 0.308 0.007 0.409 0.001Ethyl acetate 11.97 1.89 11.77 1.04 11.29 0.03 0.268 0.001 0.324 0.007 0.475 0.001Ethanol 3.96 2.19 7.95 0.06 8.13 0.54 0.234 0.011 0.261 0.023 0.332 0.038Water 5.72 2.31 11.29 0.99 36.68 1.34 0.209 0.001 0.217 0.008 0.259 0.004BHAb NDd 21.71 1.10 26.94 1.48Chlorogenic acidc ND 3.547 0.06 3.618 0.01

a Standard error meaning.b Butylated hydroxyanisol; reference for ferric ion chelating capacity test.c Reference for FRAP.d

Not determined.

E.K. Akkol et al. / Journal of Cereal Science 53 (2011) 285e290 289


6/6

acid was dominant among others, the rest of the phenolic acidswere in very small quantities. The authors stated that the hydro-lyzed extract of oat had signicantly higher antioxidant activitythan the methanol extract.

On the other hand, there have been several studies on A. sativa,which can be related to a wound healing effect. For instance, beta-glucan obtained fromA. sativa was revealed to enhance the resis-tance to Staphylococcus aureusor Eimeria vermiformis infection inmice (Yun et al., 2003). For wound healing activity, antimicrobialagents are gaining importance, since they also provide a better andrapid healing by forming a barrier against microbial contamination.

Boisnic et al. (2003) studied the anti-inammatory effect ofoatmeal extract oligomer on skin fragments stimulated by a neu-romediator, vasoactive intestinal peptide and found out that aftertreatment with oatmeal extract oligomer, the mean surface ofdilated vessels and edema were signicantly decreased. Thus, thewound healing effect ofA. sativa may be attributed to this mech-anism. Moreover, a clinical study on 12 healthy individualsdemonstrated that, oatmeal extracts have preventive effects onskin irritation in the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) irritation model(Vie et al., 2002). In a randomized cross-over trial, effects of theunprocessed oat bran having a total of 11 g dietary ber were

assessed on rectal epithelial cell proliferation of twenty subjectswith adenomas and it was concluded that total ber intake did notdisplay effects on proliferation (Macrae et al., 1997).

All these previous ndings can lead to an interpretation that thesignicant wound healing activity of the ethanol extract ofA. sativamay likely depend on some other mechanism rather than itsantioxidant effect. Besides, beta-glucans, complex polysaccharidesof D-glucose monomers linked by b-glycosidic bonds, have beenrevealed to appear to enhance wound healing through severalmechanisms including the stimulation of collagen deposition,activation of immune cells, increasing macrophage inltration intothe wound area, and by stimulating tissue granulation, collagendeposition, re-epithelization, and tensile strength (Cerci et al.,2008). Since beta-glucans have been found to exist commonly in

oat and other grains, wound healing activity of our oat ethanolextract might be resulting from these components, at least partly.

5. Conclusion

Results of the present study have clearly demonstrated that theaerial parts of A. sativa possess wound healing potential whichsupports its traditional utilization in various folk medicines. Ina reference survey, no reports relating to the woundhealing activityof A. sativa extracts have been found so far. To the best of ourknowledge, we herein reportfor therst time about woundhealingactivity and antioxidant activity by ferrous ion-chelating and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods of the oat extracts.The current results suggest that wound healing activity of the

ethanol extract of A. sativa may not be related to antioxidantactivity, but some other mechanisms appears to relate to its effect.

References

Ballabh, B., Chaurasia, O.P., Ahmed, Z., Singh, S.B., 2008. Traditional medicinal plantsof cold desert Ladakh e used against kidney and urinary disorders. Journal ofEthnopharmacology 118, 331e339.

Blois, M.S., 1958. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical.Nature 181, 1199e1200.

Boisnic, S., Branchet Gumila, M.C., Coutanceau, C., 2003. Inhibitory effect of oatmealextract oligomer on vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced inammation insurviving human skin. Internatiomal Journal of Tissue Reactions 25, 41e46.

Bratt, K., Sunnerheim, K., Bryngelsson, S., Fagerlund, A., Engman, L., Andersson, R.E.,Dimberg, L.H., 2003. Avenanthramides in oats (A. sativaL.) and structure anti-oxidant activity relationships. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51,594e600.

Cavender, A., 2006. Folk medical uses of plant foods in southern Appalachia, UnitedStates. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108, 74e84.

Cerci, C., Yildirim, M., Ceyhan, M., Bozkurt, S., Doguc, D., Gokicimen, A., 2008. The

effects of topical and systemic beta glucan administration on wound healingimpaired by corticosteroids. Wounds 20, 341e347.

Chen, C.Y.O., Milbury, P.E., Collins, F.W., Blumberg, J.B., 2007. Avenanthramides arebioavailable and have antioxidant activity in humans after acute consumptionof an enriched mixture from oats. Journal of Nutrition 137, 1375e1382.

Cheung, I.W.Y., Nakayama, S., Hsu, M.N.K., Samaranayaka, A .G.P., Li-Chan, E.C.Y.,2009. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of hydrolysates fromoat (A. sativa) proteins by in silicoand in vitroanalyses. Journal of Agriculturaland Food Chemistry 57, 9234e9242.

Chopin, J., Dellamonica, G., Bouillant, M.L., Besset, A., Popovici, G., Weissenbck, G.,1977. C-Glycosylavones fromA. sativa. Phytochemistry 16, 2041e2043.

Chua,M.T., Tung,Y.T.,Chang, S.T.,2008. Antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts fromthe twigs ofCinnamomum osmophleum. Bioresource Technology 99, 1918e1925.

Dimberg, L.H., Theander, O., Lingnert, H., 1993. Avenanthramides E a group ofphenolic antioxidants in oats. Cereal Chemistry 70, 637e641.

Ehrlich, H.P., Hunt, T.K., 1968. The effect of cortisone and anabolic steroids on thetensile strength of healing wounds. Annals of Surgery 57, 117.

El Beyrouthy, M., Arnold, N., Delelis-Dusollier, A., Dupont, F., 2008. Plants used asremedies antirheumatic and antineuralgic in the traditional medicine ofLebanon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120, 315e334.

Gajdosova, A., Petrulakova, Z., Havrlentova, M., Cervena, V., Hozova, B., Sturdik, E.,Kogan, G., 2007. The content of water-soluble and water-insoluble b-D-glucansin selected oats and barley varieties. Carbohydrate Polymers 70, 46e72.

Ji, L.L., Lay, D., Chung, L.E., Fuy, Y., Peterson, D.M., 20 03. Effects of avenanthramideson oxidant generation and antioxidant enzyme activity in exercised rats.Nutrition Research 23, 1579e1590.

Lodhi, S., Pawar, R.S., Jain, A.P., Singhai, A.K., 2006. Wound healing potential ofTeph-rosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108, 204e210.

Macrae, F.A., Kilias, D., Selbie, L., Abbott, M., Sharpe, K., Young, G.P., 1997. Effect ofcerealbre source and processing on rectal epithelial cell proliferation. Gut 41,239e244.

Oyaizu, M., 1986. Studies on products of browning reactions-antioxidative activitiesof products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Japanese Journalof Nutrition 44, 307e315.

Peterson, D.M., 2001. Oat antioxidants. Journal of Cereal Science 33, 115e129.Ryan, D., Kendall, M., Robards, K., 2007. Bioactivity of oats as it relates to cardio-

vascular disease. Nutrition Research Reviews 20, 147e162.

Sadaf, F., Saleem, R., Ahmed, M., Ahmad, S.I., Navaid-ul, Z., 2006. Healing potential ofcream containing extract ofSphaeranthus indiciuson dermal wounds in guineapigs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107, 161e163.

Shun, C.W., Bligh, S.W.A., Chang, L.Z., Song, S.S., Zheng, T.W., Zhi, B.H., Crowder, J., Bran-ford-White, C., Vella, C., 2008. Sulfatedb-glucan derived from oat branwith potentanti-HIV activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 2624e2629.

Singleton, V.L., Rossi Jr., J.A., 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phospho-molibdic-phosphotungtic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology andViticulture 16, 144e158.

Suguna, L., Singh, S., Sivakumar, P., Sampath, P., Chandrakasan, G., 2002. Inuence ofTerminalia chebulaon dermal wound healing in rats. Phytotherapy Research 16,227e231.

Sur, R., Nigam, A., Grote, D., Liebel, F., Southall, M.D., 2009. Avenanthramides,polyphenols from oats, exhibit anti-inammatory and anti-itch activity.Archives of Dermatological Research 300, 569e574.

Tramontina, V.A., Machado, M.A., Nogueira Filho Gda, R., Kim, S.H., Vizzioli, M.R.,Toledo, S., 2002. Effect of bismuth subgallate (local hemostatic agent) on woundhealing in rats. Histological and histometric ndings. Brazilian Dental Journal13, 11e16.

Vie, K., Cours-Darne, S., Vienne, M.P., Boyer, F., Fabre, B., Dupuy, P., 2002. Modulatingeffects of oatmeal extracts in the sodium lauryl sulfate skin irritancy model.Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology 15, 120e124.

Woisky, R., Salatino, A.,1998. Analysis of propolis: some parameters and proceduresfor chemical quality control. Journal of Apicultural Research 37, 99e105.

Wojdy1o, A., Oszmaincski, J., 2007. Comparison of the content phenolic acid, a-tocopherol and they antioxidant activity in oat naked and weeded. ElectronicJournal of Environmental Agricultural and Food Chemistry 6, 1980e1988.

Yun, C.H., Estrada, A., Van Kessel, A., Park, B.C., Laarveld, B., 2003. Beta-glucan,extracted from oat, enhances disease resistance against bacterial and parasiticinfections. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 35, 67e75.

E.K. Akkol et al. / Journal of Cereal Science 53 (2011) 285e290290

280] 2011 Kupeli Akkol - Assessment Dermal Wound Healing in Vitro Antioxidant Properties Avena...

Documents

Transcript of 280] 2011 Kupeli Akkol - Assessment Dermal Wound Healing in Vitro Antioxidant Properties Avena...