Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

28. RUBUS Linnaeus, Sp. P1. 1: 492. 1753.悬钩子属 xuan gou zi shu

Lu Lingdi (陆玲娣 Lu Ling-ti); David E. Boufford

Shrubs or subshrubs, deciduous, rarely evergreen or semievergreen, sometimes perennial creeping dwarf herbs. Stems erect,climbing, arching, or prostrate, glabrous or hairy, usually with prickles or bristles, sometimes with glandular hairs, rarely unarmed.Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, palmately or pinnately compound, divided or undivided, toothed, glabrous or hairy, sometimeswith glandular hairs, bristles, or glands; stipules persistent, ± adnate to petiole basally, undivided or occasionally lobed, persistent orcaducous, near base of petiole or at junction of stem and petiole, free, usually dissected, occasionally entire. Flowers bisexual, rarelyunisexual and plants dioecious, in cymose panicles, racemes, or corymbs, or several in clusters or solitary. Calyx expanded, some-times with a short, broad tube; sepals persistent, erect or reflexed, (4 or)5(�8). Petals usually 5, rarely more, occasionally absent,white, pink, or red, glabrous or hairy, margin entire, rarely premorse. Stamens numerous, sometimes few, inserted at mouth of hy-panthium; filaments filiform; anthers didymous. Carpels many, rarely few, inserted on convex torus, each carpel becoming a drupeletor drupaceous achene; locule 1; ovules 2, only 1 developing, collateral, pendulous; style filiform, subterminal, glabrous or hairy; stig-ma simple, capitate. Drupelets or drupaceous achenes aggregated on semispherical, conical, or cylindrical torus, forming an aggre-gate fruit, separating from torus and aggregate hollow, or adnate to torus and falling with torus attached at maturity and aggregatesolid; seed pendulous, testa membranous; cotyledons plano-convex.

About 700 species: worldwide, particularly abundant in temperate regions of N hemisphere, a few species extending into S hemisphere; 208species (139 endemic) in China.

Rubus umbellifer H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg 6: 111. 1908), described from China, is referable to Grewia biloba G. Don var.biflora (Bunge) Handel-Mazzetti (Tiliaceae).

The Chinese species of Rubus are mostly native and rare in cultivation. The fruit of many species are eaten raw or used for making jam, jelly,juice, candy, various drinks, wine, and vinegar. The dried fruits, seeds, and leaves are used in traditional Chinese medicine and the leaves are also usedfor tea. Some species are suitable for ornamental use, for hedges, or as ground covers. The stems and roots of some species are a source of tannin.

1a. Herbs, prostrate or creeping, rarely subshrubs, unarmed or sometimes with needle-like prickles or bristles;stipules free.2a. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); leaves simple ............................................................................ 8. R. sect. Chamaemorus2b. Flowers bisexual; leaves simple or compound.

3a. Plants with needle-like prickles or bristles; leaves simple; calyx usually with needle-like pricklesor bristles abaxially; carpels more than 20, rarely less .................................................................... 6. R. sect. Chamaebatus

3b. Plants unarmed, rarely with needle-like prickles; leaves compound, 3�5-foliolate; calyx unarmedabaxially or sometimes with soft bristles; carpels fewer than 20, rarely more ........................................ 7. R. sect. Cylactis

1b. Shrubs, rarely subshrubs or herbs, usually with robust or needle-like prickles; stipules free or adnate to baseof petiole.4a. Stipules free, usually dissected, persistent or caducous; leaves simple or palmately compound.

5a. Plants prickly; stipules caducous or persistent; leaves simple, rarely palmately or pedatelycompound ........................................................................................................................................ 4. R. sect. Malachobatus

5b. Plants densely bristly, bristles rarely with intermixed sparse, needle-like or small prickles;stipules persistent, rarely caducous; leaves simple ...................................................................... 5. R. sect. Dalibardastrum

4b. Stipules adnate to base of petiole, rarely free, undivided, occasionally lobed, persistent.6a. Leaves pinnately or palmately compound, (3�)5�11(�15)-foliolate, or simple; aggregate fruit

separating from torus at maturity, hollow ............................................................................................. 1. R. sect. Idaeobatus6b. Leaves usually ternate, sometimes pedately or palmately compound, rarely simple; aggregate fruit

separating from or adnate to torus, hollow or not.7a. Evergreen shrubs; leaves leathery; aggregate fruit separating from or adnate to torus at

maturity, hollow or not ................................................................................................................ 2. R. sect. Lampobatus7b. Deciduous shrubs; leaves papery; aggregate fruit adnate to, rarely separating from torus at

maturity, rarely hollow .......................................................................................................................... 3. R. sect. Rubus

1. Rubus sect. Idaeobatus Focke, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 4: 143. 1874.

空心莓组 kong xin mei zu

Shrubs, rarely subshrubs or herbs, usually with robust or needle-like prickles. Leaves pinnately or palmately compound, (3�)5�11(�15)-foliolate, or simple; stipules persistent, mostly adnate to base of petiole, narrower than petiole, rarely broader, undivided,sometimes lobed. Flowers bisexual, in cymose panicles, subracemes, or corymbs, rarely several in clusters or solitary. Aggregatefruit separating from torus at maturity, hollow.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Eighty-eight species (55 endemic) in China.

1a. Leaves simple.2a. Carpels ca. 100 or slightly more; aggregate fruit terete or cylindrical; leaves peltate .............................................. 79. R. peltatus2b. Carpels ca. 10�60, rarely slightly more; aggregate fruit subglobose or ovoid-globose; leaves not peltate.

3a. Leaves palmately 3�5(�7)-divided, palmately 5-veined from base, pubescent along veins on both surfaces.4a. Leaves ovate to narrowly ovate, 3�5-lobed; flowers 1�1.5 cm, several in clusters or in short terminal

racemes; aggregate fruit ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous ................................................................................ 87. R. crataegifolius4b. Leaves suborbicular, palmately (3�)5(�7)-parted; flowers 2.5�4 cm in diam., solitary; aggregate fruit

1.5�2 cm in diam., densely hairy .......................................................................................................................... 88. R. chingii3b. Leaves undivided or 3-lobed, palmately 3-veined from base, glabrous or hairy.

5a. Plants glabrous, without glandular hairs.6a. Flowers 3 or more, in short racemes; pistils ca. 10�50, glabrous ................................................................. 84. R. trianthus6b. Flowers solitary; pistils 50�100, glabrous or tomentose.

7a. Leaf margin coarsely sharply serrate or doubly serrate; flowers red; pistils glabrous .............................. 85. R. grayanus7b. Leaf margin simply serrate; flowers white; pistils densely gray tomentose ............................................... 86. R. yanyunii

5b. Plants soft hairy, rarely pubescent only along veins.8a. Plants with glandular hairs; flowers ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; aggregate fruit glabrous ................................ 80. R. glabricarpus8b. Plants without glandular hairs; flowers 2�3 cm in diam.; aggregate fruit pubescent.

9a. Leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, usually 3-parted to near middle; abaxial surface of calyxwith sparse, straight needle-like prickles; flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3 .................................. 83. R. taitoensis

9b. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, undivided, rarely those of sterile branchlets 3-lobed; abaxial surfaceof calyx unarmed; flowers solitary or several in a cluster.

10a. Plants pubescent throughout; sepals ovate or triangular-ovate, 5�8 mm, acute to shortlyacuminate; petals white, longer than sepals ................................................................................. 81. R. corchorifolius

10b. Plants glabrous or slightly pubescent only on leaf veins; sepals triangular-lanceolate, 10�15mm, acuminate to caudate; petals red, shorter than sepals ........................................................... 82. R. kwangsiensis

1b. Leaves compound (only R. impressinervus with simple leaves).11a. Leaves palmately compound; terminal leaflet sessile or nearly so.

12a. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate; leaflets pilose on both surfaces; branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abaxialsurface of calyx with glandular hairs; abaxial surface of calyx with needle-like prickles; aggregate fruitglabrous .......................................................................................................................................................... 77. R. pentagonus

12b. Leaves palmately 5-foliolate; leaflets pilose only along veins on both surfaces; branchlets, petioles,pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx without glandular hairs; abaxial surface of calyx unarmed;aggregate fruit villous ........................................................................................................................... 78. R. quinquefoliolatus

11b. Leaves imparipinnate, terminal leaflet prominently petiolulate.13a. Stipules and bracts ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or suborbicular.

14a. Stipules and bracts ovate-lanceolate to ovate; leaves 3(�5)-foliolate, terminal leaflet broadly ovate,2- or 3-lobed, lateral leaflets coarsely doubly serrate; pedicel with minute prickles .................................. 75. R. lasiostylus

14b. Stipules and bracts broadly ovate or suborbicular; leaves 5(�7)-foliolate, terminal leaflet elliptic,undivided, lateral leaflets coarsely serrate; pedicel unarmed ................................................................... 76. R. wushanensis

13b. Stipules and bracts linear, linear-lanceolate, or lanceolate, occasionally subulate.15a. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate, sometimes simple, leathery; carpels 70�100, rarely more.

16a. Leaves simple; herbs; flowers solitary .............................................................................................. 74. R. impressinervus16b. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; shrubs or subshrubs; flowers several, in terminal corymbs,

in clusters of 2 or 3, or solitary.17a. Abaxial surface of calyx with hooklike prickles; petiolule of terminal leaflet 0.5�0.8 cm; leaflets

lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, coarsely serrate; flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3 .................. 69. R. delavayi17b. Abaxial surface of calyx unarmed; petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm; leaflets ovate to

elliptic-lanceolate; flowers 1�8.18a. Terminal leaflet nearly as long as or slightly longer than lateral leaflets; pistils 70�80, rarely to 100

or more; torus nearly sessile.19a. Leaflets ovate to ovate-elliptic, base rounded, coarsely sharply serrate; sepals ovate, apically

acute; flowers 3�8 in terminal corymbs ......................................................................................... 70. R. leucanthus19b. Leaflets narrowly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, base cuneate, densely sharply serrulate to

incised-doubly serrate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, long caudate; flowers 1�3(�5) ................ 71. R. zhaogoshanensis18b. Terminal leaflet much longer than lateral leaflets; pistils more than 100; torus shortly stipitate.

20a. Leaflets elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, terminal one ca. 2 × as long as lateral leaflets, margindensely unevenly coarsely serrate; flowers 3�4 cm in diam., in terminal corymbs 3�7-flowered,

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

rarely flowers solitary; ovary glabrous ........................................................................................ 72. R. columellaris20b. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate, terminal leaflet ca. 4 × as long as lateral leaflets, margin remotely

and shallowly serrulate; flowers 1.5�2 cm, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; apex of ovarypubescent ................................................................................................................................... 73. R. paucidentatus

15b. Leaves (3�)5�11(�15)-foliolate, not leathery; carpels 10�70 or ca. 100 or more.21a. Carpels ca. 100 or more, usually inserted on stipitate torus; terminal inflorescences corymbs, rarely

short racemes, or flowers several in clusters or solitary.22a. Plants without glandular hairs, but with glands, sometimes with sparse, short glandular hairs only on

flowering branchlets or pedicel; flowers solitary or several in cluster, occasionally in short racemes.23a. Plants eglandular.

24a. Leaflets ovate or elliptic, rarely ovate-lanceolate, sharply incised-doubly serrate; pedicel2.5�5 cm; aggregate fruit subglobose, 0.9�1.1 cm in diam. ........................................................ 67. R. eustephanos

24b. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, irregularly and doubly serrate; pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm;aggregate fruit globose to ellipsoid, to 1.5 cm in diam. ............................................................ 68. R. fraxinifoliolus

23b. Plants glandular.25a. Plants glabrous; ovary with few hairs apically ............................................................................... 66. R. lanyuensis25b. Plants pubescent; ovary glabrous or pubescent.

26a. Shrubs, erect or scandent; flowers 2�3 cm in diam.; ovary glabrous; aggregate fruitovoid-globose or narrowly obovoid to oblong, 8�12 mm in diam. .............................................. 64. R. rosifolius

26b. Subshrubs; flowers less than 2 cm in diam.; ovary pubescent; aggregate fruit globose,5�7 mm in diam. .................................................................................................................... 65. R. pararosifolius

22b. Plants with glandular hairs; terminal corymbs several flowered or sometimes flowers solitary.27a. Plants pubescent, with longer glandular hairs; aggregate fruit oblong or subglobose.

28a. Aggregate fruit oblong; flowers 1�2 cm in diam........................................................................... 58. R. sumatranus28b. Aggregate fruit subglobose; flowers 2�4 cm in diam.

29a. Flowers 2�3 cm in diam.; pedicel 2�3 cm ............................................................................ 59. R. croceacanthus29b. Flowers 3�4 cm in diam.; pedicel (2�)3�6 cm ................................................................................ 60. R. hirsutus

27b. Plants glabrous, rarely partly pilose, with shorter glandular hairs; aggregate fruit subglobose.30a. Flowers 2�3 cm in diam., solitary, rarely 2�5 in terminal corymbs; sepals narrowly

triangular or triangular-lanceolate .................................................................................. 61. R. glandulosocalycinus30b. Flowers 3�4 cm in diam., 2�5 in terminal corymbs, rarely solitary; sepals lanceolate,

ovate-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate-lanceolate.31a. Leaves 7�9(�11)-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; carpels more than 100;

torus sessile; ovary and aggregate fruit without glandular hairs ....................................................... 62. R. tsangii31b. Leaves 5�7-foliolate; leaflets ovate to ovate-oblong; carpels less than 100; torus stipitate,

stipe ca. 3 mm; ovary and aggregate fruit with sparse, glandular hairs .......................... 63. R. glandulosocarpus21b. Carpels 10�70 or slightly more, inserted on sessile torus.

32a. Terminal inflorescences cymose-panicles or subracemes.33a. Abaxial surface of leaflets pubescent or subglabrous.

34a. Plants without glandular hairs; flowers white.35a. Branchlets with sparse prickles; leaflets ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate; sepals

ovate-lanceolate, sparsely glandular abaxially; petals pilose abaxially ................................. 11. R. alnifoliolatus35b. Branchlets unarmed; leaflets elliptic or oblong; sepals triangular-ovate, not glandular

abaxially; petals glabrous .......................................................................................................... 12. R. fraxinifolius34b. Plants with glandular hairs; flowers white or purple.

36a. Leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, margin coarsely and sharply serrate; pedicel 1�2 cm;petals white, glabrous; aggregate fruit 7�9 mm in diam. ............................................................ 8. R. chiliadenus

36b. Leaflets broadly ovate to suborbicular, margin coarsely and sharply doubly serrate; pedicel0.5�1 cm; petals purple, glabrous or pubescent; aggregate fruit 8�15 mm in diam.

37a. Petals glabrous; aggregate fruit 8�10 mm in diam. ................................................................ 9. R. adenophorus37b. Petals hirsute basally on both surfaces; aggregate fruit 10�15 mm in diam. ................. 10. R. parviaraliifolius

33b. Abaxial surface of leaflets densely tomentose.38a. Plants without glandular hairs.

39a. Inflorescences subracemes; branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx minutelypubescent; sepals acute .................................................................................................................. 7. R. lishuiensis

39b. Inflorescences cymose panicles or subracemes; branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abaxialsurface of calyx tomentose or glabrous; sepals acute or long acuminate.

40a. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicels pubescent; abaxial surface of calyx tomentose; sepalsacute ........................................................................................................................................... 5. R. flosculosus

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

40b. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicels glabrous; abaxial surface of calyx glabrous; sepalslong acuminate ..................................................................................................................... 6. R. cockburnianus

38b. Plants with glandular hairs.41a. Leaves 5�7-foliolate.

42a. Plants with unequal long glandular hairs; terminal inflorescences large cymose panicles;sepals ovate-lanceolate, apex caudate; leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate .................... 1. R. grandipaniculatus

42b. Plants with 1�2 mm glandular hairs; terminal inflorescences short subracemes or narrowcymose panicles; sepals ovate, apex acute; leaflets usually elliptic to ovate-lanceolate ............. 2. R. idaeopsis

41b. Leaves 3-, rarely 5-foliolate.43a. Leaflets coarsely serrate or doubly serrate; terminal inflorescences subracemes or narrow

panicles; pedicel 0.4�1 cm; sepals ovate, apically acute ......................................................... 3. R. innominatus43b. Leaflets coarsely obtusely serrate; terminal inflorescences large cymose panicles; pedicel

1.5�2.5 cm; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, apically caudate .................................... 4. R. spinulosoides32b. Terminal inflorescences corymbs, rarely short racemes, or flowers several in a cluster or solitary.

44a. Aggregate fruit densely tomentose.45a. Abaxial surface of leaflets densely tomentose.

46a. Leaves 5�9-, rarely 3- or 11-foliolate.47a. Flowers solitary, white; sepals caudate ................................................................................... 16. R. bonatianus47b. Flowers in terminal corymbs or several in a cluster; sepals acute, acuminate, or caudate.

48a. Flowers white; leaflets incised to doubly serrate; sepals caudate; inflorescences corymbs\or flowers 3 or 4 in a cluster .............................................................................................................. 15. R. trijugus48b. Flowers red; leaflets coarsely sharply serrate or coarsely incised to doubly serrate; sepals

acute or acuminate; inflorescences corymbs, rarely short thyrses.49a. Leaves (5�)7�9(�11)-foliolate, coarsely sharply serrate; sepals acute; carpels 55�70;

aggregate fruit 8�12 mm in diam. ............................................................................................ 13. R. niveus49b. Leaves 3�5-foliolate, coarsely incised-doubly serrate; sepals acuminate; carpels 20�40;

aggregate fruit 5�8 mm in diam. ........................................................................................ 14. R. piluliferus46b. Leaves 3�5(�7)-foliolate.

50a. Plants with needle-like prickles and glandular hairs.51a. Leaves 5�7-foliolate; flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; abaxial surface of calyx

tomentose ....................................................................................................................... 17. R. wawushanensis51b. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; flowers in terminal corymbs or solitary; abaxial

surface of calyx pubescent.52a. Low shrubs; flowers ca. 1 cm in diam., 5�9 or more in terminal corymbs ................. 18. R. sachalinensis52b. Subshrubs or herblike; flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam., 1�3 terminal on branchlets .................... 19. R. irritans

50b. Plants unarmed, glandular hairs absent or rarely with sparse, needle-like prickles orglandular hairs on some parts.

53a. Aggregate fruit yellow at maturity, with caducous hairs.54a. Plants villous; leaflets rhombic or ovate to elliptic; abaxial surface of calyx villous,

with dense, needle-like prickles; sepals ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, apex caudate ..... 40. R. alexeterius54b. Plants glabrous; leaflets broadly ovate, suborbicular, or elliptic; abaxial surface of

calyx glabrous, unarmed; sepals broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, apex acute .................... 39. R. biflorus53b. Aggregate fruit red or orange-red at maturity, persistently tomentose.

55a. Aggregate fruit subglobose, 12�20 mm in diam., densely long tomentose; petioleand pedicel with sparse, glandular hairs; abaxial surface of calyx with sparse,glandular hairs, prickly ...................................................................................................... 20. R. eucalyptus

55b. Aggregate fruit subglobose or narrowly ovoid, 10�14 mm in diam., shortly tomentose;petiole, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx without glandular hairs; abaxial surfaceof calyx unarmed or prickly.

56a. Leaves (3�)5�7-foliolate; abaxial surface of calyx ± with needle-like prickles;flowers white ......................................................................................................................... 21. R. idaeus

56b. Leaves usually 3-foliolate; abaxial surface of calyx unarmed; flowers white, pinkish, orpurple.

57a. Leaflets ovate or elliptic; flowers white or pinkish; aggregate fruit semiglobose,less than 10 mm, orange, yellow, or orange-red ...................................................... 22. R. aurantiacus

57b. Leaflets broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate; flowers purple; aggregate fruitnarrowly ovoid, 10�15 mm, red .......................................................................... 23. R. austrotibetanus

45b. Abaxial surface of leaflets pubescent.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

58a. Flowers usually solitary; pedicel 4�6 cm; leaflets, branchlets, pedicel, and abaxial surfaceof calyx pubescent, without glandular hairs ............................................................................ 28. R. gyamdaensis

58b. Flowers 3�10 or more in terminal corymbs; pedicel (0.7�)1�3.5 cm; abaxial surface ofleaflets pubescent only along veins.

59a. Plants with sparse, glandular hairs; branchlets, petioles, and abaxial surface of calyxpubescent; flowers ca. 1 cm in diam.; abaxial surface of calyx with needle-like pricklesand soft hairs ............................................................................................................................. 24. R. komarovii

59b. Plants without glandular hairs; flowers 1�3 cm in diam.; abaxial surface of calyx unarmedor rarely prickly, puberulous, finely pubescent or glabrous.

60a. Branchlets, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx glabrous; flowers 1�1.5(�2) cm in diam.;abaxial surface of calyx unarmed; aggregate fruit 8�12 mm in diam., densely tomentose ..... 25. R. pileatus

60b. Branchlets, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx pubescent, rarely glabrous; flowers 2�3cm in diam.; abaxial surface of calyx sometimes with minute prickles; aggregate fruit 8�20mm in diam., densely long tomentose, shortly tomentose, or pubescent.

61a. Flowers 2�3 cm in diam.; aggregate fruit 13�20 mm in diam., densely longtomentose; leaves (3�)5�7-foliolate ........................................................................... 26. R. pseudopileatus

61b. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam.; aggregate fruit 8�12 mm in diam., shortly tomentoseor pubescent; leaves (5�)7�11-foliolate.

62a. Branchlets and inflorescences minutely pubescent; terminal corymbs or shortracemes more than 10-flowered; ovary and base of style tomentose; aggregatefruit yellowish red to purplish red, densely shortly tomentose .................................. 27. R. subinopertus

62b. Branchlets and inflorescences glabrous; short terminal corymbs several flowered;ovary and base of style pubescent; aggregate fruit purplish black, thinly pubescent ...... 42. R. inopertus

44b. Aggregate fruit pubescent or glabrous.63a. Abaxial surface of leaflets tomentose.

64a. Leaves (5�)7�11(�13)-foliolate, terminal leaflet more than 2 × as long as lateral leaflets;aggregate fruit densely pubescent ................................................................................................ 29. R. thibetanus

64b. Leaves 3�7-foliolate, terminal leaflet slightly longer than lateral leaflets; aggregate fruitglabrous or pubescent.

65a. Plants densely bristly or with glandular hairs.66a. Plants with glandular hairs; leaflets coarsely serrate or incised; apex of sepals caudate;

aggregate fruit red .......................................................................................................... 30. R. phoenicolasius66b. Plants without glandular hairs; leaflets sharply serrulate; apex of sepals acute;

aggregate fruit golden yellow.67a. Leaflets elliptic, apex acute or abruptly pointed, abaxially tomentose ............................... 31. R. ellipticus67b. Leaflets elliptic or ovate, rarely obovate, apex caudate or acute, rarely obtuse, abaxially

glabrous, sparsely pubescent and bristly only along veins ............................................ 48. R. wallichianus65b. Plants without bristles and glandular hairs, rarely sparsely stipitate glandular on some parts.

68a. Leaves 5�7-foliolate; leaflets pinnatilobate; branchlets, petioles, and pedicels sometimessparsely stipitate glandular; abaxial surface of calyx pubescent, with needle-like pricklesor sparsely stipitate glandular; aggregate fruit red, glabrous ................................................. 32. R. stimulans

68b. Leaves 3�5-foliolate; branchlets, petioles, and pedicel not stipitate glandular; abaxialsurface of calyx glabrous, pubescent or with needle-like prickles; aggregate fruit red,dark red, purplish red, yellow, or black.

69a. Aggregate fruit yellow.70a. Branchlets, rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyx glabrous; sepals broadly

ovate or orbicular-ovate, apically acute .............................................................................. 39. R. biflorus70b. Branchlets, rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyx pubescent; sepals narrowly

ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, apically long acuminate to caudate.71a. Leaflets rhombic, ovate, narrowly ovate, or elliptic; calyx 1.5�2 cm, with dense,

needle-like prickles; flowers white; ovary glabrous, or tomentose only at apex,style tomentose basally ............................................................................................... 40. R. alexeterius

71b. Leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate; calyx to 1.5 cm, unarmed; flowers pink; ovarysericeous-villous, style glabrous ............................................................................. 41. R. pedunculosus

69b. Aggregate fruit red, blue-black, or black.72a. Aggregate fruit black or blue-black.

73a. Pedicel 1.5�3.5 cm; apex of calyx lobes long acuminate to caudate; leafletscoarsely incised-doubly serrate; terminal corymbs several flowered .................... 41. R. pedunculosus

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

73b. Pedicel 0.6�1.2 cm; apex of calyx lobes acute to acuminate; leaflets large- orincised-serrate; terminal corymbs several to more than 20-flowered.

74a. Leaflets lobed, coarsely serrate; branchlets, petioles, and pedicels with sparse,needle-like prickles; aggregate fruit glabrous ......................................................... 37. R. mesogaeus

74b. Leaflets coarsely incised-serrate; branchlets, petioles, and pedicels with dense,needle-like prickles; aggregate fruit puberulous ................................................. 38. R. subtibetanus

72b. Aggregate fruit red.75a. Apex of leaflets obtuse, rarely acute; abaxial surface of calyx with needle-like

prickles ........................................................................................................................ 33. R. parvifolius75b. Apex of leaflets shortly acuminate to acuminate, rarely acute; abaxial surface of

calyx usually unarmed.76a. Leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; abaxial surface of calyx tomentose;

branchlets, petioles, and pedicel pubescent ............................................................ 36. R. kulinganus76b. Leaflets ovate or narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate; abaxial surface of calyx

glabrous or hairy; branchlets, petioles, and pedicel glabrous or tomentose.77a. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx glabrous; terminal

corymbs 3- or 4-flowered ............................................................................... 34. R. erythrocarpus77b. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel pubescent; abaxial surface of calyx

pubescent, intermixed tomentose; terminal corymbs 6�10-flowered ................. 35. R. subornatus63b. Abaxial surface of leaflets pubescent or glabrous.

78a. Leaves (5�)7�15-foliolate.79a. Flowers several in clusters or in short terminal corymbs; rachis, pedicels, and abaxial

surface of calyx glabrous.80a. Leaves (5�)7�11-foliolate; leaflets puberulent on both surfaces; flowers 10�12 mm in

diam.; calyx brown; petals obovate, 4�6 mm in diam. ........................................................... 42. R. inopertus80b. Leaves 5-foliolate; leaflets glabrous on both surfaces, or abaxially puberulent only along

veins; flowers 12�14 mm in diam.; calyx dark brownish purple; petals suborbicular, 8�9mm in diam. ............................................................................................................................... 43. R. wilsonii

79b. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, terminal or axillary; rachis, pedicels, and abaxialsurface of calyx pubescent.

81a. Aggregate fruit oblong, rarely ellipsoid, red; flowers 3�4 cm in diam.; branchlets, petioles,and leaflets glabrous or subglabrous ........................................................................................ 44. R. amabilis

81b. Aggregate fruit subglobose, blackish red, yellowish red or red; flowers 2�3 cm in diam.;plants glabrous or with glandular hairs.

82a. Plants glabrous, without glandular hairs; aggregate fruit red .......................................... 47. R. taiwanicola82b. Plants with glandular hairs or not; aggregate fruit blackish red or yellowish red.

83a. Shrubs 1�2 m tall, with glandular hairs; leaflets ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or rhombic-ovate; aggregate fruit blackish red, 1�1.2 cm in diam. ................................................ 45. R. ptilocarpus

83b. Subshrubs, 10�50 cm tall, without glandular hairs, rarely petioles or pedicels withsparse, glandular hairs; leaflets broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, rarely oblong;aggregate fruit yellowish red, 1.4�2 cm in diam. ............................................................. 46. R. lutescens

78b. Leaves 3�7(�9)-foliolate.84a. Plants with reddish brown bristles; flowers white; aggregate fruit golden yellow or reddish

yellow; leaves 3-foliolate ...................................................................................................... 48. R. wallichianus84b. Plants without bristles; flowers red or white; aggregate fruit red, dark red, or purplish

black; leaves 3�7-foliolate.85a. Terminal inflorescences corymbs or short racemes, several to more than 30-flowered.

86a. Terminal inflorescences corymbs; apex of sepals acuminate to caudate; abaxialsurface of calyx pubescent ................................................................................................... 49. R. coreanus

86b. Terminal inflorescences short racemes; apex of sepals obtuse, acute, or acuminate;abaxial surface of calyx villous.

87a. Leaves 5-foliolate; leaflets ovate, broadly ovate, or rhombic-ovate, apex acute;sepals ovate or broadly ovate, apex obtuse or acute .................................................. 50. R. subcoreanus

87b. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate;sepals ovate-lanceolate, apex subulate-acuminate ....................................................... 51. R. spananthus

85b. Terminal inflorescences corymbs, 2�4-flowered or slightly more, sometimes flowersseveral in clusters or solitary.

88a. Plants stipitate glandular; leaves 3-foliolate.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

89a. Leaflets 2�4 cm, coarsely sharply serrate; petioles 2�3.5 cm; flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam.;ovary sparsely pilose ............................................................................................................... 52. R. stans

89b. Leaflets 4�8 cm, irregularly obtusely dentate; petioles 4�8(�10) cm; flowers 2�3 cmin diam.; ovary glabrous ............................................................................................... 53. R. sikkimensis

88b. Plants not stipitate glandular, rarely with stipitate glands on some parts; leaves3�7(�9)-foliolate.

90a. Leaves (3�)5�7(�9)-foliolate; branchlets and abaxial surface of calyx with dense,straight needle-like prickles ............................................................................................... 54. R. pungens

90b. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; branchlets and abaxial surface of calyx withsparse, curved or straight minute prickles, or abaxial surface of calyx unarmed.

91a. Subshrubs, 40�60 cm tall; terminal leaflet slightly longer than lateral leaflets;abaxial surface of calyx with sparse, curved minute prickles ......................................... 57. R. simplex

91b. Shrubs or subshrubs, 15�200 cm tall; terminal leaflet much longer than lateralleaflets; abaxial surface of calyx with straight needle-like prickles or unarmed.

92a. Shrubs 1�2 m tall; leaflets lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate; petiolule ofterminal leaflet 0.5�1 cm; abaxial surface of calyx unarmed ................................. 55. R. macilentus

92b. Subshrubs, 15�50 cm tall; leaflets oblong or elliptic-oblong, rarely ovate-lanceolate;petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2.5 cm; abaxial surface of calyx with straightneedle-like prickles ............................................................................................. 56. R. xanthocarpus

1. Rubus grandipaniculatus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phy-totax. Sin. 20: 296. 1982.

大序悬钩子 da xu xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�3 m tall, with arching branches. Branchlets withsparse, curved minute prickles, densely villous, with intermixedglandular hairs of unequal length. Leaves imparipinnate, 5�7-foliolate, rarely 3-foliate at base of inflorescence; petiole 3.5�6cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets shortlypetiolulate or subsessile, petiolule and rachis pubescent, withintermixed unequal glandular hairs, with sparse, minute prick-les; stipules brownish, linear, pubescent, with intermixed gland-ular hairs; blade of leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5�5 ×1.5�3 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, with purplestalked glands along veins, adaxially pilose, base broadly cu-neate or subrounded, sometimes shallowly cordate on terminalleaflet, margin irregularly coarsely serrate, often lobed on ter-minal leaflet, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axil-lary, large broad cymose panicles, numerous flowered; rachisand pedicels with dense, unequal stalked glands and soft hairs;bracts brownish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, not or 2- or 3-laciniate at apex. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Flowers not more than 1cm in diam. Calyx abaxially with dense soft hairs and glandularhairs; sepals erect at anthesis, sometimes reflexed in fruit,ovate-lanceolate, 6�10 mm, apex long acuminate. Petals pink-white to purple, suborbicular, base broadly clawed and softhairy. Stamens many, in 1 whorl; filaments linear. Ovary hairy;style glabrous. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, 7�10 mm indiam., glabrous or subglabrous; pyrenes reticulate-rugose. Fl.May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Sparse forests on mountain slopes, rock crevices along riverbanks and sides of ravines; 800�1100 m. Chongqing (Fengjie Xian), SShaanxi (Pingli Xian).

2. Rubus idaeopsis Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 203.1911.

拟覆盆子 ni fu pen zi

Shrubs 1�3 m tall. Branchlets brown, purplish brown, orgrayish brown, slightly angular, with broad purplish brownprickles, densely tomentose, with intermixed 1�2 mm glandularhairs or not. Leaves imparipinnate, 5�7-foliolate, rarely at baseof inflorescence reduced to 3-foliolate; petiole 3�5 cm, peti-olule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, peti-olule and rachis densely tomentose, with intermixed shortglandular hairs, rarely glandular hairs absent, usually withsparse prickles; stipules linear, 5�9 × 1.5�2.5 mm, pubescent,with intermixed sparse, short glandular hairs; blade of leaflets3�7 × 2�4 cm, terminal one elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, rarelyovate, lateral leaflets obliquely elliptic to ovate-lanceolate,abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially pilose, base cune-ate to rounded, margin irregularly coarsely simple-serrate, apexacute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary,subracemes or narrow cymose panicles, many flowered, 5�10cm; rachis and pedicels tomentose, rarely with sparse, shortglandular hairs; bracts linear, 4�6 mm, pubescent, rarely withsparse, glandular hairs. Pedicel 7�12 mm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially densely tomentose, sometimes withshortly stalked glands; sepals erect, ovate, 5�7 mm, gray to-mentose at margin, apex acute. Petals purple, suborbicular, 4�6mm in diam., slightly shorter than sepals, base shortly clawed,margin premorse. Stamens many in 1 whorl; filaments shorterthan petals, basally broad and compressed. Pistils many, nearlyas long as stamens; ovary soft hairy; styles glabrous. Aggregatefruit red, semiglobose or subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam., gla-brous or sparsely soft hairy; pyrenes rugose, minutely punctate.Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Montane valleys, stream sides, mountain slopes; 1000�2600 m.Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan,Xizang, Yunnan.

3. Rubus innominatus S. Moore, J. Bot. 13: 226. 1875.

白叶莓 bai ye mei

Shrubs 1�3 m tall, with arching branches. Branchletsbrown or reddish brown, densely tomentose, with sparse,

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

curved prickles. Leaves imparipinnately compound, 3-foliolate,rarely 5-foliolate on sterile branches; petiole 2�4 cm, petioluleof terminal leaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets nearly sessile, peti-olule and rachis densely tomentose; stipules linear, 6�8 mm,pubescent; blade of leaflets variable in shape, 4�10 × 2.5�5(�7)cm, terminal one ovate or suborbicular, rarely ovate-lanceolate,base rounded to shallowly cordate, margin 3-lobed or incised-lobed, lateral leaflets obliquely ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, basecuneate to rounded, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxiallyappressed pubescent or subglabrous, margin unevenly coarselyserrate or incised doubly serrate, apex acute to shortly acu-minate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, subracemes or nar-row cymose panicles, 6�13(�18) cm; rachis, pedicels, and abax-ial surface of calyx densely yellowish gray or gray tomentose-villous and stipitate glandular; bracts linear-lanceolate, tomen-tose-villous. Pedicel 4�10 mm. Flowers 6�10 mm in diam.Sepals erect, ovate, 5�9(�12) × 3�5 mm, inner sepals gray to-mentose-villous at margin, apex acute. Petals purple, obovate orsuborbicular, nearly as long as sepals, margin premorse, baseclawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals. Pistils numerous,slightly shorter than stamens; ovary slightly soft hairy; stylesglabrous. Aggregate fruit orange-red, subglobose, ca. 1 cm indiam., initially sparsely soft hairy, glabrous at maturity; pyrenesminutely rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 14*.

● Dense or sparse forests, thickets, slopes, roadsides, stream sides,river sides; 400�2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan,Zhejiang.

1a. Plants with dense, glandular hairsthroughout; abaxial surface of leafletssometimes deciduously tomentose ........ 3e. var. aralioides

1b. Plants wholly without or partly with fewglandular hairs; abaxial surface of leafletspersistently tomentose.2a. Leaves 5-foliolate; apex of leaflets

long acuminate ................................. 3d. var. quinatus2b. Leaves 3-foliolate; apex of leaflets

acute to shortly acuminate.3a. Plants with few glandular hairs

only on rachis, pedicel, andabaxial surface of calyx ..... 3a. var. innominatus

3b. Plants without glandular hairs.4a. Inflorescences long

subracemes or narrowcymose panicles; sepalsovate, 5�8 mm ............. 3b. var. kuntzeanus

4b. Inflorescences compactshort subracemes; sepalsbroadly ovate, 8�12 mm.................................. 3c. var. macrosepalus

3a. Rubus innominatus var. innominatus

白叶莓(原变种) bai ye mei (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus kuntzeanus Hemsley var. glandulosus Cardot; R.kuntzeanus var. xanthacanthus H. Léveillé; R. xanthacanthusH. Léveillé (1907), not R. Keller (1906), nor R. xanthoacanthusGandoger (1884).

Plants with few glandular hairs only on rachis, pedicels,and abaxial surface of calyx.

● Sparse forests, thickets, slopes, roadsides, river sides in moun-tain valleys; 400�2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan,Zhejiang.

3b. Rubus innominatus var. kuntzeanus (Hemsley) L. H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 30. 1920.

无腺白叶莓 wu xian bai ye mei

Rubus kuntzeanus Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot 23: 232.1887; R. adenocalyx Cardot.

Plants without glandular hairs. Inflorescences long subra-cemes or narrow cymose panicles. Sepals ovate, 5�8 mm.

● Thickets, slopes, roadsides; 800�2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Si-chuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

3c. Rubus innominatus var. macrosepalus F. P. Metcalf,Lingnan Sci. J. 19: 27. 1940.

宽萼白叶莓 kuan e bai ye mei

Plants without glandular hairs. Inflorescences compactshort subracemes. Sepals broadly ovate, 0.8�1.2 cm.

● Slopes; below 2000 m. Anhui, Zhejiang.

3d. Rubus innominatus var. quinatus L. H. Bailey, GentesHerb. 1: 30. 1920.

五叶白叶莓 wu ye bai ye mei

Leaves 5-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, sometimesovate, relatively narrow, apex long acuminate.

● Slopes. Jiangxi.

3e. Rubus innominatus var. aralioides (Hance) T. T. Yu & L.T. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 37: 48. 1985.

密腺白叶莓 mi xian bai ye mei

Rubus aralioides Hance, J. Bot. 22: 41. 1884.

Plants with dense, glandular hairs throughout. Leafletsabaxially sometimes deciduously tomentose.

● Dense forests, stream sides, slopes, river sides; 400�900 m. Fu-jian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

4. Rubus spinulosoides F. P. Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 19: 32.1940.

刺毛白叶莓 ci mao bai ye mei

Rubus innominatus S. Moore subsp. plebejus Focke; R.teledapos Focke; R. triphyllus Thunberg var. internuntiusHance.

Shrubs. Branchlets yellow villous, with reddish glandularhairs and sparse, curved prickles. Leaves imparipinnately com-pound, usually 3-foliolate; petiole 5�9 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 2�3.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachisvillous, with sparse, minute prickles, with short glandular hairs;stipules linear, densely villous; blade of leaflets ovate, elliptic,

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

or rhombic-elliptic, 4�10 × 2�6 cm, abaxially densely gray- oryellowish gray tomentose, adaxially sparsely appressed pubes-cent, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin irregularly ob-tusely dentate, sometimes lobed on terminal leaflet, apex acute.Inflorescences terminal or axillary, terminal ones large cymosepanicles, lateral ones usually subracemes; rachis, pedicels, andabaxial surface of calyx villous, with short purple glandularhairs and sparse, needle-like prickles; bracts linear, villous.Pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Sepals erect, lan-ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm, margin gray tomentose,apex caudate. Petals pink, suborbicular, base shortly clawed,margin incised. Stamens many, erect; filaments broad and com-pressed basally. Pistils numerous; ovary soft hairy. Aggregatefruit red, subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous at maturity;pyrenes prominently rugose.

● Mixed forested slopes; 800�1000 m. Hubei, Shandong.

5. Rubus flosculosus Focke, Hooker�s Icon. Pl., ser. 3, 10: subt. 1952. 1891.

弓茎悬钩子 gong jing xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1.5�2.5 m tall. Branchlets arching, reddish brown,sometimes glaucous, with sparse, compressed purplish redcurved prickles, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leavesimparipinnate, 5�7-foliolate; petiole 3�5 cm, petiolule of ter-minal leaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets nearly sessile, petiolule andrachis pubescent, with curved prickles; stipules linear, 5�6 mm,margin entire, pubescent; blade of leaflets ovate, ovate-lanceo-late, or ovate-oblong, terminal leaflet sometimes rhombic-lan-ceolate, 3�7 × 1.5�4 cm, abaxially gray tomentose, adaxiallyglabrous or subglabrous, base broadly cuneate to rounded, mar-gin coarsely doubly serrate, rarely lobed, apex acuminate. Inflo-rescences terminal or axillary, terminal ones narrow cymosepanicles, 7�12 cm, axillary ones subracemes; rachis and pedi-cels pubescent; bracts linear, small, 3�5 mm. Pedicel 5�8 mm,slender. Flowers 5�8 mm in diam. Calyx abaxially gray tomen-tose, sometimes glabrescent; sepals erect, ovate to narrowlyovate, 4�6 × 1.5�2.5 mm, apex acute, abruptly pointed. Petalspink, suborbicular, nearly as long as or slightly longer than se-pals, base shortly clawed. Stamens many; filaments filiform;anthers purple. Pistils numerous; ovary pubescent; styles gla-brous. Aggregate fruit red to reddish black, globose, 5�8 mm indiam., pubescent, glabrescent; pyrenes ovoid-globose, rugose.Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● River banks, montane valleys, forested slopes, thickets, road-sides; 900�2800 m. Fujian, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Si-chuan, Xizang, Zhejiang.

1a. Abaxial surface of calyx densely graytomentose ............................................. 5a. var. flosculosus

1b. Abaxial surface of calyx tomentosewhen young, glabrescent ................... 5b. var. etomentosus

5a. Rubus flosculosus var. flosculosus

弓茎悬钩子(原变种) gong jing xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus eriocalyx Cardot.

Calyx densely gray tomentose abaxially.

● River banks, montane valleys, mixed forests on slopes, thickets;900�2600 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang.

5b. Rubus flosculosus var. etomentosus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 295. 1982.

脱毛弓茎悬钩子 tuo mao gong jing xuan gou zi

Calyx tomentose abaxially when young, glabrescent.

● Forested slopes, roadsides; below 2800 m. Fujian, Sichuan.

6. Rubus cockburnianus Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 305.1892.

华中悬钩子 hua zhong xuan gou zi

Rubus giraldianus Focke.

Shrubs 1.5�3 m tall. Branchlets brownish to reddishbrown, glabrous, glaucous, with sparse, curved prickles. Leavesimparipinnate, 7�9-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; petiole 3�5 cm,petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile,petiolule and rachis glabrous, with sparse, curved minuteprickles; stipules linear or linear-lanceolate, 5�7 mm, glabrous;blade of leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, terminalleaflet sometimes nearly rhombic and minutely lobed, 5�10 ×1.5�4(�5) cm, abaxially gray tomentose, adaxially glabrous orsparsely pilose, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin ir-regularly coarsely serrate or incised-doubly serrate, usuallylobed on terminal leaflet, apex acuminate. Inflorescences termi-nal or axillary, terminal ones cymose panicles, 10�16(�18) cm,lateral ones often subracemes, rarely subcorymbose; rachis andpedicels glabrous; bracts linear, 2�5 mm, glabrous. Pedicelsomewhat reddish when young, 7�12 mm, slender. Flowers to 1cm in diam. Calyx abaxially glabrous; sepals erect at anthesis,reflexed in fruit, ovate-lanceolate, 5�8 × 2�4 mm, margin graytomentose and entire, apex long acuminate. Petals pink, subor-bicular or obovate, 5�7 × 4�5 mm, margin premorse or coarselyserrate above middle, base shortly clawed. Stamens many,slightly shorter than petals; filaments linear, broader towardbase. Pistils slightly shorter than stamens; ovary soft hairy;styles glabrous. Aggregate fruit purplish black, subglobose, lessthan 1 cm in diam., slightly pubescent or subglabrous; pyrenesshallowly rugose. Fl. May�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Thickets on sunny slopes, dense forests in montane valleys,river sides; 900�4000 m. Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.

7. Rubus lishuiensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin.20: 295. 1982.

丽水悬钩子 li shui xuan gou zi

Shrubs lianoid or scandent. Branchlets brown or reddishbrown, terete, puberulous when young, gradually glabrescent,with sparse prickles broader at base. Leaves compound, usually5�7-foliolate; petiole 5�7 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1.5�2cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis minutelypubescent, gradually glabrescent, with sparse, curved prickles;stipules linear-lanceolate, pubescent; blade of leaflets ovate-lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 5�7 × 2�3.5 cm, abaxially graytomentose, with sparse, minute prickles along midvein, adaxialveins glabrous or pilose, base broadly cuneate to rounded, mar-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

gin unevenly sharply serrate or incised-doubly serrate, apexacuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, short subrace-mes; rachis and pedicels minutely pubescent, gradually glabre-scent; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, minutely pubes-cent. Pedicel 6�11 mm. Calyx abaxially densely minute pu-bescent; sepals erect in fruit, ovate, 4�6 × 3�4 mm, apex acuteand abruptly pointed. Stamens many; filaments linear. Pistilsnumerous. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam.,glabrous; pyrenes ovoid-globose, prominently small-punc-tate. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Forest margins, slopes; low elevations. Zhejiang (Lishui Xian).

8. Rubus chiliadenus Focke, Hooker�s Icon. Pl., ser. 3, 10: subt. 1952. 1891.

长序莓 chang xu mei

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Branchlets brownish to reddish brown,pubescent, with purple glandular hairs and sparse pricklesflattened and broadened basally. Leaves imparipinnate, often 5-foliolate, sometimes 3-foliolate at base of inflorescence; petiole3�5 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leafletssubsessile, petiolule and rachis pubescent, with intermixedstalked purple glands; stipules linear, 7�10 mm, pubescent, withglandular hairs; blade of leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3�8× 1�4 cm, both surfaces pubescent and with glandular hairs,abaxially more densely so, base cuneate to subrounded or sub-cordate on terminal leaflet, margin irregularly coarsely sharplyserrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, cymose pani-cles, 15�20 cm, axillary inflorescences subracemes, many flow-ered; rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyx pubescentand with stalked glands; bracts linear-lanceolate, 5�8 mm, pu-bescent, with intermixed glandular hairs. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flow-ers ca. 1 cm in diam. Calyx tube pelviform, short; sepals usuallyerect, lanceolate, 5�8 × 3�4 mm, apex acute to acuminate.Petals white or with reddish spots at apex, suborbicular orbroadly obovate, 4�6 mm in diam., slightly shorter than sepals,glabrous, base prominently clawed, margin premorse or mi-nutely obtusely serrate. Stamens numerous; filaments linear.Pistils many, nearly as long as or slightly longer than stamens;ovary pubescent; style glabrous. Aggregate fruit enclosed incalyx, red, subglobose, 7�9 mm in diam., pubescent; pyrenesdistinctly rugose. Fl. May�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Forests, wastelands, shaded rocky places, trail- and roadsides;600�2000 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan.

9. Rubus adenophorus Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1910:382. 1910.

腺毛莓 xian mao mei

Rubus sagatus Focke.

Shrubs scandent, 0.5�2 m tall. Branchlets brownish tobrownish red, villous, with intermixed stalked purple glandsand sparse, basally broadened and flattened prickles. Leavesimparipinnate, often 3-foliolate; petiole 5�8 cm, petiolule ofterminal leaflet 2.5�4 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petioluleand rachis villous, with glandular hairs, sparsely prickly; stip-ules linear-lanceolate, 0.9�1.4 cm, villous, with sparse, stalkedglands; blade of leaflets ovate to broadly ovate, 4�11 × 2�8 cm,

both surfaces sparsely villous, abaxially with few stalked glandsalong veins, base rounded to subcordate, margin coarsely sharpdoubly serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axil-lary, subracemes, 8�20(�25) cm; rachis, pedicels, and bractsyellow villous, with intermixed stalked purple glands; bractslanceolate, 0.8�1.2 cm. Pedicel 6�9 mm. Flowers 6�8 mm indiam. Calyx abaxially with long yellow hairs and stipitate pur-ple glands; sepals usually erect after anthesis, lanceolate orovate-lanceolate, 6�9 × 2.5�5 mm, apex acuminate. Petals pur-ple, obovate or suborbicular, 5�8 × 5�7 mm, glabrous, baselong clawed, margin premorse or dentate. Stamens many, near-ly as long as petals; filaments linear. Pistils numerous, slightlyshorter than stamens; styles glabrous or pilose at base; apex ofovary pilose when young. Aggregate fruit red, globose, 8�10mm in diam., glabrous or slightly pilose; pyrenes distinctly ru-gose. Fl. Apr�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Mountainous regions, valleys, sparse forests, forest margins,thickets; low to medium elevations. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gui-zhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

10. Rubus parviaraliifolius Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 48.1915.

楤叶悬钩子 cong ye xuan gou zi

Rubus parviaraliifolius var. laxiflorus Y. C. Liu & F. Y.Lu.

Subshrubs or small shrubs, suberect. Branchlets fulvous-red, villous, with glandular hairs, with sparse prickles; pricklesfew, recurved, to 3 mm. Leaves imparipinnate, 3�5(�7)-folio-late; petioles 3�5 mm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 2�3 mm,lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis hairy, stipitateglandular, with sparse prickles; stipules linear, to 1 cm, hairy,stipitate glandular; blade of leaflets variable in size, terminalleaflet orbicular, 5�10 × 5�8 cm, base rounded to slightly cor-date, apex acuminate to cuspidate, lateral leaflets ovate, 3�5 ×2�4 cm, abaxially densely pale villous, adaxially sparsely hairy,base rounded, margin irregularly doubly serrate, apex acute.Inflorescences terminal, subracemes or cymose panicles, 7�10× 5�6 cm; rachis, pedicels, and bracts hairy, with stalkedglands; bracts linear, 6�8 mm. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Calyx abax-ially hairy, with stalked glands; sepals narrowly oblong-tri-angular, 5�6 mm, apex caudate. Petals orbicular, 3�4 mm, bothsurfaces hirsute at base, base clawed, margin crenate. Stamensmany; filaments ca. 3 mm. Pistils many; ovary ca. 1 mm, hairy;styles to 2 mm, hairy at base. Aggregate fruit globose, 1�1.5 cmin diam. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jun�Aug. 2n = 14*.

● 1000�3000 m. Taiwan.

11. Rubus alnifoliolatus H. Léveillé, Bull. Soc. Bot. France53: 549. 1906.

桤叶悬钩子 qi ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs erect, small. Branchlets reddish brown to purplishbrown, glabrous, often with white bloom; prickles curved orstraight, few, to 5 mm. Leaves imparipinnate, 7�9-foliolate,rarely 5-foliolate; petiole reddish, 4�8 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet to 2.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachisglabrous or subglabrous, with sparse prickles; stipules linear-lanceolate, 4�10 mm, margin slightly hairy; blade of leaflets

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 5�10 × 1.5�3.5 cm, bothsurfaces glabrous or abaxially slightly pubescent along veins,base ± obliquely broadly cuneate to rounded, margin irregularlyserrate or doubly serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflores-cences terminal, usually cymose panicles, to 10 × 14 cm, manyflowered; rachis and pedicels glabrous or nearly so; bractslinear, 5�9 mm, glabrous. Pedicel 1�1.4 cm, slender, unarmed.Calyx abaxially glabrous; tube pelviform; sepals ovate-lanceo-late, 7�11 × 3�5 mm, abaxially with few glands, apex acumi-nate to caudate. Petals white, ovate-oblong, 0.7�1.4 cm × 4�6mm, abaxially with few hairs, apex obtuse. Stamens many, gla-brous, shorter than petals. Pistils numerous; style and ovary gla-brous. Aggregate fruit red at maturity, oblong or ellipsoid, 0.8�1.5 cm. Fl. spring�summer, fr. summer.

● Thickets, roadsides; low to medium elevations. Taiwan.

12. Rubus fraxinifolius Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. 6: 242.1806.

兰屿桤叶悬钩子 lan yu qi ye xuan gou zi

Rubus alnifoliolatus H. Léveillé var. kotoensis (Hayata) H.L. Li; R. fraxinifolius var. kotoensis (Hayata) Koidzumi; R.kotoensis Hayata.

Shrubs erect. Branchlets unarmed. Leaves imparipinnate,5�7-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate; petiole 2�5 cm, grooved, peti-olule of terminal leaflet much longer than those of lateral leaf-lets, petiolule of lateral leaflets to 5 mm, petiolule and rachissoft hairy; stipules linear, to 1.2 cm; blade of leaflets elliptic tooblong, 3�10 × 2�4 cm, terminal leaflet usually larger thanlateral leaflets, lateral veins 10�15 pairs, midvein and lateralveins prominent abaxially, impressed adaxially, abaxiallysparsely hairy along veins, adaxially sparsely hairy along mid-vein, base rounded to slightly cordate, of lateral leaflets oftenoblique, margin serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflores-cences usually terminal, cymose panicles, to 14 cm; rachis,pedicels, and bracts often glabrous; bracts lanceolate to ob-long, divided at apex. Pedicel 1�3 cm. Sepals triangular-ovate,6�10 mm, abaxially glabrous except margin tomentose, apexnarrowly acute. Petals white, orbicular, 7�12 mm, glabrous.Stamens and pistils many, glabrous. Aggregate fruit red atmaturity, globose to ellipsoid, 0.8�1.4 cm. 2n = 14*.

Thickets; near sea level. Taiwan (Lan Yu) [Indonesia, Malaysia,Philippines; N Africa, Pacific Islands].

13. Rubus niveus Thunberg, Diss. Bot.-Med. de Rubo 9. 1813.

红泡刺藤 hong pao ci teng

Rubus bonatii H. Léveillé; R. boudieri H. Léveillé; R. dis-tans D. Don; R. foliolosus D. Don; R. godongensis Y. Gu & W.L. Li; R. incanus Sasaki ex Y. C. Liu & Yang; R. lasiocarpusSmith; R. lasiocarpus var. ectenothyrsus Cardot; R. lasiocar-pus var. micranthus (D. Don) J. D. Hooker; R. longistylus H.Léveillé; R. mairei H. Léveillé; R. micranthus D. Don; R. my-sorensis F. Heyne; R. niveus var. micranthus (D. Don) H. Hara;R. pinnatus D. Don; R. pyi H. Léveillé; R. tongchouanensis H.Léveillé.

Shrubs 1�2.5 m tall. Branchlets purple or green, tomentosewhen young, soon glabrous, with whitish bloom, with sparse

prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, (5�)7�9(�11)-foliolate; petiole1.5�4 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 0.5�1.5 cm, lateral leaf-lets subsessile, petiolule and rachis tomentose, with sparse,curved minute prickles; stipules linear-lanceolate, 5�8 mm, softhairy; blade of leaflets elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or rhombic-ellip-tic, terminal leaflet ovate to elliptic, slightly longer than lateralleaflets, 2.5�6(�8) × 1�3(�4) cm, abaxially gray tomentose,adaxially soft hairy along veins or glabrate, base cuneate torounded, margin coarsely serrate or doubly serrate, sometimesterminal leaflet 3-lobed, apex acute, rarely obtuse, terminalleaflet sometimes acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axil-lary, corymbs, rarely short thyrses, 4�6 cm; rachis and pedicelstomentose; bracts lanceolate or linear, pubescent. Pedicel 5�10mm. Flowers to 1 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely to-mentose, with intermixed soft hairs; sepals erect, triangular-ovate or triangular-lanceolate, 5�8 × 2�3 mm, apex acute orabruptly pointed, rarely shortly acuminate. Petals red, subor-bicular, 3�5 mm in diam, shorter than sepals, base shortly claw-ed. Stamens many, nearly as long as petals; filaments broad-ened basally. Pistils ca. 55�70, nearly as long as stamens; ovarygray tomentose; styles purplish red, base densely gray tomen-tose. Aggregate fruit dark red when immature, black at ma-turity, semiglobose, 0.8�1.2 cm in diam., densely gray tomen-tose; pyrenes shallowly rugose. Fl. May�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep. 2n =14*.

Thickets on slopes, sparse forests, montane valleys, stream sides,flood plains; 500�2800 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan,Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Kash-mir, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim, Sri Lanka,Thailand, Vietnam].

14. Rubus piluliferus Focke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(Beibl. 82):55. 1905.

陕西悬钩子 shan xi xuan gou zi

Rubus lachnocarpus Focke.

Shrubs to 2 m tall, with arcuate branches. Branchlets te-rete, soft hairy, glabrescent, with sparse, needle-like prickles ornearly unarmed, rarely with dense, minute prickles. Leaves im-paripinnate, 3�5-foliolate; petiole 2�4 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachiswith soft hairs and sparse, minute prickles; stipules linear, 5�10mm, soft hairy; blade of leaflets ovate, rhombic-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 3�8 × 1.5�5.5 cm, lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs, abax-ially densely whitish tomentose, adaxially sparsely pubescent orsubglabrous, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margin oftenpinnate-lobed, coarsely incised-doubly serrate, apex variable,caudate-acuminate on terminal leaflet, acute to shortly acumi-nate on lateral leaflets. Inflorescences terminal on short branch-lets, corymbose, 5�10-flowered; rachis and pedicels yellow pu-bescent; bracts linear, 5�7 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 0.7�1.5 cm.Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially pubescent; sepalslanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5�7 mm, apex acuminate. Petalspink, suborbicular, slightly shorter than sepals, base long claw-ed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments linear, basallybroadened and flattened. Pistils 20�40; ovary and base of styledensely whitish tomentose. Aggregate fruit subglobose, 5�8mm in diam., densely shortly whitish tomentose; pyrenes rugu-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

lose or slightly smooth. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Slopes, forests, montane valleys; 1100�2000 m. Gansu, Hubei,Shaanxi, Sichuan.

15. Rubus trijugus Focke, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5:74. 1911.

三对叶悬钩子 san dui ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs to 2 m tall. Branches purplish red or purplishbrown, cylindric, soft hairy when young, gradually glabrescent,glaucous, with sparse prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, (5�)7�9-foliolate; petiole 5�11 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm,lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolules and rachis with soft hairsand needle-like prickles; stipules linear, 4�7 mm, soft hairy;blade of leaflets ovate or ovate-elliptic, 2�5 × 1.5�4 cm,abaxially gray tomentose, adaxially appressed pubescent, basebroadly cuneate or rounded, sometimes subtruncate on terminalleaflet, margin usually incised-doubly serrate, apex acute, some-times acuminate on terminal leaflet. Inflorescences terminalcorymbs or flowers in clusters of 3 or 4 at apex of branchlets,rarely flowers solitary in leaf axils; bracts linear, 3�6 mm, softhairy. Pedicel 1�2(�3) cm, pubescent, with sparse, minuteprickles. Flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially pubescent;sepals erect, spreading, rarely reflexed in fruit, triangular-lan-ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.4 cm × 4�6 mm, margin to-mentose, apex caudate. Petals nearly erect, white, elliptic or ob-long, shorter than or rarely as long as sepals, base clawed andpubescent. Stamens numerous, shorter than petals; base of fila-ments slightly broadened, flattened. Pistils many, slightly long-er than stamens; ovary and base of style densely gray tomen-tose. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam., denselygray tomentose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Low slopes, mixed forests and forest margins in mountainousregions, grasslands, stream sides; 2500�3500 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yun-nan.

16. Rubus bonatianus Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 19(Heft 83): 43.1914.

滇北悬钩子 dian bei xuan gou zi

Shrubs nearly erect or prostrate. Branches dark brown orbrownish, soft hairy when young, gradually glabrescent, withsparse prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, (5�)7�9-foliolate; petiole3�8 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 0.5�1 cm, lateral leafletssubsessile, petiolule and rachis with soft hairs and minute prick-les, sometimes with sparse, stalked glands; stipules linear, to 1cm, soft hairy; blade of leaflets rhombic, ovate-lanceolate, oroblong, 2�5 × 1�2.5 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose,adaxially minutely appressed pubescent, base broadly cuneateto rounded, margin incised, sharply doubly serrate, apex acumi-nate. Inflorescence 1-flowered. Pedicel 1�2 cm, with soft hairsor sparse, stalked glands. Flowers 2�3 cm in diam. Calyx abax-ially densely minutely pubescent; sepals ovate-lanceolate ortriangular-lanceolate, to 1.7 cm, apex long caudate, inner sepalsgray tomentose marginally. Petals white, together with calyxturning red upon withering, spatulate, ca. 1.5 cm × 8�9 mm,slightly shorter than sepals, both surfaces minutely pubescent,base broadly clawed. Stamens numerous, shorter than petals;filaments linear, with somewhat broadened base. Pistils many,

slightly longer than stamens; ovary and basal part of style longwhite tomentose. Fruit unknown. Fl. summer.

● Montane valleys, grassy places, stream sides, moist slopes;3200�3500 m. Sichuan, N Yunnan.

17. Rubus wawushanensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, ActaPhytotax. Sin. 20: 298. 1982.

瓦屋山悬钩子 wa wu shan xuan gou zi

Shrubs upright, spreading. Branchlets purplish brown, pi-lose, with dense needle-like prickles, with intermixed sparse,long stalked glands. Leaves imparipinnate, 5�7-foliolate; peti-ole 3�6 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leafletssessile or nearly so, petiolules and rachis minutely pubescent,with needle-like prickles; stipules linear or narrowly lanceolate,soft hairy; blade of leaflets ovate, rhombic-ovate, or oblong,2.5�7 × 2�5(�6) cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, withsparse, small needle-like prickles along veins, adaxially mi-nutely appressed pubescent, base often truncate, base of lateralleaflets rounded, margin unevenly coarsely incised or sharplydoubly serrate, terminal leaflet sometimes 2- or 3-lobed, apexacute, often acuminate on terminal leaflet. Inflorescences usu-ally terminal on short lateral branchlets, 1-flowered or flowersin clusters of 2 or 3; bracts linear, puberulent. Pedicel 1.8�2.5cm, minutely pubescent, with needle-like prickles and withglandular hairs. Calyx abaxially gray tomentose, with needle-like prickles, ± with intermixed longer stalked glands; sepalserect, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 1.2�1.7 cm × 5�7 mm, apexlong caudate. Flowers to 2.5 cm in diam. Petals white, ellipticor spatulate, shorter than sepals, both surfaces puberulent, apexclawed. Stamens many; filaments linear, or basally slightlybroader. Pistils shorter than stamens; ovary and base of styledensely long gray tomentose. Aggregate fruit subglobose, ca. 1cm or more in diam., long gray tomentose; styles persistent;pyrenes rugulose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Forest understories. Sichuan (Hongya Xian, Wawu Shan).

18. Rubus sachalinensis H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. RegniVeg. 6: 332. 1909.

库页悬钩子 ku ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs 0.6�2 m tall. Branches purplish brown; branchletsbrownish or brown, soft hairy when young, gradually glabre-scent, with dense yellow, brownish, or purplish red straightprickles and stalked glands. Leaves imparipinnate, usually3(�5)-foliolate; petiole 2�5 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolules and rachis with softhairs and needle-like prickles or glandular hairs; stipules linear,5�8 mm, with soft hairs or sparse, glandular hairs; blade ofleaflets ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly obovate, 3�7 ×1.5�4(�5) cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxiallyglabrous or slightly hairy, base rounded, sometimes shallowlycordate on terminal leaflet, margin irregularly roughly serrate orincised-serrate, apex acute, but usually acuminate on terminalleaflet. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, corymbose, 5�9-flowered, rarely flowers solitary in leaf axils; rachis, pedicels,and abaxial surface of calyx pubescent, with glandular hairs,with needle-like prickles; bracts linear, 3�5 mm, pubescent,with stalked glands. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam.Sepals erect, triangular-lanceolate, 7�10 × 2.5�5 mm, margin

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

often gray tomentose, apex long caudate. Petals white, ligulateor spatulate, shorter than sepals, base clawed. Stamens numer-ous, slightly shorter than or nearly as long as petals. Pistilsmany, nearly as long as stamens; ovary and base of style to-mentose. Aggregate fruit red, ovoid-globose, ca. 1 cm in diam.,tomentose; pyrenes rugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep. 2n = 14*,24, 28*.

Forests, forest margins, thickets, grasslands, ravines, valleys, rockcrevices, slopes; 400�3100 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, NeiMongol, Qinghai, Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe].

1a. Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyxwithout glandular hairs; flowers andfruit less than 1 cm in diam. ............ 18c. var. eglandulatus

1b. Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyxwith glandular hairs; flowers andfruit 0.9�1.5 cm in diam.2a. Flowers and fruit ca. 1 cm in

diam.; aggregate fruit denselytomentose ............................... 18a. var. sachalinensis

2b. Flowers and fruit more than1 cm, to 1.5 cm in diam.;aggregate fruit sparselyhairy or subglabrous .................. 18b. var. przewalskii

18a. Rubus sachalinensis var. sachalinensis

库页悬钩子(原变种) ku ye xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus idaeus Linnaeus var. aculeatissimus Regel & Til-ing; R. idaeus var. matsumuranus (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) Koid-zumi; R. idaeus var. microphyllus Turczaninow; R. idaeus sub-sp. sachalinensis (H. Léveillé) Focke; R. idaeus var. strigosusMaximowicz; Rubus matsumuranus H. Léveillé & Vaniot; R.melanolasius Focke var. discolor Komarov.

Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx with glandular hairs.Flowers and fruit ca. 1 cm in diam. Aggregate fruit densely to-mentose.

Forests, forest margins, thickets, grasslands, ravines, valleys, rockcrevices; 1000�2500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol,Qinghai, Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe].

18b. Rubus sachalinensis var. przewalskii (Prochanov) L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin., 38: 280. 2000.

甘肃悬钩子 gan su xuan gou zi

Rubus przewalskii Prochanov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn.Bot. Sada RSFSR5: 56. 1924.

Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx with glandular hairs.Flowers and fruit 1�1.5 cm in diam. Aggregate fruit sparselyhairy or subglabrous.

● Forests; 2100�3100 m. Gansu.

18c. Rubus sachalinensis var. eglandulatus (Y. B. Chang) L.T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 38: 280. 2000.

无腺里白悬钩子 wu xian li bai xuan gou zi

Rubus matsumuranus H. Léveillé & Vaniot var. eglandu-latus Y. B. Chang, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(3): 97. 1981.

Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx without glandular

hairs. Flowers and fruit less than 1 cm in diam. Indumentumof aggregate fruit unknown.

● Forests, slopes; 400�500 m. Heilongjiang (Yichuan), S Jilin(Fusong Xian).

19. Rubus irritans Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 192. 1911.

紫色悬钩子 zi se xuan gou zi

Rubus purpureus Bunge ex J. D. Hooker.

Subshrubs or herblike, 10�60 cm tall. Branchlets brown orreddish brown to purplish red, with purple needle-like prickles,soft hairs, and stipitate glands. Leaves imparipinnate, 3-folio-late, rarely 5-foliolate; petiole 3�5 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, with purple needle-like prickles, soft hairs, and glandular hairs; stipules greenishbrown, linear or linear-lanceolate, 7�9 mm, pubescent, withintermixed glandular hairs; blade of leaflets ovate or elliptic, 3�5 × 2�3.5 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxiallypuberulous, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, subtruncate onterminal leaflet, margin unevenly coarsely serrate or doubly ser-rate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal,nutant, 1�3-flowered; bracts linear, 5�7 mm, pubescent, withintermixed glandular hairs. Pedicel 1.5�3 cm, prickly, pubes-cent, with stalked glands. Flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam. Calyxtinged purplish red, with purple needle-like prickles, soft hairs,and stalked glands; tube shallowly cupular; sepals erect, nar-rowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm × 3�5 mm, apexacuminate to caudate. Petals white, broadly elliptic or spatulate,8�11 × 5�7 mm, shorter than sepals, pubescent, base shortlyclawed. Stamens numerous, slightly shorter than petals; fila-ments linear. Pistils nearly as long as or slightly shorter thanstamens; ovary gray tomentose. Aggregate fruit red, subglo-bose, 1�1.5 cm in diam., tomentose; pyrenes smooth or some-what reticulate. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

Slopes, forest margins, thickets; 2000�4500 m. Gansu, Qinghai,Sichuan, SE Xizang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, NW India, Kashmir, Paki-stan].

20. Rubus eucalyptus Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 169.1911.

桉叶悬钩子 an ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1.5�4 m tall. Branchlets dark purplish brown orbrown, glabrous, with sparse, curved robust prickles; floweringshoots short, pubescent, stipitate glandular, with curved prick-les. Leaves imparipinnate, 3�5(or 7)-foliolate; petiole 5�8 cm,petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile,petiolules and rachis sparsely pubescent, stipitate glandular,with needle-like prickles; stipules linear, 6�9 mm, pubescent,with intermixed glandular hairs; terminal leaflet blade ovate,rhombic-ovate, or rhombic-lanceolate, lateral blade of leafletsrhombic-ovate or elliptic, 2�6(�8) × 1.5�4(�5) cm, abaxiallydensely gray tomentose, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cune-ate to rounded, rarely subcordate, margin irregularly coarselyserrate or incised-doubly serrate, sometimes 3-lobed on termi-nal leaflet, often acuminate, but acute on lateral leaflets. Inflo-rescences terminal, rarely axillary, 1- or 2-flowered; bracts li-near, 5�7 mm, pubescent, with intermixed glandular hairs.Pedicel 2�4(�5) cm, pubescent, with stalked glands and needle-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

like prickles. Flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially ±pubescent, with stalked glands and needle-like prickles; sepalsspreading, rarely reflexed in fruit, ovate-lanceolate or triangu-lar-lanceolate, 1�1.5(�2) cm × 4�6 mm, apex caudate, margingray tomentose. Petals white, spatulate, 7�8 × 3�4 mm, shorterthan sepals, base broadly clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens numer-ous, shorter than petals; filaments linear. Pistils longer than sta-mens; basal part of style and apical part of ovary densely longgray tomentose. Aggregate fruit red at maturity, subglobose,1.2�2 cm in diam., densely long gray tomentose; pyrenes rugu-lose. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jun�Jul.

● Mixed forests, thickets, bamboo thickets, grasslands, ravines,valleys; 1000�3400 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, NEYunnan.

1a. Leaflets at first tomentose, glabrescentabaxially, subglabrous when old;branchlets, petioles, pedicels, andabaxial surface of calyx withsparse, glandular hairs; leaves3�5-foliolate ..................................... 20d. var. etomentosus

1b. Leaflet persistently tomentose abaxially;branchlets, petioles, pedicels, andabaxial surface of calyx withsparse, glandular hairs or not;leaves 3�7-foliolate.2a. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel,

and abaxial surface of calyxwithout glandular hairs ................ 20c. var. trullisatus

2b. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel,and abaxial surface of calyxwith glandular hairs.3a. Leaves 3�5-foliolate,

sepals 1�1.5 cm .................. 20a. var. eucalyptus3b. Leaves 7-foliolate;

sepals 1.5�2 cm ............... 20b. var. yunnanensis

20a. Rubus eucalyptus var. eucalyptus

桉叶悬钩子(原变种) an ye xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus lasiostylus Focke f. glandulosus Focke.

Leaves 3�5-foliolate. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, andabaxial surface of calyx with glandular hairs. Sepals narrower,1�1.5 cm wide. Aggregate fruit 1.2�2 cm in diam.

● Mixed forests, thickets, grassy wastelands; 1000�2500 m. Gan-su, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

20b. Rubus eucalyptus var. yunnanensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta. Phytotax. Sin. 20: 296. 1982.

云南桉叶悬钩子 yun nan an ye xuan gou zi

Leaves 7-foliolate. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abax-ial surface of calyx with glandular hairs. Sepals broader, 1.5�2cm wide. Aggregate fruit to 2 cm in diam.

● Grasslands, bamboo thickets; ca. 3400 m. NE Yunnan (HuizeXian).

20c. Rubus eucalyptus var. trullisatus (Focke) T. T. Yu & L.T. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 37: 54. 1985.

无腺桉叶悬钩子 wu xian an ye xuan gou zi

Rubus trullisatus Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 169.1911; R. eriococcus Cardot; R. lasiostylus Focke var. villosusCardot.

Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate. Branchlets, petioles,pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx with soft hairs, withoutglandular hairs. Calyx abaxially with sparse, needle-likeprickles.

● Thickets, ravines, valleys; 1000�2500 m. W Hubei, SE Shaanxi,Sichuan.

20d. Rubus eucalyptus var. etomentosus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 296. 1982.

脱毛桉叶悬钩子 tuo mao an ye xuan gou zi

Leaves 3�5-foliolate, abaxially tomentose, glabrescent,subglabrous when old. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abaxialsurface of calyx with sparse, glandular hairs.

● Slopes in mixed forests; ca. 2300 m. N Sichuan (SongpanXian).

21. Rubus idaeus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 492. 1753.

覆盆子 fu pen zi

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddish brown,terete, sparsely tomentose when young, with sparse prickles,without stalked glands. Leaves imparipinnate, 5�7-foliolate,rarely 3-foliolate; petiole 3�6 cm, petiolule of terminal leafletca. 1 cm, petiolule and rachis tomentose, with sparse, minuteprickles, without glandular hairs; stipules linear, pubescent;blade of leaflets narrowly ovate or elliptic, often ovate on termi-nal leaflet, 3�8 × 1.5�4.5 cm, abaxially densely tomentose,adaxially glabrous or pilose, base rounded, sometimes subcor-date on terminal leaflet, margin unevenly coarsely serrate ordoubly serrate, sometimes lobed on terminal leaflet, apex short-ly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, short racemes, rarelyseveral flowers in clusters in leaf axils; rachis, pedicels, andabaxial surface of calyx densely tomentose, with dense orsparse, needle-like prickles, without glandular hairs; bractslinear, soft hairy. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam.Sepals erect, ovate-lanceolate, margin gray tomentose, apexcaudate. Petals white, spatulate, puberulous or glabrous, basebroadly clawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filamentsbroadened and flattened. Pistils shorter than stamens; ovary andbase of style densely gray tomentose. Aggregate fruit red ororange, subglobose, 1�1.4 cm in diam., densely shortly tomen-tose; pyrenes prominently pitted. 2n = 14*.

Forests, forest margins, thickets, valleys, slopes, meadows, road-sides, waste places; 500�2500 m. Hebei, S Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liao-ning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Japan, Russia; Europe, NorthAmerica].

The fruit are eaten raw and are used for making jam, jelly, juice,wine, and vinegar. The dried fruit are used in medicine. The stems androots are a source of tannin.

1a. Inflorescence rachis, pedicels, andabaxial surface of calyx withglandular hairs; branchlets, petioles,and pedicel with sparse prickles

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

or nearly unarmed ........................ 21c. var. borealisinensis1b. Inflorescence rachis, pedicels, and

abaxial surface of calyx withoutglandular hairs.2a. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel

tomentose, ± prickly .......................... 21a. var. idaeus2b. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel

glabrous, with sparse prickles ..... 21b. var. glabratus

21a. Rubus idaeus var. idaeus

覆盆子(原变种) fu pen zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus idaeus subsp. vulgatus Arrhenius.

Inflorescence rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyxwithout glandular hairs. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicels to-mentose, ± prickly.

Mixed forests and forest margins in mountainous regions, thick-ets, waste places; 500�2500 m. Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Xinjiang[Japan, Russia; Europe, North America].

21b. Rubus idaeus var. glabratus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, ActaPhytotax. Sin. 20: 297. 1982.

无毛覆盆子 wu mao fu pen zi

Inflorescence rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyxwithout glandular hairs. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicels gla-brous, with sparse prickles.

● Mixed forests, roadsides. S Heilongjiang.

21c. Rubus idaeus var. borealisinensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 297. 1982.

华北覆盆子 hua bei fu pen zi

Inflorescence rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyxwith glandular hairs. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicels withsparse prickles or nearly unarmed.

● Valleys, forests, forest margins, slopes, meadows; 1200�2500m. W Hebei, Nei Mongol (Daqingshan, Liangcheng), Shanxi.

22. Rubus aurantiacus Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 211.1911.

橘红悬钩子 ju hong xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�3 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddish brown,with sparse curved prickles, pubescent, gradually glabrescent,subglabrous or glabrous when old. Leaves imparipinnate, usual-ly 3-foliolate; petiole 2�5(�7) cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet1�2 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis with softhairs and sparse, curved prickles; stipules linear, 4�7 mm, pu-bescent; blade of leaflets ovate, elliptic, or suborbicular, 2�6(�9) × 1.5�5(�6) cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adax-ially puberulous or subglabrous, base variable in shape, round-ed to shallowly cordate on terminal leaflet, cuneate on lateralleaflets, margin irregularly coarsely sharply serrate or incised-doubly serrate, apex acute, shortly acuminate, or obtuse. Inflo-rescences terminal, corymbose or short racemes, 6�8 cm, ca. 5�10-flowered, or axillary and 1�3-flowered; rachis and pedicelsdensely tomentose, with sparse, minute prickles; bracts linear,4�6 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 1�2.5 cm. Flowers 1�2 cm in

diam. Calyx abaxially densely tomentose, unarmed, rarely withsparse, minute prickles; tube pelviform; sepals erect, broadlyovate or triangular-lanceolate, 7�9 × 3�4 mm, abaxially denselytomentose, apex acuminate to caudate. Petals white, rarely pink,obovate or suborbicular, 4�6 mm in diam., slightly shorter thansepals, base shortly clawed, soft hairy. Stamens many, shorterthan petals; filaments broadened and flattened. Pistils nearly aslong as stamens; ovary and base of style densely gray tomen-tose. Aggregate fruit orange or orange-red, semiglobose, lessthan 1 cm, ca. 1 cm or more in diam., densely tomentose; dru-pelets few; pyrenes shallowly reticulate. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Valleys, wet places, stream sides, slopes, forests, thickets;1500�3300 m. W Guizhou, W Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.

1a. Leaflets ovate to elliptic, apex acuteor shortly acuminate ......................... 22a. var. aurantiacus

1b. Leaflets suborbicular to ovate, apexobtuse, rarely acute ........................... 22b. var. obtusifolius

22a. Rubus aurantiacus var. aurantiacus

橘红悬钩子(原变种) ju hong xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Leaflets ovate or elliptic, apex acute or shortly acuminate.

● Valleys, stream sides, slopes, forests, thickets; 1500�3300 m. WSichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.

22b. Rubus aurantiacus var. obtusifolius T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 297. 1982.

钝叶橘红悬钩子 dun ye ju hong xuan gou zi

Leaflets suborbicular or ovate, apex obtuse, rarely acute.

● Valleys, stream sides, grassy slopes, wet places; below 1600 m.W Guizhou, S and W Yunnan.

23. Rubus austrotibetanus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, ActaPhytotax. Sin. 18: 496. 1980.

藏南悬钩子 zang nan xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Branchlets brownish to purplish brown,cylindric, soft hairy, gradually glabrescent, with sparse prickles.Leaves imparipinnate, usually 3-foliolate, those below inflo-rescence sometimes 3-lobed; petiole 5�8 cm, petiolule of ter-minal leaflet 1�2.5 cm, lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate or sub-sessile, pubescent when young, glabrescent, with sparse, minuteprickles; stipules linear, 1�1.3 cm, pubescent; blade of leafletsbroadly ovate, terminal leaflet sometimes ovate-lanceolate, 4�8× 3�6 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially gla-brous, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin unevenlycoarsely serrate or doubly serrate, apex shortly acuminate tocaudate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, corymbose or shortracemes, 5�10-flowered, sometimes axillary and 1�3-flowered;rachis and pedicels pubescent, with sparse, minute prickles;bracts linear, smaller than stipules. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers1.5�2 cm in diam. Calyx tube purple, abaxially pubescent,sometimes with sparse, minute prickles; sepals erect after an-thesis, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.8�1.4 cm, gray to-mentose, apex abruptly pointed or acuminate. Petals purple,broadly obovate or elliptic, 5�8 mm, both surfaces soft hairy,

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

base shortly clawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; fila-ments linear. Pistils numerous, shorter than stamens; ovary andbasal part of style gray tomentose. Aggregate fruit red, nar-rowly ovoid, 1�1.5 cm, ca. 1 cm in diam., gray tomentose;drupelets many; pyrenes reticulate. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Mixed forests, broad-leaved evergreen forests, valleys, slopeson roadsides, thickets; 2600�3800 m. S Xizang, W Yunnan.

24. Rubus komarovii Nakai, Chosenshokubutsu 1: 304. 1914.

绿叶悬钩子 lu ye xuan gou zi

Rubus idaeus Linnaeus f. concolor (Komarov) Ohwi; R.idaeus subsp. komarovii (Nakai) V. N. Voroschilov; R. idaeusvar. concolor (Komarov) Nakai; R. kanayamensis H. Léveillé& Vaniot; R. melanolasius Focke; R. melanolasius var. con-color Komarov; R. sachalinensis H. Léveillé var. concolor(Komarov) Lauener & D. K. Ferguson.

Shrubs to 1 m tall. Annotinous shoots green or greenishbrown, without or with white bloom, prickly, occasionallysparsely stipitate glandular; prickles green. Leaves imparipin-nate, 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; petiole 2�4 cm, petiolule ofterminal leaflet 1�1.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petioluleand rachis thinly pubescent, prickly; stipules linear, 4�6 mm,thinly pubescent, with stalked glands; blade of leaflets ovate,rarely ovate-lanceolate, 3�6 × 1.5�4.5 cm, abaxially thinly pu-bescent, with sparse, needle-like prickles only along veins,adaxially glabrous or subglabrous, base cuneate to rounded,margin unevenly coarsely sharply serrate, apex acute, some-times shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, corymbs orflowers several in clusters in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels pu-berulous, with sparse, stalked glands; bracts linear-lanceolate,3�5 mm, with soft hairs and stalked glands. Pedicel 1�2 cm.Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially with soft hairs,needle-like prickles, and sparse, stalked glands; tube pelviform;sepals often erect after anthesis, triangular to triangular-lan-ceolate, 8�12 × 2�3.5 cm, apex acuminate to caudate. Petalswhite, oblong or spatulate, nearly as long as or somewhat short-er than sepals, base clawed. Stamens numerous, shorter thanpetals; filaments linear. Pistils many; ovary and base of styleshortly gray tomentose. Aggregate fruit red, ovoid, ca. 1 cm indiam., shortly tomentose, aromatic; pyrenes rugulose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 28*.

Forest margins, logged forests, rocky slopes; 500�1500 m. N Hei-longjiang (Da Hinggan Ling), S Jilin (Changbai Shan), Liaoning [Ko-rea, E Russia].

25. Rubus pileatus Focke, Hooker�s Icon. Pl., ser. 3, 10: sub t.1952. 1891.

菰帽悬钩子 gu mao xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 1�3 m tall. Branchlets purple whenyoung, brownish or grayish brown in age, glabrous, with sparseprickles, with white bloom. Leaves imparipinnate, usually 5�7-foliolate; petiole 3�10 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm,lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolules and rachis sparsely pubes-cent, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 8�10(�12) × 2�3 mm, pilose, glabrescent; blade ofleaflets ovate, narrowly obovate, or elliptic, 2.5�6(�8) × 1.5�

4(�6) cm, both surfaces pubescent along veins, base sub-rounded or broadly cuneate, margin coarsely doubly serrate,sometimes slightly lobed on terminal leaflet, apex acute to acu-minate. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose, 2�4 cm, 3�5-flow-ered, rarely flowers solitary; bracts linear, 6�7 mm, pilose whenyoung, glabrescent. Pedicel (1.5�)2�3.5 cm, slender, glabrous,with sparse, minute prickles or unarmed. Flowers 1�1.5(�2) cmin diam. Calyx purple, abaxially glabrous; sepals reflexed infruit, ovate-lanceolate, 7�10 × 2�4 mm, long caudate, margintomentose. Petals white, obovate, slightly shorter than or nearlyas long as sepals, base sparsely pubescent and shortly clawed.Stamens many, shorter than sepals; filaments linear. Pistils nu-merous; ovary and basal part of style densely long gray to-mentose; styles elongated in fruit. Aggregate fruit red, ovoid-globose, 0.8�1.2 cm in diam. densely gray tomentose; style per-sistent; pyrenes distinctly rugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Sparse forests on roadsides, dense forests in montane valleys,river sides, ravines; 1400�2800 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Qinghai,Shaanxi, Sichuan.

26. Rubus pseudopileatus Cardot, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 308.1914.

假帽莓 jia mao mei

Shrubs scandent, 1�2 m tall. Branchlets purple, with softhairs and ± slender prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, 5�7-folio-late, rarely 3-foliolate; petiole 4�9 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolules and rachiswith soft hairs and minute prickles; stipules linear or linear-lan-ceolate, soft hairy; blade of leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate,4�8 × 2.5�5 cm, abaxially glabrous except pilose along veins,adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, marginirregularly incised-doubly serrate, apex acuminate, rarely acute.Inflorescences terminal, corymbose, 3�5-flowered, or flowerssolitary in leaf axils; bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, softhairy. Pedicel 1�2 cm, soft hairy, unarmed or prickly. Flowers2�3 cm in diam. Calyx purple, abaxially puberulous to subgla-brous, sometimes prickly; sepals erect after anthesis, triangular-lanceolate or triangular-ovate, 1�1.5 cm × 5�8 mm, apex acu-minate, inner sepals with gray tomentose margin. Petals pink orwhite turning red, broadly obovate, slightly longer than ornearly as long as sepals, soft hairy basally, base shortly clawed.Stamens many in several whorls, unequal in length; filamentsglabrous or slightly pilose. Pistils numerous, slightly longer orshorter than stamens; ovary and base of style densely long graytomentose. Aggregate fruit red, ovoid-globose, 1.3�2 cm indiam., densely long gray tomentose; pyrenes shallowly rugoseor ± smooth. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Forests and forest margins in mountainous regions, shadedmontane valleys, sparsely forested slopes; 2100�3200 m. Sichuan.

1a. Pedicel soft hairy; abaxialsurface of calyx soft hairyor subglabrous ............................. 26a. var. pseudopileatus

1b. Pedicel and abaxial surface ofcalyx glabrous.2a. Pedicel with dense needle-like

prickles and sparse, stalkedglands ................................... 26b. var. kangdingensis

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

2b. Pedicel unarmed or nearlyunarmed, usually withoutstalked glands ............................... 26c. var. glabratus

26a. Rubus pseudopileatus var. pseudopileatus

假帽莓(原变种) jia mao mei (yuan bian zhong)

Pedicel soft hairy. Calyx abaxially soft hairy or subgla-brous.

● Forests and forest margins in mountainous regions; 2300�3200m. Sichuan.

26b. Rubus pseudopileatus var. kangdingensis T. T. Yu & L.T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 299. 1982.

康定假帽莓 kang ding jia mao mei

Pedicel glabrous, with dense needle-like prickles andsparse, stalked glands. Calyx abaxially glabrous.

● C Sichuan (Kangding Xian).

26c. Rubus pseudopileatus var. glabratus T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 298. 1982.

光梗假帽莓 guang geng jia mao mei

Pedicel unarmed or nearly so, usually without stalkedglands. Calyx abaxially glabrous margin.

● Shaded montane valleys, sparsely forested slopes; 2100�2900m. W Sichuan.

27. Rubus subinopertus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 18: 497. 1980.

紫红悬钩子 zi hong xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�3 m tall. Branchlets brownish to purplish brown,terete, densely slender pubescent, glabrescent, with sparse,curved prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, (5�)7�9(�11)-foliolate;petiole 3�6 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaf-lets subsessile, petiolules and rachis slender pubescent, withsparse, curved minute prickles; stipules linear or linear-lan-ceolate, 5�7 mm, slender pubescent; blade of leaflets ovate toovate-lanceolate, 4�7 × 2�4 cm, abaxially pubescent only alongveins, adaxially soft hairy when young, glabrescent, base broad-ly cuneate to rounded, margin coarsely sharp doubly serrate orincised-doubly serrate, often pinnate-lobed on terminal leaflet,apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, corymboseor short racemes, 3�4.5 cm, terminal ones more than 10-flow-ered, axillary ones 3�5-flowered, rarely flowers solitary in leafaxils; rachis and pedicels finely pubescent; bracts linear orlinear-lanceolate, 4�6 mm, puberulous. Pedicel 0.7�1.5 cm.Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx brownish purple, abaxiallyfinely pubescent; sepals reflexed in fruit, ovate or triangular-lanceolate, 4�7 mm, margin tomentose, apex acute to acumi-nate. Petals pink or purplish red, obovate or suborbicular, 4�6 ×3�4(�5) mm, base shortly clawed and finely pubescent. Sta-mens many, shorter than petals; filaments linear. Pistils numer-ous, somewhat shorter than or nearly as long as stamens; ovaryand base of style densely gray tomentose. Aggregate fruit yel-lowish red when immature, purplish red at maturity, semiglo-

bose, 0.8�1.2 cm in diam., densely shortly gray tomentose;pyrenes rugulose. F1. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Thickets on slopes, forests, forest margins; 1300�2500 m. W Si-chuan, SE Xizang, N Yunnan.

28. Rubus gyamdaensis L. T. Lu & Boufford, nom. nov.

柔毛悬钩子 rou mao xuan gou zi

Replaced synonym: Rubus pubifolius T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 498. 1980, not L. H. Bailey (1945).

Shrubs. Branchlets purplish red, cylindric, pubescent, withslender prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, 5�7-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate on flower bearing branchlets; petiole 4�7 cm, petioluleof terminal leaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolulesand rachis pubescent, with slender prickles; stipules linear orlinear-lanceolate, pubescent; blade of leaflets variable in shape,terminal leaflet ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes 3-lobed,lateral leaflets elliptic or ovate, 4�7 × 2�4.5 cm, both surfacespubescent, more densely so abaxially, base broadly cuneate torounded, margin irregularly slenderly sharply serrate, coarselyserrate, or doubly serrate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. In-florescences often 1-flowered. Pedicel 4�6 cm, pubescent, withsparse, intermixed short glandular hairs, with needle-like prick-les. Flowers to 2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially pubescent, un-armed or with sparse, needle-like prickles; sepals spreadingafter anthesis, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.8(�2.5) cm, apexcaudate. Petals white. Stamens many, in 2 or 3 whorls, muchshorter than sepals; filaments linear, somewhat broadened andflattened basally. Pistils numerous; ovary densely tomentose.Fruit unknown. Fl. Jul�Aug.

● Roadsides in mountains, forest margins, river sides; below2400�4200 m. W Sichuan, Xizang.

1a. Leaflets pubescent on both surfaces,more densely so abaxially, marginsharply slenderly serrate or doublyserrate; sepals to 1.8 cm .................. 28a. var. gyamdaensis

1b. Leaflets sparsely pilose or piloseonly along veins on bothsurfaces, margin coarselyserrate; sepals to 2.5 cm ................ 28b. var. glabriusculus

28a. Rubus gyamdaensis var. gyamdaensis

柔毛悬钩子(原变种) rou mao xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Leaflets pubescent on both surfaces, more densely soabaxially, margin sharply slenderly serrate or doubly serrate.Sepals to 1.8 cm.

● Roadsides in mountains; ca. 4200 m. Xizang (Gongbo�gyamdaXian).

28b. Rubus gyamdaensis var. glabriusculus (T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu) L. T. Lu & Boufford, comb. nov.

川西柔毛悬钩子 chuan xi rou mao xuan gou zi

Basionym: Rubus pubifolius var. glabriusculus T. T. Yu &L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 299. 1982.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Leaflets sparsely pilose or pilose only along veins on bothsurfaces, margin coarsely serrate. Sepals to 2.5 cm.

● Forest margins, river sides; below 2400 m. W Sichuan.

29. Rubus thibetanus Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.,ser. 2, 8: 221. 1885.

西藏悬钩子 xi zang xuan gou zi

Rubus veitchii Rolfe.

Shrubs 2�3 m tall. Branchlets reddish brown, cylindric,initially densely soft hairy, glabrescent, with sparse prickles,with white bloom. Leaves imparipinnate, (5�)7�11(�13)-folio-late; petiole 1�2 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 0.7�1.5 cm,lateral leaflets sessile, petiolule and rachis with dense soft hairsand sparse, slender prickles; stipules linear-lanceolate, 4�8 mm,pubescent; blade of leaflets variable, terminal leaflet ovate-lan-ceolate, 2.5�6.5 × 1.5�2.5 cm, more than 2 × as long as lateralleaflets, margin often pinnately lobed, deeply incised or coarse-ly sharply serrate, apex long acuminate, lateral leaflets oblique-ly ovate or ovate-orbicular, 1�3 × 0.6�1.5 cm, margin withseveral large sharp teeth above middle, abaxially densely graytomentose, adaxially pubescent. Inflorescences terminal,corymbose, 2�4 cm, 3�8-flowered, rarely flowers solitary inleaf axils; rachis and pedicels densely pubescent; bracts linear,4�6 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm. Flowers 1�1.2 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially densely pubescent; sepals spreading atanthesis, reflexed in fruit, triangular-lanceolate, 5�7 × 2�4 mm,apex acuminate. Petals pink or purplish red, orbicular-ovate, 3�4.5 × 3�4 mm. Stamens numerous, purplish red; filaments li-near. Pistils nearly as long as stamens; ovary densely pubescent;styles ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Aggregate fruit purplish black ordark red, subglobose, 8�10 mm in diam., densely gray pubes-cent; pyrenes densely rugulose. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug.

● Thickets, forest margins, roadsides, slopes, ravines, dry places;900�2100 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang.

30. Rubus phoenicolasius Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci.Saint-Pétersbourg, ser. 3, 17: 160. 1872.

多腺悬钩子 duo xian xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�3 m tall. Branches upright at first, finally scram-bling, densely pubescent, with intermixed reddish brown bris-tles, stalked glands, and sparse prickles. Leaves imparipinnate,3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; petiole 3�6 cm, petiolule of ter-minal leaflet 2�3 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule andrachis pubescent, with intermixed reddish brown bristles, stalk-ed glands, and sparse prickles; stipules linear, 5�8 mm, pubes-cent, with intermixed glandular hairs; blade of leaflets ovate,broadly ovate, or rhombic, rarely elliptic, 4�8(�10) × 2�5(�7)cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, bristly, stipitate glandu-lar, with sparse, minute needle-like prickles, adaxially appress-ed pubescent or pubescent only along veins, base rounded tosubcordate, margin irregularly roughly serrate, usually incised,terminal leaflet often lobed, apex acute to acuminate. Inflores-cences terminal or axillary, short racemes, few flowered, termi-nal racemes 6�10 cm, lateral ones shorter; rachis, pedicels, andabaxial surface of calyx densely pubescent, bristly, stipitateglandular; bracts lanceolate, 5�8 mm, pubescent, stipitate

glandular, margin entire or apically 2-lobed. Pedicel 0.5�1.5cm. Flowers 6�10 mm in diam. Sepals erect, lanceolate, 1�1.5cm × 4�7 mm, apex caudate. Petals purplish red, obovate-spat-ulate or suborbicular, much longer than sepals, base long claw-ed and pubescent. Stamens many, nearly as long as or slightlyshorter than petals. Pistils somewhat longer than stamens; ovaryglabrous or puberulous. Aggregate fruit orange or red, subglo-bose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes prominently rugose,pitted. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 14.

Roadsides, montane valleys; low to medium elevations. Gansu,Henan, Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan [Japan,Korea; naturalized in Europe and North America].

31. Rubus ellipticus Smith in Rees, Cycl. 30: Rubus no. 16.1819.

椭圆悬钩子 tuo yuan xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�3 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown or brownish,pubescent, with sparse, curved prickles and dense, purplishbrown bristles or glandular hairs. Leaves imparipinnate, 3-foliolate; petiole 2�6 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 2�3 cm,lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis purplish red brist-ly, pubescent, with minute prickles; stipules linear, 7�11 mm,pubescent, with intermixed glandular hairs; blade of leafletselliptic or obovate, 4�8(�12) × 3�6(�9) cm, terminal leafletmuch larger than lateral leaflets, abaxially densely tomentose,with purplish red bristles along prominent veins, adaxially veinsimpressed, pubescent along midvein, base rounded, margin un-evenly minute sharply serrate, apex acute, abruptly pointed,shallowly cordate, or subtruncate. Inflorescences terminal,dense glomerate racemes, (1.5�)2�4 cm, flowers several to 10or more, or flowers several in clusters in leaf axils, rarely flow-ers solitary; rachis and pedicels pubescent, bristly; bracts linear,5�9 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 4�6 mm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially pubescent, intermixed yellowish tomen-tose, sparsely bristly; sepals erect, ovate, 4�5(�6) × 2�3(�4)mm, abaxially densely yellowish gray tomentose, apex acuteand abruptly pointed. Petals white or pink, spatulate, longerthan sepals, margin premorse, densely pubescent, base clawed.Stamens numerous, shorter than petals; filaments broadenedand flattened basally. Ovary pubescent; styles glabrous, slightlylonger than stamens. Aggregate fruit golden yellow, subglo-bose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous or drupelets pubescent atapex; pyrenes triangular-ovoid, densely rugulose. Fl. Mar�Apr,fr. Apr�May. 2n = 14.

Slopes, montane valleys, sparse forests, thickets, roadsides; 300�2600 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, S Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India,Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thai-land, Vietnam].

Rubus fasciculatus Duthie var. tomentosus Cardot (Notul. Syst.(Paris) 3: 314. 1917), described from Yunnan based on P. Ngueou s.n.and Ducloux 5147, is probably a synonym of R. ellipticus; the presentauthors have not seen the syntypes.

1a. Leaflets elliptic, apex acute or abruptlypointed; pedicel and abaxial surface ofcalyx bristly ........................................... 31a. var. ellipticus

1b. Leaflets obovate, apex shallowly cordateor subtruncate; pedicel and abaxial

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

surface of calyx with few bristles ...... 31b. var. obcordatus

31a. Rubus ellipticus var. ellipticus

椭圆悬钩子(原变种) tuo yuan xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Leaflets elliptic, apex acute or abruptly pointed. Pediceland abaxial surface of calyx bristly.

Dry slopes, montane valleys, sparse forests; 1000�2600 m. Si-chuan, S Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal,Pakistan, Philippines, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].

31b. Rubus ellipticus var. obcordatus (Franchet) Focke, Bib-lioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 199. 1911.

栽秧泡 zai yang pao

Rubus ellipticus Smith f. obcordatus Franchet, Pl. Dela-vay. 206. 1890; Rubus obcordatus (Franchet) Thuan.

Leaflets obovate, apex shallowly cordate or subtruncate.Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx very sparsely bristly.

Slopes, roadsides, thickets; 300�1000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Si-chuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [India, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].

32. Rubus stimulans Focke, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh5: 74. 1911.

华西悬钩子 hua xi xuan gou zi

Rubus chinensis Franchet (1890), not Thunberg (1813),nor Seringe (1825); R. chinensis Franchet var. concolor Cardot;R. stimulans var. concolor (Cardot) C. Y. Wu.

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddish brown topurplish brown, soft hairy at first, gradually glabrescent,glabrous when old, with needle-like prickles, with sparse, stalk-ed glands. Leaves imparipinnate, 5�7-foliolate; petiole 4�8 cm,petiolule of terminal leaflet 1.5�3 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile,petiolule and rachis pubescent, with needle-like prickles, orwith intermixed sparse, stalked glands; stipules lanceolate or li-near lanceolate, 7�11 mm, pubescent or with sparse, stalkedglands, blade of leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4�8 × 2�6cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially sparsely pubes-cent, base rounded, often subtruncate on terminal leaflet, mar-gin irregularly pinnate-lobed, sharply incised doubly serrate,apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences terminal on shortbranchlets, 2- or 3-flowered, or flowers solitary in leaf axils;bracts linear, 5�8 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 1�2.5 cm, with abax-ial surface of calyx pubescent, with needle-like prickles or withsparse, stipitate glandular hairs. Flowers 1.2�2 cm in diam. Ca-lyx tube pelviform; sepals erect, spreading, ovate-lanceolate,1.5�2 cm × 4�6 mm, margin gray tomentose, apex caudate.Petals pink or white with red spots, obovate or suborbicular, 5�6 mm in diam., much shorter than sepals, base pubescent andshortly clawed. Stamens numerous in 1 whorl, slightly shorterthan or nearly as long as petals; filaments purplish red, linear.Pistils many, longer than stamens; style and ovary glabrous,rarely sparsely pilose. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, 1�1.5cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes shallowly rugose or pitted. Fl.Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Coniferous forests, thickets in mountainous areas; 2000�4100

m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.

33. Rubus parvifolius Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1197. 1753.

茅莓 mao mei

Shrubs 1�2 m tall, with arching branches. Branchlets gray-ish brown or reddish brown to blackish brown, with soft hairsand sparse, curved prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, 3�5-folio-late; petiole 2.5�5 cm, terminal leaflet 1�2 cm, petiolulate, lat-eral leaflets subsessile, with soft hairs and sparse, minuteprickles; stipules linear, 7�10 mm, soft hairy; blade of leafletsrhombic-orbicular or obovate, 2.5�6 × 2�6 cm, abaxially dense-ly gray tomentose, adaxially appressed-pilose, base rounded orbroadly cuneate, margin unevenly coarsely serrate or coarselyincised-doubly serrate, often lobed, apex obtuse or acute. In-florescences terminal, corymbose, rarely short racemes, 4�8cm, several to many flowered, axillary inflorescences corym-bose; rachis and pedicels pubescent, with minute prickles;bracts linear, 6�10 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 0.5�1.5 cm. Flowersca. 1 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely pubescent, with un-equal long needle-like prickles; sepals erect, spreading, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5�8 × 2�4 mm, apex acuminate,occasionally laciniate. Petals pink to purplish red, ovate-orbicu-lar or oblong, 4�6 × 3�4 mm, base clawed. Stamens numerous,somewhat shorter than petals; filaments white, linear. Pistilsslightly longer than or ca. as long as stamens; ovary pubescent.Aggregate fruit red, ovoid-globose, 1�1.5 cm in diam., glabrousor somewhat pubescent; pyrenes shallowly rugose. Fl May�Jun,fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 14*, 21*, 28*.

Forests, thickets, clearings, slopes, sunny valleys, roadsides, wasteplaces; 400�2700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gui-zhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi,Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Vietnam].

The fruit are eaten raw and are also used for making jam, jelly,juice, syrup, candy, wine, and vinegar. The dried fruit are used in tra-ditional Chinese medicine. The young plants are used as a substitute fortea, and the stems and roots are a source of tannin.

1a. Leaves 5-foliolate ................................ 33c. var. toapiensis1b. Leaves 3-foliolate.

2a. Inflorescence rachis, pedicels,and abaxial surface of calyxwithout rust colored stalkedglands ......................................... 33a. var. parvifolius

2b. Inflorescence rachis, pedicels,and abaxial surface of calyxwith rust colored stalkedglands ................................... 33b. var. adenochlamys

33a. Rubus parvifolius var. parvifolius

茅莓(原变种) mao mei (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus parvifolius subvar. subconcolor (Cardot) Masamu-ne; R. parvifolius var. subconcolor (Cardot) Makino & Nemoto;R. parvifolius var. triphyllus (Thunberg) Nakai; R. pauciflorusBaker; R. taquetii H. Léveillé; R. triphyllus Thunberg; R. tri-phyllus var. eglandulosus L. H. Bailey; R. triphyllus var. sub-concolor Cardot.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Leaves 3-foliolate. Inflorescence rachis, pedicels, andabaxial surface of calyx without rust colored stalked glands.

Mixed forested slopes, sunny valleys, roadsides, waste places;400�2600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Vietnam].

33b. Rubus parvifolius var. adenochlamys (Focke) Migo, J.Shanghai Sci. Inst. 3: 169. 1939.

腺花茅莓 xian hua mao mei

Rubus triphyllus Thunberg var. adenochlamys Focke, Bot.Jahrb. Syst. 36(Beibl. 82): 55. 1905; R. adenochlamys (Focke)Focke; R. adenochlamys var. orientalis F. P. Metcalf; R. tri-phyllus var. oukiakiensis Pampanini.

Leaves 3-foliolate. Inflorescence rachis, pedicels, andabaxial surface of calyx with rust colored stalked glands.

Sunny slopes, forests; 500�2700 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei,Hunan, Jiangsu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan].

33c. Rubus parvifolius var. toapiensis (Yamamoto) Hosoka-wa in Makino, Fl. Jap. Suppl. 352. 1936.

五叶红梅消 wu ye hong mei xiao

Rubus triphyllus Thunberg var. toapiensis Yamamoto, J.Soc. Trop. Agric. 4: 305. 1932.

Leaves 5-foliolate.

● Thickets, clearings; low elevations. E Taiwan.

34. Rubus erythrocarpus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 299. 1982.

红果悬钩子 hong guo xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Branchlets reddish brown or purplishbrown to purplish black, cylindric, glabrous, with ± slenderprickles, without stalked glands. Leaves imparipinnate, usually3-foliolate; petiole 4�7 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1.5�3cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, glabrous or pilose, rarely withsparse, stalked glands, with ± slender prickles; stipules linear orlinear-lanceolate, 7�9 mm, glabrous; blade of leaflets 4�10 ×2.5�6 cm, terminal one ovate to ovate-lanceolate, base roundedto shallowly cordate, lateral leaflets ovate or elliptic, basebroadly cuneate to rounded, abaxially densely gray tomentose,with sparse, slender prickles along veins, adaxially pilose, mar-gin coarsely incised-doubly serrate or irregularly sharply ser-rate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal oraxillary, corymbose, 3�4(�5) cm, 3- or 4-flowered, sometimesflowers solitary in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels glabrous, with± slender prickles, without stalked glands; bracts linear, 5�7mm, glabrous. Pedicel 1�2.5 cm. Flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam.Calyx abaxially usually glabrous, with needle-like prickles,occasionally with sparse, stalked glands; sepals erect, rarely re-flexed in fruit, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm × 3�5mm, often tomentose at margin, caudate. Petals pink, elliptic orobovate, shorter than sepals, puberulous. Stamens numerous in1 whorl, shorter than petals; filaments linear. Pistils many,

slightly shorter than stamens; ovary pilose. Aggregate fruit red,subglobose, 1�1.5 cm in diam., glabrous at maturity; pyrenesdensely rugulose. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct.

● Rocky slopes, thickets, mixed forests; 3000�3800 m. NWYunnan.

1a. Abaxial surface of calyx with fewneedle-like prickles, withoutstalked glands or occasionallywith sparse, stalked glands ............ 34a. var. erythrocarpus

1b. Abaxial surface of calyx withdense needle-like pricklesand stalked glands ............................... 34b. var. weixiensis

34a. Rubus erythrocarpus var. erythrocarpus

红果悬钩子(原变种) hong guo xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Abaxial surface of calyx with few needle-like prickles,without stalked glands or occasionally with sparse, stalkedglands.

● Rocky slopes, thickets; 3000�3800 m. NW Yunnan.

34b. Rubus erythrocarpus var. weixiensis T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 300. 1982.

腺萼红果悬钩子 xian e hong guo xuan gou zi

Abaxial surface of calyx with dense needle-like pricklesand stalked glands.

● Mixed forests; below 3200 m. NW Yunnan (Weixi Xian).

35. Rubus subornatus Focke, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-burgh 5: 77. 1911.

美饰悬钩子 mei shi xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�3 m tall. Branchlets grayish brown or brown topurplish red, initially soft hairy, glabrescent, glabrous when old,with sparse, slender prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, usually 3-foliolate. Petiole 4�8 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1.5�3.5cm, lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate or subsessile, with softhairs or sparse prickles; stipules linear-lanceolate, 0.8�1.5 cm,pubescent; blade of leaflets broadly ovate to narrowly ovate, 4�8 × 2.5�5.5 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxiallypilose, basally rounded to shallowly cordate on terminal leaflet,broadly cuneate to subrounded on lateral leaflets, margincoarsely sharply serrate or incised-doubly serrate, sometimespinnately lobed, apex shortly acuminate or acute. Inflorescencesterminal, corymbose, 3�5 cm, 6�10-flowered, or flowers soli-tary or in clusters of 2 or 3 in leaf axils; rachis and pediclespubescent, ± with needle-like prickles; bracts linear, 6�12 mm,pubescent. Pedicel 1�2.5 cm, sometimes with sparse, stipitateglands. Flowers 2�3 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially gray pubes-cent, intermixed tomentose, sometimes with needle-like prick-les and stipitate glands; tube pelviform; sepals erect, spreadingafter anthesis, triangular-lanceolate, unequal in length, longersepals to 1.5 cm, shorter sepals only (6�)7�10 mm, margin graytomentose and entire, apex caudate. Petals purplish red, obo-vate, 7�10 × 5�7 mm, both surfaces puberulous, base shortlyclawed. Stamens many in 1 whorl, slightly shorter than petals;filaments linear, glabrous. Pistils numerous, somewhat shorter

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

than stamens; ovary ± pubescent. Aggregate fruit red, ovoid-globose, 8�11 mm in diam., glabrous or slightly pilose; pyrenesprominently rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Aug�Sep.

Slopes, thickets, roadsides, forests, ravines; 1900�4000 m. W Si-chuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan [N Myanmar].

1a. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescenceswithout stipitate glands ...................... 35a. var. subornatus

1b. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescenceswith purplish black or purplish brownstipitate glands ................................ 35b. var. melanadenus

35a. Rubus subornatus var. subornatus

美饰悬钩子(原变种) mei shi xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus parvifolius Linnaeus f. parce Focke; R. parvifoliusvar. purpureus Y. Gu & W. L. Li; R. subornatus var. concolorCardot; R. subornatus var. fockei H. Léveillé.

Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences without stipitateglands.

Thickets on rocky slopes, mixed forests in valleys, ravines; 1900�4000 m. W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [N Myanmar].

35b. Rubus subornatus var. melanadenus Focke, Biblioth.Bot. 19(Heft 83): 47. 1914.

黑腺美饰悬钩子 hei xian mei shi xuan gou zi

Rubus vicarius Focke.

Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences with purplish blackor purplish brown stipitate glands.

● Slopes, roadsides, thickets, forests; 2700�4000 m. W Sichuan, EXizang, NW Yunnan.

36. Rubus kulinganus L. H. Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 30. 1920.

牯岭悬钩子 gu ling xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddish brown,pubescent at first, glabrescent, glabrous when old, nearly un-armed or with sparse prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, 3-folio-late; petiole 5�9 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm, lateralleaflets subsessile or shortly petiolulate, pubescent, with sparse,needle-like prickles; stipules linear, 5�7 mm, pubescent; bladeof leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4�8(�10) × 1.5�3(�4) cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially glab-rous, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin irregularlyroughly sharply serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences usuallyterminal, corymbose or short racemes, (3�)4�5 cm, several tomore than 10-flowered; rachis and pedicels pubescent; bractslanceolate or linear, 5�6 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 0.5�1 cm.Flowers 6�9 mm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely white tom-entose, with intermixed straight hairs; sepals erect in flower andfruit, ovate, 5�6 × 2�3 mm, apex acute, cuspidate. Petals purp-lish red, broadly elliptic or narrowly obovate, tomentose, baselong clawed. Stamens many, nearly as long as petals; fila-ments broadened and flattened basally. Pistils numerous, nearlyas long as or slightly shorter than stamens; ovary and base ofstyle pubescent. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, less than 1 cm

in diam., pilose; pyrenes shallowly rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul.● Mixed forested slopes, hillsides; below 2000 m. Anhui Jiangxi,

Zhejiang.

37. Rubus mesogaeus Focke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 399. 1900.

喜阴悬钩子 xi yin xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 1�4 m tall. Branchlets reddish brown orpurplish brown, with soft hairs and sparse, needle-like pricklesor nearly unarmed, old branches grayish brown, with sparseprickles broadened basally. Leaves imparipinnate, often 3-folio-late, rarely 5-foliolate; petiole 3�7 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 1.5�4 cm, lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate or subsessile,petiolules and rachis pubescent, with sparse, curved minuteprickles; stipules linear, to 1.2 cm, pubescent, margin entire;blade of leaflets variable in shape, terminal leaflet broadlyrhombic-ovate or elliptic-ovate, base rounded to subcordate,margin often pinnate-lobed, apex acuminate, lateral leafletsobliquely elliptic or ovate, 4�9(�11) × 3�7(�9) cm, abaxiallydensely gray tomentose, adaxially appressed pubescent or gla-brescent, base cuneate to rounded, margin unevenly coarselyserrate, often lobed, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal or axil-lary, corymbose, (2�)3�4.5 cm, shorter than petiole, several tomore than 20-flowered; rachis and pedicels pubescent, withsparse, needle-like prickles; bracts linear, 7�10 mm, pubescent.Pedicel 6�12 mm. Flowers ca. 1 cm or more in diam. Calyxabaxially densely pubescent; sepals often reflexed after anthe-sis, lanceolate, (4�)5�8 × 3�4 mm, inner sepals with tomentosemargin, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Petals white or pink,obovate, suborbicular, or elliptic, 5�6 × 4�5 mm, premorse,base slightly pubescent and shortly clawed. Stamens many, ca.as long as petals. Styles glabrous; ovary pilose. Aggregate fruitpurplish black, compressed globose, 6�8 mm in diam., gla-brous; pyrenes triangularly ovoid-globose, rugose. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 14*.

Forests, slopes, montane valleys, river banks, stream sides, nearwater courses, roadsides; 600�3600 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou,Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Ja-pan, Nepal, Sikkim, Russia (Sakhalin)].

1a. Leaflets tomentose in fruit, glabrescent,subglabrous abaxially ....................... 37c. var. glabrescens

1b. Leaflets persistently tomentose abaxially.2a. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel

without stalked glands ................ 37a. var. mesogaeus2b. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicles

± with stalked glands ................... 37b. var. oxycomus

37a. Rubus mesogaeus var. mesogaeus

喜阴悬钩子(原变种) xi yin xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus eous Focke; R. euleucus Focke ex Handel-Mazzetti;R. idaeus Linnaeus var. exsuccus Franchet & Savatier; R.illudens H. Léveillé; R. kinashii H. Léveillé & Vaniot; R.kinashii f. macrophyllus Cardot; R. kinashii f. microphyllusCardot; R. mesogaeus var. incisus Cardot; R. occidentalis H.Léveillé; R. occidentalis var. exsuccus (Franchet & Savatier)Makino; R. occidentalis var. japonicus Miyabe; R. rarissimusHayata.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Leaflets persistently tomentose abaxially. Branchlets, peti-oles, and pedicels without stalked glands.

Slopes, forest understories in montane valleys, river banks; 600�3600 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xi-zang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Japan, Nepal, Sikkim, Russia (Sakhalin)].

37b. Rubus mesogaeus var. oxycomus Focke, Bot. Jahrb.Syst. 29: 399. 1900.

腺毛喜阴悬钩子 xian mao xi yin xuan gou zi

Leaflets persistently tomentose abaxially. Branchlets, peti-oles, and pedicels ± with stalked glands.

● Mixed forested slopes, montane valleys, roadsides, stream sides;below 2800 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

37c. Rubus mesogaeus var. glabrescens T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 300. 1982.

脱毛喜阴悬钩子 tuo mao xi yin xuan gou zi

Leaflets tomentose at first, glabrescent, subglabrous whenold abaxially.

● Broad-leaved evergreen forests, near water courses; 2000�2200m. Chongqing (Jinfo Shan), S Sichuan (Leibo Xian).

38. Rubus subtibetanus Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss.Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 57: 268. 1920.

密刺悬钩子 mi ci xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing, 1�2 m tall. Old branches brown or red-dish brown, pubescent, with dense unequal needle-like pricklesand basally broadened short prickles; branchlets dark green,more with dense, needle-like prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, 3�5-foliolate; petiole 2.5�4.5 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1.5�2.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolules and rachis pubes-cent, with dense, needle-like prickles; stipules linear-lanceolate,7�10 mm, pubescent; terminal leaflet broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, base truncate to subcordate, margin often pinnatelylobed, apex acuminate, slightly longer than lateral leaflets, lat-eral leaflets oblique-elliptic or oblique-ovate, 2�5 × 1.5�4 cm,abaxially densely gray to yellowish gray tomentose, adaxiallypubescent, margin irregularly or incised roughly serrate,base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex acute to shortly acumin-ate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, corymbose, 2�4 cm;rachis and pedicels pubescent, with dense, needle-like prickles;bracts linear, 5�7 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 6�10 mm. Flowers6�8 mm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely pubescent; sepalserect at anthesis, reflexed in fruit, narrowly ovate to ovate-lan-ceolate, 5�7 × 2�3 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Petals white,with red or purplish red spots, suborbicular or obovate, 5�6mm in diam., slightly longer than sepals, base puberulous.Stamens many, somewhat shorter than petals; filaments linear,glabrous. Pistils slightly longer than stamens; ovary pubescent;styles glabrous. Aggregate fruit blue-black at maturity, subglo-bose, 6�8 mm in diam., puberulous; pyrenes smooth or rugu-lose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jun�Jul.

● Slopes, thickets, valleys; below 2300 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Si-chuan.

1a. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and

abaxial surface of calyx withoutglandular hairs ................................. 38a. var. subtibetanus

1b. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, andabaxial surface of calyx with dense,glandular hairs .................................. 38b. var. glandulosus

38a. Rubus subtibetanus var. subtibetanus

密刺悬钩子(原变种) mi ci xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyxwithout glandular hairs.

● Slopes, thickets, valleys; below 2300 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Si-chuan.

38b. Rubus subtibetanus var. glandulosus T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 300. 1982.

脱毛密刺悬钩子 tuo mao mi ci xuan gou zi

Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyxwith dense, glandular hairs.

● Slopes, thickets, valleys; below 2300 m. Gansu, C Sichuan(Baoxing Xian).

39. Rubus biflorus Buchanan-Hamilton ex Smith in Rees,Cycl. 30: Rubus no. 9. 1819.

粉枝莓 fen zhi mei

Shrubs climbing, 1�3 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown tobrownish, glabrous, with sparse, robust curved prickles andglaucous bloom. Leaves imparipinnate, 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; petiole 2�4(�5) cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2.5cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, glabrous, rarely pilose, sparselystipitate glandular; stipules narrowly lanceolate, 6�8 mm, pu-bescent, with few stipitate glands; terminal leaflet blade broadlyovate or suborbicular, lateral blade of leaflets ovate or elliptic,2.5�5 × 1.5�4(�5) cm, abaxially densely gray or yellowish graytomentose, with sparse, minute prickles along midvein, adax-ially appressed pubescent, base broadly cuneate to rounded,margin unevenly coarsely serrate or doubly serrate, often 3-lob-ed on terminal leaflet, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescencesterminal, rarely axillary, corymbs, 4�6 cm, often 4�8-flowered,or flowers 2 to several in clusters in leaf axils; rachis and ped-icels glabrous, with needle-like prickles; bracts linear or nar-rowly lanceolate, 4�7 mm, glabrous, rarely pilose. Pedicel (1�)2�3 cm. Flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially glabrous;sepals erect, spreading at anthesis, broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, 6�8 × 5�7 mm, apex acute, apiculate. Petals white, sub-orbicular, 7�8 mm in diam., longer than sepals. Stamens many,shorter than petals; filaments linear, broader at base. Pistilssomewhat shorter than stamens; apex of ovary and base of styledensely gray tomentose. Aggregate fruit enclosed in calyx, yel-low, globose, 1�1.5(�2) cm in diam., glabrous; drupelets apical-ly with persistently tomentose styles; pyrenes reniform, denselyrugulose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

Valleys, river sides, slopes, roadsides, thickets, forests, forestmargins; 1500�3500 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

1a. Petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface ofcalyx glabrous, usually without stalkedglands ....................................................... 39a. var. biflorus

1b. Petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface ofcalyx hairy, with or without stalkedglands.2a. Petioles, pedicles, and abaxial

surface of calyx tomentose,with sparse, stalked glands ..... 39b. var. adenophorus

2b. Petioles, pedicel, and abaxialsurface of calyx denselypubescent, without stalkedglands ........................................... 39c. var. pubescens

39a. Rubus biflorus var. biflorus

粉枝莓(原变种) fen zhi mei (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus biflorus var. quinqueflorus Focke; R. biflorus var.spinocalycinus Y. Gu & W. L. Li.

Petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx glabrous,often without stalked glands.

Valleys, river sides, mixed forests in mountainous regions; 1500�3500 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan,NE India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].

39b. Rubus biflorus var. adenophorus Franchet, Pl. Delavay.207. 1890.

腺毛粉枝莓 xian ma fen zhi mei

Rubus biflorus f. parceglanduliger Focke.

Petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx tomentose,with sparse, stalked glands.

● Forests, forest margins; below 3000 m. S Xizang, NW Yunnan.

39c. Rubus biflorus var. pubescens T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, ActaPhytotax. Sin. 20: 300. 1982.

柔毛粉枝莓 rou mao fen zhi mei

Petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx densely pu-bescent, without stalked glands.

● Slopes, roadsides, thickets; below 2500 m. S Sichuan (YanyuanXian).

40. Rubus alexeterius Focke, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-burgh 5: 75. 1911.

刺萼悬钩子 ci e xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Old branches reddish brown, glabrous,glaucous and curved prickles 6�8 mm; flower bearing branch-lets short, densely villous, with curved minute prickles. Leavesimparipinnate, 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; petiole 2.5�3.5 cm,petiolule of terminal leaflet 0.5�1 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile,petiolules and rachis densely villous, with sparse, curved mi-nute prickles; stipules linear or subulate, 4�6 mm, villous; ter-minal leaflet rhombic, rarely ovate, lateral leaflets ovate orelliptic, 3�4(�5) × 1.5�3 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose,adaxially appressed villous, base cuneate to rounded, margin ir-regularly sharply serrate or incised doubly serrate above mid-dle, sometimes 3-lobed or incised-lobed on terminal leaflet,

apex acute. Inflorescences clusters of 3 or 4 flowers at apex ofshort lateral branchlets, or flowers solitary in leaf axils. Pedicel1�2(�3) cm, villous, with slender prickles. Flowers 1.5�2 cm indiam. Calyx 1.5�2 cm, abaxially villous, with needle-like prick-les; tube pelviform; sepals erect, spreading, ovate-lanceolate orlanceolate, unequal in length, longer sepals to 1.5 cm, shortersepals 6�10 mm, occasionally with sparse, glandular hairs, apexcaudate and enlarged, sometimes divided. Petals white, subor-bicular, shorter than sepals, base very shortly clawed. Stamensshorter than petals; filaments linear or basally somewhat broad-ened. Pistils many, shorter than stamens; ovary glabrous or to-mentose only at apex; styles densely white tomentose basally.Aggregate fruit yellow, globose, 1.2�1.5(�2) cm in diam., gla-brous, enclosed in calyx; drupelets apically with persistentlytomentose styles; pyrenes reniform, shallowly rugulose. Fl.Apr�May, fr. Jun�Jul.

Montane valleys, stream sides, waste slopes, forested slopes, for-est clearings and margins; 2000�3700 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan[Bhutan, Nepal].

1a. Petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surfaceof calyx without glandular hairs ......... 40a. var. alexeterius

1b. Petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surfaceof calyx with prominent glandularhairs .................................................. 40b. var. acaenocalyx

40a. Rubus alexeterius var. alexeterius

刺萼悬钩子(原变种) ci e xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx withoutglandular hairs.

Montane valleys, stream sides, waste slopes, forest clearings;2000�3700 m. Sichuan, S Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal].

40b. Rubus alexeterius var. acaenocalyx (H. Hara) T. T. Yu& L. T. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 37: 77. 1985.

腺毛刺萼悬钩子 xian mao ci e xuan gou zi

Rubus acaenocalyx H. Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 47: 109. 1972.

Petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx with promi-nent glandular hairs.

Forested slopes, forest margins; 2000�3200 m. Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan [Bhutan, C Nepal].

41. Rubus pedunculosus D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 234. 1825.

密毛纤细悬钩子 mi mao xian xi xuan gou zi

Rubus gracilis Roxburgh (1824), not J. Presl & C. Presl(1822); R. gracilis Roxburgh var. chiliacanthus Handel-Maz-zetti; R. gracilis Roxburgh var. pluvialis Handel-Mazzetti; R.hypargyrus Edgeworth; R. hypargyrus var. niveus H. Hara; R.niveus Wallich ex G. Don (1832), not Thunberg (1813); R.pedunculosus var. hypargyrus (Edgeworth) Kitamura.

Shrubs. Branchlets brownish to reddish brown, initiallypubescent, gradually glabrescent, with few prickles or nearlyunarmed. Leaves imparipinnate, 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate;

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

petiole 3�5 cm, with rachis pubescent, with sparse, minuteprickles; stipules linear or linear-lanceolate, 5�8 mm, soft hairy;blade of leaflets ovate or broadly ovate, rarely ovate-lanceolate,2.5�6 × 2�5 cm, abaxially densely persistent tomentose, adax-ially pubescent, glabrescent, base subrounded to shallowly cor-date, margin irregularly incised roughly sharply doubly serrate,apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences corymbose, several flo-wered. Pedicel 1.5�3.5 cm, soft hairy. Flowers 1.5�2 cm indiam. Calyx to ca. 1.5 cm, abaxially pubescent; tube pelviform;sepals erect after anthesis, narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate,1�1.2 cm × 3�6 mm, margin tomentose, apex long acuminate orcaudate. Petals pink, ovate, 7�10 × 4�6 mm, shorter than sepals,base shortly clawed, apex slightly incised or entire. Stamensmany. Pistils somewhat shorter than or nearly as long as sta-mens; ovary sericeous, soft hairy. Aggregate fruit initially yel-low, black at maturity, ovoid-globose.

Forested slopes, thickets, logged lands; 2700�3200 m. SE Xizang,W Yunnan [Bhutan, NW India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].

42. Rubus inopertus (Focke) Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft72): 182. 1911.

红花悬钩子 hong hua xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing, 1�2 m tall. Branchlets brownish to pur-plish brown, angled, glabrous, with sparse, curved prickles.Leaves imparipinnate, 7�11-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; petiole3.5�6 cm, purplish brown, petiolule of terminal leaflet 0.6�2(�3) cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolules and rachis gla-brous or slightly pubescent, with sparse, curved minute prick-les; stipules linear-lanceolate, 3�5 mm, glabrous or marginslightly puberulous, margin entire; blade of leaflets ovate toovate-lanceolate, (2�)3�7 × 1�3 cm, abaxially pubescent alongveins, adaxially pilose, base rounded or subtruncate, margincoarsely sharp doubly serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescencesterminal, corymbs, 2�4 cm, several flowered, or flowers severalin clusters; rachis and pedicels glabrous, unarmed; bracts linear-lanceolate, 3�5 mm, glabrous or slightly puberulous. Pedicel(0.7�)1�1.5 cm. Flowers 1�1.2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxiallyglabrous; tube pelviform; sepals erect at anthesis, reflexed infruit, narrowly ovate or triangular-ovate, 4�7 × 2�4 mm, innersepals tomentose at margin, apex acute to acuminate. Petalspink to purplish red, obovate, 5�7 × 4�6 mm, base puberulentand shortly clawed. Stamens numerous, slightly shorter than ornearly as long as petals; filaments linear or broadened basally.Pistils slightly shorter than or ca. as long as stamens; ovary andbase of style soft hairy. Aggregate fruit purplish black atmaturity, globose, 8�9 mm in diam., thinly pubescent; pyrenesrugulose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 14*.

Dense forests in mountainous regions, river valleys, rocky slopes;800�2800 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tai-wan, Yunnan [Vietnam].

1a. Abaxial surface of calyx without needle-like prickles ........................................... 42a. var. inopertus

1b. Abaxial surface of calyx with needle-like prickles ....................................... 42b. var. echinocalyx

42a. Rubus inopertus var. inopertus

红花悬钩子(原变种) hong hua xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus niveus Thunberg subsp. inopertus Focke, Bot.Jahrb. Syst. 29: 400. 1900; R. fraxinifolius Poiret var. yushuniiSuzuki & Yamamoto; R. ohwianus Koidzumi; R. ritozanensisSasaki; R. yamamotoanus H. L. Li; R. yushunii (Suzuki &Yamamoto) Suzuki & Yamamoto.

Abaxial surface of calyx without needle-like prickles.

Dense forests in mountainous regions, river valleys, rocky slopes;800�2800 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tai-wan, Yunnan [Vietnam].

42b. Rubus inopertus var. echinocalyx Cardot, Notul. Syst.(Paris) 3: 310. 1914.

刺萼红花悬钩子 ci e hong hua xuan gou zi

Abaxial surface of calyx with needle-like prickles.

● Yunnan.

43. Rubus wilsonii Duthie, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 36.1912.

湖北悬钩子 hu bei xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 1�2 m tall. Branches brownish purple,cylindric, with many curved prickles and glaucous bloom;branchlets purplish red, prominently angled, glabrous, withsparse, small curved prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, 5-foliolate;petiole brownish purple, 5�6 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet2.5�3 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis gla-brous, with sparse, curved minute prickles; stipules lanceolateor oblong-lanceolate, 8�11 × 2�4 mm, glabrous, apex acumi-nate; blade of leaflets 4�6 × 2.5�5.5 cm, membranous, abaxiallypaler, glabrous or somewhat puberulous along veins, or withsparse, curved small prickles along midvein, adaxially green,glabrous, slightly rugulose, margin coarsely doubly serrate; ter-minal leaflet broadly ovate or suborbicular, base subcordate,rarely rounded, sometimes 3-lobed above middle, apex acute,rarely somewhat obtuse, lateral leaflets ovate, base obliquelyrounded to subtruncate, margin not divided, apex acute to short-ly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, shortly corymbose, 4- or5-flowered, or flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 in leaf axils; rachisand pedicels glabrous, with few small curved prickles; bractslanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 6�9 × 2�3 mm, glabrous, apexacuminate. Pedicel 6�12 mm. Flowers 1.2�1.4 cm in diam. Ca-lyx dark brownish purple, glabrous; tube pelviform; sepals erectat anthesis, reflexed in fruit, broadly ovate, 6�8 × 5�7 mm, cau-date, inner sepals marginally tomentose. Petals purplish red,suborbicular, 8�9 mm in diam., base broadly shortly clawed,margin erose. Stamens many, slightly shorter than petals. Pistilslonger than stamens; style and ovary densely villous. Fruitunknown. Fl. May�Jun.

● Mountainous areas. Hubei.

44. Rubus amabilis Focke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(Beibl. 82): 53.1905.

秀丽莓 xiu li mei

Shrubs 1�3 m tall. Branches purplish brown or darkbrown, glabrous, with sparse prickles; flower bearing branchlets

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

short, soft hairy, with minute prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, 7�11-foliolate; petiole 1�3 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet ca. 1cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis pubescentwhen young, gradually glabrescent, glabrous or subglabrous,with sparse, small prickles; stipule linear-lanceolate, 5�8 mm,soft hairy; blade of leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1�5.5 ×0.8�2.5 cm, usually apical ones larger than basal ones, abaxiallysoft hairy and with small prickles along veins, adaxially gla-brous or sparsely appressed-hairy, base subrounded, sometimessubcuneate on terminal leaflet, margin incised-doubly serrate,occasionally 2- or 3-lobed on terminal leaflet, apex acute, oftenacuminate on terminal leaflet. Inflorescences 1-flowered, ter-minal on lateral branchlets, pendent. Pedicel 2.5�6 cm, withsoft hairs and sparse, minute prickles, sometimes with inter-mixed sparse, stipitate glands. Flowers 3�4 cm in diam. Calyxgreen, tinged red, abaxially pubescent, unarmed, rarely withshort needle-like prickles or stipitate glands; tube pelviform;sepals spreading, broadly ovate, 1�1.5 cm × 5�8 mm, apex acu-minate or abruptly pointed. Petals white, suborbicular, 1�1.7cm in diam., longer than or nearly as long as sepals, base short-ly clawed and pubescent. Stamens numerous, slightly shorterthan petals; filaments whitish, linear, broadened basally. Pistilsshorter than stamens; ovary pubescent; styles greenish, gla-brous. Aggregate fruit red, oblong; rarely ellipsoid, (0.8�)1.5�2.5 × 1�1.2 cm, sparsely pubescent when young, glabrescent;pyrenes reniform, somewhat reticulate. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Foothills, montane valleys, ravines, slopes, forests, forest mar-gins, thickets, roadsides; 1000�3700 m. Chongqing, Gansu, Henan, Hu-bei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.

The fruit are edible.

1a. Abaxial surface of calyx unarmed, rarelywith sparse, short needle-like prickles orstipitate glands; aggregate fruit oblong,rarely ellipsoid, 15�25 mm .................... 44a. var. amabilis

1b. Abaxial surface of calyx ± with needle-like prickles, without or with stipitateglands; aggregate fruit not longerthan 14 mm.2a. Abaxial surface of calyx with

sparse, needle-like prickles,without stipitate glands;aggregate fruit ovoid-globoseor ellipsoid, 8�13 mm ............. 44b. var. microcarpus

2b. Abaxial surface of calyx withdense needle-like prickles,with sparse, stipitate glands;aggregate fruit narrowlyovoid, 9�14 mm ................... 44c. var. aculeatissimus

44a. Rubus amabilis var. amabilis

秀丽莓(原变种) xiu li mei (yuan bian zhong)

Abaxial surface of calyx unarmed, rarely with sparse,short needle-like prickles or stalked glands. Aggregate fruitoblong, rarely ellipsoid, 1.5�2.5 cm.

● Foothills, ravines, thickets in valleys; 1000�3700 m. Gansu, He-nan, Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.

44b. Rubus amabilis var. microcarpus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 301. 1982.

小果秀丽莓 xiao gou xiu li mei

Abaxial surface of calyx with sparse, needle-like prickles,without stipitate glands. Aggregate fruit ovoid-globose or ellip-soid, 0.8�1.3 cm.

● Montane valleys, slopes, forests, thickets; 2000�3500 m. Gansu,Qinghai.

44c. Rubus amabilis var. aculeatissimus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 301. 1982.

刺萼秀丽莓 ci e xiu li mei

Abaxial surface of calyx with dense needle-like prickles,with sparse, stalked glands. Aggregate fruit narrowly ovoid,0.9�1.4 cm.

● Forest margins, roadsides; 1900�2600 m. Chongqing (Nan-chuan Xian), N Sichuan (Pingwu Xian).

45. Rubus ptilocarpus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 301. 1982.

毛果悬钩子 mao gou xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Old branches purplish brown or brown,glabrous, prickly; flower bearing branchlets brownish, pubes-cent, with intermixed glandular hairs, with sparse, minute prick-les. Leaves imparipinnate, 7�11-foliolate; petiole 2�3(�4) cm,petiolule of terminal leaflet 0.6�2 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile,petiolule and rachis pubescent, with intermixed glandular hairs,with minute prickles; stipules linear or linear-lanceolate, (5�)6�8 mm, pubescent or with glandular hairs; blade of leaflets ovate,ovate-lanceolate, or rhombic-ovate, 1.5�4(�6) × 1�3(�4) cm,both surfaces soft hairy, base rounded, rarely subcordate, mar-gin deeply incised-doubly serrate, sometimes pinnate-lobed onterminal leaflet, apex acute, or shortly acuminate on terminalleaflet. Inflorescences terminal, rarely axillary, 1�3-flowered;bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, shorter than stipules, with softhairs or glandular hairs. Pedicel 1.5�3(�6) cm, with soft hairsand intermixed glandular hairs, with sparse, minute prickles orunarmed. Flowers to 2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially pubescent,with intermixed glandular hairs; tube broad and short, often un-armed; sepals spreading or rarely reflexed, ovate to ovate-lan-ceolate or narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, unequal,longer sepals to 1.8 cm, shorter sepals 6�7 mm, apex long acu-minate or long caudate. Petals oblong, shorter than sepals. Sta-mens many; filaments linear. Ovary with dense grayish yellowor gray slender soft hairs. Aggregate fruit blackish red, subglo-bose, 1�1.2 cm in diam., densely grayish yellow or gray slenderpubescent; pyrenes reniform, slightly rugulose. Fl. May�Jun, fr.Jul�Aug.

● Shaded slopes, river valleys, forests, grasslands; 2300�4100 m.Qinghai, W Sichuan, NE Yunnan.

1a. Flowers usually 1�3; pedicel 1.5�3cm; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate,to 12 mm, apex long acuminate ........ 45a. var. ptilocarpus

1b. Flowers often solitary; pedicel to 6cm; sepals narrowly lanceolate to

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

linear-lanceolate, to 18 mm, apexlong caudate ........................................... 45b. var. degensis

45a. Rubus ptilocarpus var. ptilocarpus

毛果悬钩子(原变种) mao guo xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Flowers often 1�3. Pedicel 1.5�3 cm. Sepals ovate toovate-lanceolate, to 1.2 cm, apex long acuminate.

● Shaded slopes, river valleys, forests, grasslands; 2300�4100 m.Qinghai, W Sichuan, NE Yunnan.

45b. Rubus ptilocarpus var. degensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 302. 1982.

长萼毛果悬钩子 chang e mao guo xuan gou zi

Flowers usually solitary. Pedicel to 6 cm. Sepals narrowlylanceolate to linear-lanceolate, to 1.8 cm, apex long caudate.

● Coniferous forests. NW Sichuan (Dêgê Xian).

46. Rubus lutescens Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 206. 1890.

黄色悬钩子 huang se xuan gou zi

Rubus lutescens f. glabrescens Cardot.

Subshrubs low, 10�50 cm tall. Stems upright, ± solitary;flower bearing branchlets arising from rhizome, grayish brown,reddish brown in age, finely pubescent, with sparse, unequallong straight or somewhat curved prickles. Leaves imparipin-nate, 7�11-foliolate, sometimes 5-foliolate on apical part offlower bearing branchlet; petiole 2�3 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 0.7�1.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and ra-chis with fine soft hairs and minute, curved prickles, occasion-ally with sparse, glandular hairs; stipules variable, stipules inproximal part of branches larger, ovate-lanceolate, 6�9 mm,margin entire, rarely lobed, stipules apically of branches nar-rower, linear, 5�7 mm, not divided, finely soft hairy; blade ofleaflets broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, rarely oblong, 1.5�5 ×1�3(�4) cm, both surfaces soft hairy, abaxially more densealong veins, with sparse, minute prickles along veins, baserounded, margin unevenly serrate or incised-doubly serrate,sometimes pinnate-lobed on terminal leaflet, apex acute, rarelyobtuse, or shortly acuminate on terminal leaflet. Inflorescencesterminal or axillary, 1- or 2-flowered, sometimes 3 or 4 flowersterminal on short branchlets; bracts similar to stipules, butsmaller. Pedicel 2�3(�4) cm, thinly pubescent, with sparse, mi-nute prickles, sometimes with sparse, glandular hairs. Flowers2�3 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially thinly pubescent; tube withoutor with sparse, minute prickles; sepals spreading, rarely reflex-ed in fruit, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 0.9�1.2 cm × 3.5�5mm, apex acuminate or shortly caudate. Petals white, turningyellowish, obovate or suborbicular, 5�7.5 × 5�6 mm, baseshortly clawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filamentslinear, broadened basally; anthers yellowish. Pistils numerous,slightly shorter than stamens. Ovary densely gray thinly pu-bescent. Aggregate fruit yellowish red, globose, 1.4�2 cm indiam., densely thinly pubescent; pyrenes ovoid-globose, shal-lowly reticulate. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Forest margins on slopes, mixed forests, stony places; 2500�4300 m. Sichuan, E Xizang, Yunnan.

47. Rubus taiwanicola Koidzumi & Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 12: 657.1936.

小叶悬钩子 xiao ye xuan gou zi

Rubus elegans Hayata (1906), not P. J. Mueller (1858),nor Utsch (1885), nor Sudre (1898).

Subshrubs ca. 10 cm tall. Stems ascending, brown, glabre-scent. Leaves imparipinnate, to 10 cm, 9�15-foliolate; petiole1�2 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet shorter, 2�4 mm, lateralleaflets sessile or subsessile, petiolule and purplish red rachisglabrous, with curved minute prickles; stipules lanceolate orlinear-lanceolate, 6�10 mm, glabrous; blade of leaflets ellipticto broadly oblong, lateral leaflets sometimes obovate, 0.7�1.5cm × 5�9 mm, both surfaces glabrous, only sparsely pubescentalong midvein abaxially, base cuneate, margin sharply serrateabove middle, becoming entire toward base, apex acute or ob-tuse. Inflorescences with flowers solitary or in pairs; bracts line-ar-lanceolate, 3�5 mm, glabrous. Pedicel 2�4 cm, glabrous,with curved minute prickles. Flowers 1�2 cm in diam. Calyxabaxially glabrous or sparsely soft hairy; sepals erect in fruit,ovate or triangular-ovate, 6�8 × 2�4 mm, margin slightly to-mentose, apex shortly caudate. Petals white, broadly ovate tosuborbicular, rarely oblong, 7�10 × 5�6 mm, glabrous orsparsely hairy, base shortly clawed, apex obtuse or rounded.Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments linear or some-what broadened and flattened. Pistils numerous, shorter thanstamens; style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit red, subglo-bose, 7�9(�12) mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep. 2n = 14*.

● Mountains; 1500�3000 m. C Taiwan.

48. Rubus wallichianus Wight & Arnott in Wight, Catal. 61.1833.

红毛悬钩子 hong mao xuan gou zi

Rubus ellipticus Smith subsp. fasciculatus (Duthie) Focke;R. ellipticus var. fasciculatus (Duthie) Masamune; R. erythrola-sius Focke; R. fasciculatus Duthie; R. pinfaensis H. Léveillé &Vaniot.

Shrubs climbing, 1�2 m tall. Branchlets reddish brown,grayish brown in age, robust, angled, pubescent, with sparse,curved prickles, with dense, spreading reddish brown bristles to7 mm. Leaves imparipinnate, usually 3-foliolate; petiole 2�4.5cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1.5�3 cm, lateral leaflets sub-sessile, reddish brown bristly, pubescent, with sparse prickles;stipules linear, 0.7�1.4 cm, pubescent, intermixed sparsely se-tose; blade of leaflets elliptic or ovate, rarely obovate, 4�9(�12)× 3�7(�10) cm, terminal leaflet larger than lateral leaflets,midvein and veins raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, oftensparsely setose, with minute prickles, abaxially dark green, gla-brous or slightly pubescent along midvein, adaxially slightlypale, pilose only along veins, base rounded or broadly cuneate,margin irregularly sharply serrate, apex acuminate to caudate,rarely nearly acute. Inflorescences clusters of 4�8 flowers inleaf axils, rarely flowers solitary; bracts linear or linear-lanceo-late, 6�10 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 4�7 mm, pubescent, inter-mixed setose, with minute prickles. Flowers 1�1.3 cm in diam.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Calyx abaxially densely tomentose; sepals erect in fruit, broadlyovate or triangular-ovate, 5�7 × 4�5 mm, apex subacute,abruptly long pointed. Petals white, spatulate to elliptic-obo-vate, 6�10 × 4�6 mm, both surfaces tomentose, base clawed,apex rounded to acute. Stamens many, shorter than petals; fila-ments linear, but somewhat broadened and flattened. Pistilsslightly shorter than or nearly as long as stamens; apex of ovaryand base of style soft hairy. Aggregate fruit golden or reddishyellow at maturity, globose, 5�8 mm in diam., glabrous; py-renes deeply rugose. Fl. Mar�Apr, fr. May�Jun. 2n = 14*.

Thickets on slopes, mixed forests, montane valleys, ravines,stream sides, cliffs; 300�2200 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Si-chuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam].

49. Rubus coreanus Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi3: 34. 1867.

插田泡 cha tian pao

Shrubs 1�3 m tall. Branchlets reddish brown to purplishbrown, cylindric, robust, glabrous, with ± straight flattenedcurved prickles and glaucous bloom. Leaves imparipinnate, 5-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate; petiole 2�5 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachispubescent, with sparse, curved minute prickles; stipules linear-lanceolate, 4�7 mm, soft hairy; blade of leaflets ovate, rhombicovate, or broadly ovate, (2�)3�8 × 2�5 cm, abaxially pubescentor only along veins or shortly tomentose, adaxially glabrous orpubescent only along veins, base cuneate to subrounded, mar-gin irregularly coarse serrate to incised coarsely serrate, some-times 3-lobed on terminal leaflet, apex acute. Inflorescences ter-minal on lateral short branchlets, corymbose, 2.5�5 cm, severalto more than 30-flowered; rachis and pedicels gray pubescent,with sparse, curved minute prickles; bracts linear, nearly aslong as or slightly shorter than stipules, pubescent. Pedicel 5�10mm. Flowers 7�10 mm in diam. Calyx abaxially gray pubes-cent; tube shallowly cupular; sepals spreading at anthesis, re-flexed in fruit, narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4�7 × 2�3.5mm, margin tomentose, apex acuminate to caudate. Petals pinkto dark red, obovate, premorse, nearly as long as or somewhatshorter than sepals. Stamens numerous, shorter than or ca. aslong as petals; filaments pinkish, linear. Pistils slightly shorterthan stamens; ovary sparsely pubescent; styles glabrous. Aggre-gate fruit dark red or purplish black, subglobose, 5�8 mm indiam., glabrous or subglabrous; pyrenes rugose. Fl. Apr�Jun, fr.Jun�Aug. 2n = 14.

Thickets on slopes, montane valleys, ravines, river banks, road-sides; 100�3100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hu-nan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang[Japan, Korea].

1a. Leaflets sparsely pubescent orpubescent only along veinsabaxially ................................................ 49a. var. coreanus

1b. Leaflets densely shortly tomentoseabaxially ............................................. 49b. var. tomentosus

49a. Rubus coreanus var. coreanus

插田泡(原变种) cha tian pao (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus coreanus var. kouytchensis (H. Léveillé) H. Lé-

veillé; R. coreanus var. nakaianus H. Léveillé; R. pseudo-saxatilis H. Léveillé; R. pseudosaxatilis var. kouytchensis H.Léveillé; R. nakaianus H. Léveillé ex Nakai; R. quelpaertensisH. Léveillé.

Leaflets sparsely pubescent or pubescent only along veinsabaxially.

Thickets on slopes, montane valleys, river banks, roadsides; 100�1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiang-su, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Ko-rea].

49b. Rubus coreanus var. tomentosus Cardot, Notul. Syst.(Paris) 3: 310. 1914.

毛叶插田泡 mao ye cha tian pao

Leaflets densely shortly tomentose abaxially.

● Thickets on slopes, montane valleys, ravines; 800�3100 m.Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yun-nan.

50. Rubus subcoreanus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 302. 1982.

柱序悬钩子 zhu xu xuan gou zi

Shrubs erect, 1�2 m tall, with arching branches. Branchletsreddish brown, glabrous, without glaucous bloom, with straightor somewhat curved prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, usually 5-foliolate; petiole 2�4 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm,lateral leaflets sessile or subsessile, together with petiolule andrachis thinly pubescent, with sparse, minute prickles; stipuleslinear-lanceolate, puberulous; blade of leaflets ovate, broadlyovate, or rhombic-ovate, 2�6 × 1.5�4 cm, abaxially glabrous orpilose only along veins, adaxially glabrous or sparsely pu-bescent, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, rarely subrounded,margin incised coarsely sharply serrate or doubly serrate, some-times pinnate-lobed on terminal leaflet, apex acute. Inflores-cences terminal on lateral branchlets, racemes, compact, cylin-dric, short; rachis and pedicels densely grayish yellow villous;bracts lanceolate, grayish yellow villous. Pedicel 5�10 mm.Flowers 5�8 mm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely grayish yel-low villous; sepals erect, spreading, ovate or broadly ovate, 3�5mm, margin not tomentose, apex obtuse or acute, abruptlyshortly pointed. Petals purplish red, spatulate, rarely obovate,ca. 2 × or longer than sepals, base shortly clawed, soft hairy.Stamens many; filaments purplish red, linear, basally slightlybroadened and flattened. Pistils numerous; ovary densely grayvillous; styles glabrous. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, 6�8mm in diam., glabrous or subglabrous. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Slopes, thickets along stream sides or ditches, riverbank bluffs;900�1500 m. Gansu, Henan, Shaanxi.

51. Rubus spananthus Z. M. Wu & Z. L. Cheng, Bull. Bot.Res., Harbin 11(4): 53. 1991.

少花悬钩子 shao hua xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 1�2 m tall. Branches brownish or reddishbrown, with sparse prickles, villous when young. Leaves

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

imparipinnate, 3-foliolate; petiole 3�6 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet ca. 2 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, sparsely villous, withminute prickles; stipules persistent, linear, ca. 7 mm, villous;blade of leaflets narrowly ovate or narrowly ovate-lanceolate,4�8 × 2�4.5 cm, terminal leaflet slightly longer than lateralleaflets, lateral veins 8�10 pairs, abaxially villous along veins,with sparse, curved prickles along midvein, adaxially sparselyappressed villous, base obliquely broadly cuneate or subround-ed, or rounded to subcordate on terminal leaflet, margin un-evenly coarsely sharply serrate, apex acuminate to long ac-uminate. Inflorescences terminal on lateral short branchlets,corymbose or short racemes, shorter than petioles, several to10-flowered; rachis and pedicels densely villous; bracts linear,soft hairy. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Calyxabaxially tomentose, intermixed villous; sepals ovate-lanceo-late, 5�7 mm, subulate-caudate. Petals purplish red, narrowlyobovate, abaxially soft hairy in middle part, base long clawed.Stamens numerous; filaments complanate. Pistils 20�40; ovaryand base of style soft hairy. Fruit unknown. Fl. May�Jun.

● Thickets on mountain slopes; 400�900 m. W Anhui (DabieShan, Jinzhai Xian).

52. Rubus stans Focke, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5:76. 1911.

直立悬钩子 zhi li xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Branchlets brownish to dark brown,sometimes blackish, pubescent, with intermixed glandular hairsand prickles; flower bearing branchlets lateral, 5�8 cm, pubes-cent, with intermixed glandular hairs. Leaves imparipinnate, 3-foliolate; petiole 2�3.5 cm, petiolule of lateral leaflet 0.5�1.5(�2) cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, pubescent, with inter-mixed glandular hairs, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules li-near, 0.6�1 cm, pubescent, with glandular hairs; blade of leaf-lets broadly ovate to narrowly ovate, rarely suborbicular, 2�4 ×1.8�3 cm, terminal leaflet slightly longer than lateral leaflets,both surfaces appressed pubescent, more densely so and withglandular hairs along veins abaxially, base rounded, usuallysubtruncate on terminal leaflet, margin with sparse, glandularhairs and irregularly minute sharply serrate, sometimes 3-lobedon terminal leaflet, apex obtuse or acute. Inflorescences ter-minal on lateral branchlets, corymbose, 2�4 cm, 3- or 4-flow-ered or more, or flowers solitary in leaf axils; rachis and pedi-cels with soft hairs, intermixed glandular hairs, and sparse,minute prickles; bracts linear, 4�7 mm, pubescent, with stalkedglands. Pedicel (1�)1.5�3 cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyxpurplish red, abaxially densely pubescent, with stalked glands,unarmed or with needle-like prickles; tube pelviform; sepalserect, lanceolate, 0.8�1.4 cm × 2.5�5 mm, apex acuminate. Pet-als white, tinged purplish, or purplish red, broadly elliptic or ob-long, 5�6 mm in diam., slightly shorter than sepals, base shortlyand broadly clawed, margin entire or sometimes erose. Stamensmany, shorter than petals; filaments linear, basally broadenedand flattened. Pistils somewhat shorter than stamens; ovarysparsely pubescent, glabrescent; styles glabrous. Aggregate fruitorange-red, subglobose, 8�11 mm in diam., glabrous; pyrenessomewhat reniform, alveolate. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● High montane forests, coniferous forests, forest margins, openstony thickets; 2000�4000 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, E Xizang, Yunnan.

The fruit are edible.

1a. Branchlets with sparse prickles; abaxialsurface of calyx unarmed or with sparse,minute needle-like prickles; petals whiteor tinged purplish ......................................... 52a. var. stans

1b. Branchlets densely prickly; abaxialsurface of calyx with dense, needle-like prickles; petals purplish red ........ 52b. var. soulieanus

52a. Rubus stans var. stans

直立悬钩子(原变种) zhi li xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus testaceus C. K. Schneider.

Branchlets with sparse prickles. Calyx abaxially unarmedor with sparse, minute needle-like prickles. Petals white or ting-ed purplish.

● High montane forests, forest margins, open stony thickets;2000�3400 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, E Xizang, Yunnan.

52b. Rubus stans var. soulieanus (Cardot) T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 37: 86. 1985.

多刺直立悬钩子 duo ci zhi li xuan gou zi

Rubus soulieanus Cardot, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 307. 1914.

Branchlets densely prickly. Calyx abaxially with dense,needle-like prickles. Petals purplish red.

● Coniferous forests; below 4000 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang.

53. Rubus sikkimensis J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 336.1878.

锡金悬钩子 xi jing xuan gou zi

Shrubs low, to 2 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown, terete,pubescent, with sparse, intermixed stipitate glandular hairs andstraight or somewhat curved slender prickles. Leaves impari-pinnate, 3-foliolate; petiole 4�8(�10) cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 2.5�3.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, pubescent, withminute prickles, with sparse, purplish red stipitate glands; stip-ules linear, 1�1.5 cm, pubescent, sparsely stipitate glandular;blade of leaflets ovate to broadly ovate, 4�8 × 2.5�5.5 cm, bothsurfaces pubescent along veins, subglabrescent, base broadlycuneate to rounded, subcordate on terminal leaflet, margin ir-regularly obtusely dentate, often lobed or deeply divided on ter-minal leaflet, apex shortly acuminate to acuminate. Inflo-rescences with flowers 1 or 2 in leaf axils; bracts linear, to 1.3cm, pubescent, sparsely stipitate glandular. Pedicel 1�3 cm,pubescent, with stalked glands and sparse prickles. Flowers 2�3cm in diam. Calyx purplish red, abaxially pubescent, sparselystipitate glandular; tube pelviform, with slender prickles; sepalstriangular-lanceolate, 8�11 × 3�5 mm, apex long caudate. Pet-als purplish red. Stamens many; filaments linear. Pistils numer-ous; ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit subglobose, glabrous. Fl.summer, fr. Aug�Sep.

Mountainous regions; below 3800 m. S Xizang (Cona Xian)[Bhutan, Sikkim].

54. Rubus pungens Cambessèdes in Jacquemont, Voy. Inde4(Bot.): 48. 1844.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

针刺悬钩子 zhen ci xuan gou zi

Shrubs to 3 m tall. Branchlets brownish to reddish brown,terete, pubescent, gradually glabrescent, glabrous when young,usually with needle-like prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, (3�)5�7(�9)-foliolate; petiole (2�)3�6 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet0.5�1 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis pubes-cent or subglabrous, with sparse, minute prickles and withglandular hairs; stipules linear, 4�7 mm, pubescent; blade ofleaflets ovate, triangular-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, (1�)2�5(�6)× 1�3 cm, both surfaces pubescent especially along midveinand veins abaxially, base rounded to subcordate, margin sharplyor incised doubly serrate, terminal leaflet often pinnately lobed,apex acute to shortly acuminate, but usually acuminate on ter-minal leaflet. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 1-flowered,rarely corymbose and 2�4-flowered; rachis and pedicels pubes-cent, with minute prickles or with sparse, glandular hairs; bractslinear, 4�6 mm, pubescent. Pedicel 2�3.5 cm. Flowers 1�2 cmin diam. Calyx abaxially pubescent, with glandular hairs, withneedle-like prickles or nearly unarmed; tube semiglobose; se-pals erect, rarely reflexed, linear to lanceolate or triangular-lan-ceolate, 0.8�1.2(�2) cm × 2�4 mm, apex long acuminate. Petalswhite, oblong, obovate, or suborbicular, 7�9 × 5�6 mm, muchshorter than sepals, glabrous, base clawed. Stamens many, un-equal in length, longer ones longer than petals, shorter onesnearly as long as or slightly shorter than petals; filaments some-what broadened and flattened basally. Pistils numerous; ovarysoft hairy or subglabrous; styles glabrous or sparsely soft hairybasally. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, 1�1.5 cm in diam.,pubescent or subglabrous; pyrenes ovoid-globose, 2�3 mm,conspicuously rugose. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 14.

Forests, forest margins, grassy slopes, river sides, semishaded wetplaces in montane valleys, thickets, roadsides; 600�3900 m. Fujian,Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Si-chuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, NW India, Japan,Kashmir, Korea, N Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim; SW Asia].

1a. Branchlets and abaxial surface of calyxwith dense, needle-like prickles.2a. Flower bearing branchlets, petioles,

pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyxusually without stalked glands ....... 54a. var. pungens

2b. Flower bearing branchlets, petioles,pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyxoften with conspicuous stalked glands.3a. Leaflets 5�7, 1�3 cm ............... 54b. var. villosus3b. Leaflets often 3, rarely 5,

2.5�6 cm ................................. 54c. var. ternatus1b. Branchlets and abaxial surface of calyx

nearly unarmed or ± with needle-likeprickles.4a. Flower bearing branchlets, petioles,

pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyxwithout or partly with sparse, shortlystipitate glands; sepals ovate-triangular or narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm ..................... 54d. var. oldhamii

4b. Flower bearing branchlets, petioles,pedicel, and abaxial surface ofcalyx with prominent stipitate

glands; sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm ................ 54e. var. linearisepalus

54a. Rubus pungens var. pungens

针刺悬钩子(原变种) zhen ci xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus pungens var. discolor Prochanov; R. pungens var.fargesii Cardot.

Branchlets and abaxial surface of calyx with dense,needle-like prickles. Flower bearing branchlets, petioles, pedi-cel, and abaxial surface of calyx without stalked glands.

Forested slopes, forest margins, river sides; 2200�3300 m. Gansu,Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NW India, Japan,Kashmir, Korea, N Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim; SW Asia].

54b. Rubus pungens var. villosus Cardot, Notul. Syst. (Paris)3: 307. 1914.

柔毛针刺悬钩子 rou mao zhen ci xuan gou zi

Branchlets and abaxial surface of calyx with dense,needle-like prickles. Flower bearing branchlets, petioles, pedi-cel, and abaxial surface of calyx with conspicuous stalkedglands. Leaflets 5�7, 1�3 cm.

● Grassy slopes; below 2600 m. Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

54c. Rubus pungens var. ternatus Cardot, Notul. Syst. (Paris)3: 407. 1914.

三叶针刺悬钩子 san ye zhen ci xuan gou zi

Branchlets and abaxial surface of calyx with dense,needle-like prickles. Flower bearing branchlets, petioles, pedi-cel, and abaxial surface of calyx with prominent stalked glands.Leaflets 3, rarely 5, 2.5�6 cm.

● Mixed forests and forest margins along roadsides; below 3400m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

54d. Rubus pungens var. oldhamii (Miquel) Maximowicz,Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Péters-bourg 8: 386. 1872.

香莓 xiang mei

Rubus oldhamii Miquel, Prolus. Fl. Jap. 34. 1867; R. haya-tae Nemoto; R. hirsutopungens Hayata; R. okamotoanus Koid-zumi; R. parvipungens Hayata; R. pungens var. indefensusFocke; R. rosifolius Smith var. hirsutus Hayata.

Branchlets and abaxial surface of calyx nearly unarmed or± with needle-like prickles. Flower bearing branchlets, petioles,pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx without or partly withsparse, shortly stipitate glands. Sepals ovate-triangular or nar-rowly ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm.

Semishaded wet places in montane valleys, forested slopes, thick-ets; 600�3900 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jilin,Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

54e. Rubus pungens var. linearisepalus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 302. 1982.

线萼针刺悬钩子 xian e zhen ci xuan gou zi

Branchlets and abaxial surface of calyx nearly unarmed or

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

± with needle-like prickles. Flower bearing branchlets, petioles,pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx with prominent stipitateglands. Sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm.

● Mixed forests, roadsides; below 3400 m. NW Yunnan (WeixiXian).

55. Rubus macilentus Cambessèdes in Jacquemont, Voy. Inde4(Bot.): 49. 1844.

细瘦悬钩子 xi shou xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddish brown,terete, villous, with unequal long complanate prickles. Leavesimparipinnate, 3-foliolate, rarely simple; petiole 0.8�1(�1.5)cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 0.5�1 cm, lateral leaflets su-bsessile, pubescent, with minute prickles; stipules linear or li-near-lanceolate, 4�6 mm, soft hairy; blade of leaflets lanceolate,ovate-lanceolate, or ovate, terminal leaflet much longer thanlateral leaflets, 3�5 × 1�2.5 cm, lateral leaflets 1�2 × 0.7�1.4cm, both surfaces glabrous or slightly soft hairy, abaxially withsparse, minute prickles only along veins, base rounded orbroadly cuneate, margin sharply serrate, apex acute, rarely ob-tuse, often shortly acuminate on terminal leaflet. Inflorescencesterminal on short lateral branchlets, 1�3-flowered; bracts lan-ceolate or linear-lanceolate, somewhat smaller than stipules,soft hairy. Pedicel 6�10 mm, villous, sometimes with sparse,minute prickles. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially vil-lous; sepals erect, rarely spreading, lanceolate or triangular-lan-ceolate, 6�8 × 2�3(�4) mm, apex shortly caudate. Petals white,broadly ovate to oblong, slightly longer than or nearly as longas sepals, both surfaces soft hairy, base clawed. Stamens many,shorter than sepals; filaments broad, complanate. Pistils many,slightly shorter than stamens; apical part of ovary and base ofstyle sparsely villous. Aggregate fruit orange or red, subglo-bose, glabrous or somewhat soft hairy, enclosed in calyx; py-renes globose, deeply reticulate. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jul�Aug.

Slopes, roadsides, near water courses, forest margins; 900�3300m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sik-kim].

1a. Branchlets not angled .......................... 55a. var. macilentus1b. Branchlets prominently angled ............ 55b. var. angulatus

55a. Rubus macilentus var. macilentus

细瘦悬钩子(原变种) xi shou xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus minensis Pax & K. Hoffmann; R. trichopetalusHandel-Mazzetti.

Branchlets not angled.

Slopes, roadsides, near water courses, forest margins; 900�3300m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sik-kim].

55b. Rubus macilentus var. angulatus Franchet, Pl. Delavay.205. 1890.

棱枝细瘦悬钩子 leng zhi xi shou xuan gou zi

Branchlets prominently angled.● Roadsides; below 2000 m. NW Yunnan.

56. Rubus xanthocarpus Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot)

5: 46. 1891.

黄果悬钩子 huang guo xuan gou zi

Rubus sitiens Focke; R. tibetanus Focke (1909), not Fran-chet (1886); R. xanthocarpus var. tibetanus (Focke) Cardot.

Subshrubs low, 15�50 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping, woody;stems usually upright, yellowish brown, herbaceous, branchedor not branched, obtusely angled, densely pubescent whenyoung, subglabrescent, with sparse, long needle-like prickles.Leaves imparipinnate, 3-foliolate, sometimes 5-foliolate; peti-ole (2�)3�8 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2.5 cm, lateralleaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis pilose, with straightprickles; stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm, mar-gin entire or shallowly laciniate; lobes linear to lanceolate, pu-bescent; blade of leaflets oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, rarelyovate-lanceolate, terminal leaflet 5�10 × 1.5�3 cm, base often2-lobed, lateral leaflets smaller, 2�5 × 1�2 cm, both surfacesglabrous or pubescent only along veins, abaxially with slenderprickles along veins, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, mar-gin irregularly serrate, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescences ter-minal or axillary, corymbose, 2�3 cm, several flowered, rarelyflowers solitary; rachis and pedicels pubescent, with sparse,needle-like prickles; bracts lanceolate or linear, margin entire orlaciniate, pubescent. Pedicel 1�2.5 cm. Flowers 1�2.5 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially with dense needle-like prickles, pubes-cent; sepals narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 7�10 × 3�6mm, apex caudate or subulate-acuminate. Petals white, obovateto spatulate, 1�1.3 cm × 5�7 mm, longer than sepals, puberu-lous, base long clawed, margin entire or incised. Stamens many,shorter than petals; filaments broad, complanate. Pistils shorterthan stamens; ovary pubescent near apex; styles glabrous. Ag-gregate fruit orange-yellow, compressed globose, 1�1.2 cm indiam., glabrous; pyrenes rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Aug. 2n =14*.

● Roadsides, slopes, forests, rocky ravines; 600�3200 m. Anhui,Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

The fruit are eaten fresh and used for making jam, jelly, and wine.Whole, young plants are used in medicine.

57. Rubus simplex Focke, Hooker�s Icon. Pl., ser. 3, 10: t.1948. 1890.

单茎悬钩子 dan jing xuan gou zi

Subshrubs low, 40�60 cm tall. Stems erect, brownish,woody, not branched, glabrous, rarely puberulous, with sparse,short curved prickles; flower bearing branchlets arising fromcreeping roots. Leaves imparipinnate, 3-foliolate; petiole 5�10cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet to 1 cm; lateral leaflets sub-sessile or shortly petiolulate, puberulous, with sparse, curvedprickles; stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 6�9 mm, pu-berulent, margin entire; blade of leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceo-late, 6�9.5 × 2.5�5 cm, terminal leaflet slightly longer thanlateral leaflets, abaxially pilose or with sparse, minute pricklesonly along veins, adaxially sparsely appressed pubescent, basesubrounded, margin irregularly shortly serrate, apex acuminate.Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 3- or 4-flowered, rarelyflowers solitary; bracts linear to lanceolate, 5�9 mm, puberu-lous. Pedicel 6�12 mm, puberulous, with curved minute prick-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

les. Flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially with sparse,curved minute prickles, finely pubescent; sepals narrowly tri-angular to ovate, 6�10 × 3�5 mm, margin tomentose, apexsubulate-acuminate. Petals white, obovate, 4�6 mm in diam.,nearly as long as sepals, finely pubescent, base shortly clawed.Stamens many, erect, shorter than petals; filaments broad, com-planate. Pistils slightly shorter than stamens; apex of ovary andbase of style pubescent. Aggregate fruit orange-red, globose, 7�9 mm in diam., often glabrous, with many drupelets; pyrenesrugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Aug�Sep. 2n = 14*.

● Slopes, roadsides, forests; 1500�2500 m. Gansu, Hubei, Jiang-su, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

58. Rubus sumatranus Miquel, Fl. Ned. India, Eerste Bijv.307. 1860.

红腺悬钩子 hong xiao xuan gou zi

Rubus asper Wallich ex G. Don var. myriadenus (H.Léveillé & Vaniot) Focke; R. asper var. myriadenus (H. Lé-veillé & Vaniot) Focke subvar. grandifoliolatus (H. Léveillé)Focke; R. asper var. pekanius Focke; R. dolichocephalus Haya-ta; R. indotibetanus Koidzumi; R. myriadenus H. Léveillé &Vaniot; R. myriadenus var. grandifoliolatus H. Léveillé; R.rosifolius Smith subsp. sumatranus (Miquel) Focke; R. somaeHayata; R. sorbifolius Maximowicz; R. takasagoensis Koid-zumi.

Shrubs erect or scandent. Branchlets brownish to darkreddish brown, cylindric, with long soft hairs, usually with scat-tered setose purplish red glandular hairs and curved prickles;glandular hairs and prickles unequal in length, glandular hairsto 4�5 mm, prickles to 8 mm. Leaves imparipinnate, to 15 cm,5�7-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate; petiole 3�5 cm, petiolule ofterminal leaflet to 1 cm, lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate, peti-olule and rachis soft hairy, with intermixed glandular hairs,with curved minute prickles; stipules lanceolate or linear-lan-ceolate, 6�8 mm, with soft hairs and intermixed glandular hairs;blade of leaflets ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3�8 × 1.5�3 cm,abaxially villous, with gland-tipped hairs and small pricklesalong midvein, adaxially villous especially along midvein, baserounded, margin irregularly sharply serrate to doubly serrate,sometimes 3-lobed on terminal leaflet, apex acuminate. Inflo-rescences terminal, corymbose, 4�7 cm, 3- to several flowered,rarely flowers solitary; rachis and pedicels villous, with inter-mixed glandular hairs, with minute prickles; bracts lanceolateor linear, 5�7 mm, with soft hairs and intermixed glandularhairs. Pedicel 2�3 cm. Flowers 1�2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxiallywith soft hairs, with intermixed unequal long gland-tippedhairs; sepals reflexed in fruit, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,7�12 × 2�4 mm; apex long caudate. Petals white, narrowly obo-vate or spatulate, slightly shorter than sepals, base clawed. Sta-mens many, shorter than petals. Pistils to 400; style and ovaryglabrous; torus raised, oblong, base shortly stalked. Aggregatefruit orange-red, oblong, 1.2�1.8 cm × 7�11 mm, glabrous; py-renes reticulate. Fl. Apr�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 14.

Forests, forest margins, thickets, bamboo forests, grasslands; 700�2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei,Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan,Cambodia, N India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myan-

mar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].

59. Rubus croceacanthus H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Reg-ni Veg. 11: 33. 1912.

薄瓣悬钩子 bao ban xuan gou zi

Shrubs low, to 1 m tall. Branchlets dark brown to dark red-dish brown, slender, pubescent, with intermixed dense glandu-lar hairs, or glabrous, with sparse, straight to curved prickles to4 mm. Leaves imparipinnate, to 20 cm, papery, usually 5�7-foliolate, sometimes 3-foliolate on flower bearing branchlets;petiole 2�4 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 0.8�1.5 cm, lateralleaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis densely soft hairy or gla-brous, with intermixed glandular hairs and sparse, minute prick-les; stipules lanceolate, 5�10 mm, pubescent, with intermixedglandular hairs; blade of leaflets variable in shape, terminalleaflet ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 4�7 × 2�5 cm, apexacute to shortly acuminate, lateral leaflets elliptic or ovate, 2�5× 1.5�3 cm, both surfaces with dense spreading soft hairs, gla-brescent, usually with some small prickles along midvein abax-ially, base cuneate or rounded to subcordate, apex obtuse oracute, lateral leaflets often oblique basally, margin unevenlyserrate to doubly serrate, sometimes with glandular hairs. Inflo-rescences terminal on short lateral branchlets, corymbose, 1- toseveral flowered; pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx withglandular hairs, soft hairy or glabrous; bracts lanceolate, 4�8mm, puberulous, with glandular hairs. Pedicel 2�3 cm, with fewsmall prickles. Flowers 2�3 cm in diam. Calyx tube pelviform;sepals triangular-oblong or triangular-lanceolate, 0.7�1.5 cm ×4�6 mm, inner sepals tomentose at margin, margin entire, rarelydivided, apex long caudate. Petals white, nearly orbicular orbroadly ovate-elliptic, 0.8�1.4 × 0.7�1.3 cm, abaxially shortlyhairy. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments linear.Pistils numerous, shorter than stamens; ovary to 1 mm, withsparse, soft hairs especially apically, usually with some stalkedglands; styles ca. 1.5 mm. Aggregate fruit red at maturity, sub-globose or ovoid, rarely ellipsoid, 1�1.5 cm in diam., with fewglandular hairs; pyrenes foveolate. Fl. Mar�Apr, fr. May�Jun.

Forest clearings, forest margins, roadsides, landslides, grasslands,river banks; sea level to medium elevations. Taiwan [Cambodia, India,Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

1a. Branchlets, petioles, inflorescences,and abaxial surface of calyx softhairy .............................................. 59a. var. croceacanthus

1b. Branchlets, petioles, inflorescences,and abaxial surface of calyx glabrous ....... 59b. var. glaber

59a. Rubus croceacanthus var. croceacanthus

薄瓣悬钩子(原变种) bao ban xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus cardotii Koidzumi; R. euphlebophyllus Hayata; R.piptopetalus Hayata ex Koidzumi; R. rosifolius Smith var. for-mosanus Cardot; R. sphaerocephalus Hayata.

Branchlets, petioles, inflorescences, and abaxial surface ofcalyx with soft hairs. 2n = 14*.

Forest clearings, forest margins, roadsides, landslides, grasslands,river banks; sea level to medium elevations. Taiwan [Cambodia, India,Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

59b. Rubus croceacanthus var. glaber Koidzumi, Fl. Symb.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Orient.-Asiat. 65. 1930.

秃悬钩子 tu xuan gou zi

Rubus asper Wallich ex D. Don var. glaber (Koidzumi) C.F. Hsieh; R. rubroangustifolius Sasaki.

Branchlets, petioles, inflorescences, and abaxial surface ofcalyx glabrous. 2n = 14*.

● E and N Taiwan.

60. Rubus hirsutus Thunberg, Diss. Bot.-Med. de Rubo 7.1813.

蓬蘽 peng lei

Shrubs 1�2 m tall. Branchlets reddish brown or brown,terete, with soft hairs, stalked glands, and sparse, curved prick-les. Leaves imparipinnate, 3�5-foliolate; petiole (0.5�)2�10 cm,petiolule of terminal leaflet to 2 cm, lateral leaflets shortlypetiolulate, petiolule and rachis pubescent, with stalked glandsand sparse prickles; stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 6�10 × 2�3 mm, both surfaces pubescent, margin entire; blade ofleaflets ovate or broadly ovate, 3�7 × 2�3.5 cm, both surfacessparsely soft hairy, base broadly cuneate to rounded, marginirregularly sharply doubly serrate, apex acute, acuminate, orcaudate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, often 1-flowered;bracts lanceolate or linear, 4�7 mm, pubescent. Pedicel (1.5�)3�6 cm, pubescent, with stalked glands, or with few small nee-dle-like prickles. Flowers 3�4 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially withdense soft hairs and stalked glands; sepals reflexed after anthe-sis, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm × 4�5mm, margin gray tomentose, apex long caudate. Petals white,obovate or suborbicular, 1.2�1.8 cm × 7�12 mm, glabrous, baseclawed. Stamens numerous, much shorter than petals. Pistilsshorter than stamens; style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruitsubglobose, 1�2 cm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Apr, fr. May�Jun.2n = 14.

Slopes, roadsides, waste places, thickets, forested slopes; 900�3200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

The young plants and roots are used in medicine.

1a. Pedicel (2�)3�6 cm; petiole 2�3 cm,petiolule of terminal leaflet to 1 cm;apex of terminal leaflet acuminate,apex of lateral leaflets acute .................... 60a. var. hirsutus

1b. Pedicel 1.5�3 cm; petiole 5�10 cm,petiolule of terminal leaflet to 2 cm;apex of terminal and lateral leafletsacuminate to caudate ................... 60b. var. brevipedicellus

60a. Rubus hirsutus var. hirsutus

蓬蘽(原变种) peng lei (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus argyi H. Léveillé; R. hirsutus var. argyi (H. Lé-veillé) Nakai; R. stephanandria H. Léveillé; R. talaikiaensis H.Léveillé; R. thunbergii Siebold & Zuccarini; R. thunbergii var.argyi (H. Léveillé) Focke; R. thunbergii var. talaikiensis (H.Léveillé) Focke.

Petiole 2�3 cm; petiolule of terminal leaflet to 1 cm; apexof terminal leaflet acuminate, apex of lateral leaflets acute. Ped-icel (2�)3�6 cm.

Slopes, roadsides, waste places, thickets; 1500�3200 m. Anhui,Fujian, Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan,Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

60b. Rubus hirsutus var. brevipedicellus Z. M. Wu, Guihaia8: 237. 1988.

短梗蓬蘽 duan geng peng lei

Petiole 5�10 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet to 2 cm; apexof terminal and lateral leaflets acuminate to caudate. Pedicel1.5�3 cm.

● Forested slopes; 900�1300 m. SE Anhui (Jixi Xian).

61. Rubus glandulosocalycinus Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5:42. 1915.

腺萼悬钩子 xian e xuan gou zi

Rubus hayatanus Koidzumi.

Subshrubs to 50 cm tall. Branchlets brownish to reddishbrown, slender, pilose, glabrescent, with sparse, sharp prickles,with dense, purplish red stalked glands 2�5 mm. Leaves im-paripinnate, 3�7-foliolate; petiole 2�3 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 5�10 mm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachisglabrous or sparsely pilose, with purplish red stalked glands andsparse prickles; stipules lanceolate or linear, 6�9 mm, marginwith glandular hairs, sparsely pilose; blade of leaflets ovate-ob-long or ovate-lanceolate, terminal leaflet 5�6 × 0.8�1.5 cm,lateral leaflets 1.5�3 × 0.6�1 cm, abaxially subglabrous, pilose,with stalked glands and with minute prickles along veins, adax-ially sparsely pilose, base rounded to truncate, lateral leafletsoblique basally, margin incised-doubly serrate, apex acute toacuminate. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose, 3�5 cm, 1-flowered, rarely 2�5-flowered; rachis and pedicels subglabrous,with purplish red stalked glands and sparse, small prickles;bracts linear, 5�7 mm, subglabrous, margin with sparse, stalkedglands. Pedicel 2�4 cm. Flowers 2�3 cm in diam. Calyx pur-plish red, subglabrous, with dense stalked glands and bristlesabaxially; sepals narrowly triangular or triangular-lanceolate,1.1�1.5 cm × 4�6 mm, inner sepals with tomentose margin,apex long caudate. Petals ovate, 1�1.4 cm × 7�9 mm, glabrous,base shortly clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens shorter than petals;filaments linear, somewhat broader basally. Pistils numerous,slightly shorter than stamens; style and ovary often glabrous.Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, 0.9�1.1 cm in diam., glabrous.Fl. Apr, fr. May�Jun. 2n = 14*.

● Roadsides, grasslands; medium elevations. C and N Taiwan.

62. Rubus tsangii Merrill, Lingnan Sci. J. 13: 28. 1934.

光滑悬钩子 guang hua xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, ca. 1 m tall. Branchlets brownish, darkbrown, or reddish brown, terete, slightly angled, glabrous, withsparse prickles and stalked glands 1�2 mm. Leaves imparipin-nate, (5�)7�9(�11)-foliolate, sometimes with 5 leaflets on flow-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

er bearing branchlets; petiole 4�7 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet to 1 cm, lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate or subsessile,petiolule and rachis glabrous, with sparse, stalked glands andminute prickles; stipules lanceolate, 1�1.4 cm, glabrous or pu-berulous, sometimes with sparse, shortly stalked glands; bladeof leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 4�7 × 0.8�2 cm, bothsurfaces slightly pubescent when young, gradually glabrescent,abaxially with sparse, small prickles along midvein, baserounded, margin irregularly tenuously sharply serrate to doublyserrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose, 4�6 cm, 3�5-flowered, rarely flowers solitary; rachis and pedicelsglabrous, with unequal long stalked glands; bracts lanceolate,6�10 mm, glabrous. Pedicel 2�4 cm. Flowers 3�4 cm in diam.Calyx abaxially glabrous; tube pelviform, ca. 1 cm in diam.,with sparse, glandular hairs; sepals erect at anthesis, reflexed infruit, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 0.9�1.5cm × 4�6 mm, inner sepals with gray tomentose margin, apexlong caudate. Petals white, narrowly obovate or oblong, 0.9�1.4cm × 6�8 mm, base clawed. Stamens unequally long, shorterthan petals; filaments somewhat broadened and flattened. Pistilsmany, more than 100, shorter than stamens; style and ovaryglabrous. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, to 1.5 cm in diam.,glabrous or with glandular hairs. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jun�Jul. 2n =14*.

● Slopes, foothills, river banks, forests, forest margins; 800�2500m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, N Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan,Zhejiang.

1a. Leaves 7�9(�11)-foliolate, abaxiallywithout gland-tipped hairs along veins;ovary and aggregate fruit usuallywithout glandular hairs ............................. 62a. var. tsangii

1b. Leaves 5�7(�11)-foliolate, abaxiallywith gland-tipped hairs along veins;ovary and aggregate fruit oftenwith glandular hairs ........................ 62b. var. yanshanensis

62a. Rubus tsangii var. tsangii

光滑悬钩子(原变种) guang hua xuan gou zi (yuan bianzhong)

Rubus kwangtungensis H. L. Li; Rubus linearifoliolus Ha-yata; R. rosifolius Smith var. linearifoliolus (Hayata) H. L. Li;R. tsangii var. linearifoliolus (Hayata) T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu.

Leaves 7�9(�11)-foliolate, abaxially without gland-tipped hairs along veins. Ovary and aggregate fruit usuallywithout glandular hairs.

● Forests in valleys, slopes, foothills, river banks; 800�2500 m.Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

62b. Rubus tsangii var. yanshanensis (Z. X. Yu & W. T. Ji) L.T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 38: 280. 2000.

铅山悬钩子 yan shan xuan gou zi

Rubus yanshanensis Z. X. Yu & W. T. Ji, Acta Bot. Yun-nan. 13: 255. 1991.

Leaves 5�7(�11)-foliolate, abaxially with gland-tippedhairs along veins. Ovary and aggregate fruit often with glandu-

lar hairs.

● Forests, forest margins, foothills; 1100�1800 m. N Jiangxi(Nanchang Xian, Yanshan Xian).

63. Rubus glandulosocarpus M. X. Nie, Bull. Bot. Res., Har-bin 9(3): 43. 1989.

腺果悬钩子 xian guo xuan gou zi

Subshrubs erect, 20�45 cm tall. Stems cylindric, slightlyangled, not or few branched, unarmed, with sparse, glandularhairs. Leaves imparipinnate, 5�7-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate;petiole 3�5 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�1.5 cm, petioluleof lateral leaflets ca. 3 mm, petiolule and rachis pilose, gla-brescent, with glandular hairs, sometimes with small prickles;stipules lanceolate, margin with sparse, short glandular hairs,entire; blade of leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, rarely ovate-lan-ceolate, 2�6.5 × 1.7�3.5 cm, abaxially glabrous or pilose alongveins, with pale glands, adaxially pilose, base obliquely sub-rounded, margin doubly serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflo-rescences terminal on lateral branchlets, sometimes corymbose,2�4-flowered, rarely flowers solitary in leaf axils; rachis andpedicels with glandular hairs; bracts lanceolate, margin entire,or sparsely shortly glandular. Flowers 3�4 cm in diam. Calyxabaxially glabrous, with gland-tipped hairs; sepals 5(�7), lan-ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margin tomentose and entire, apexlong caudate. Petals 5(�7), white, oblong, broadly ovate, orbroadly obovate, glabrous. Stamens many, shorter than petals.Pistils ca. 80�100; ovary glabrous, with sparse, glandular hairs;torus villous, base with ca. 3 mm stalk. Aggregate fruit subglo-bose, less than 1 cm in diam., with sparse, gland-tipped hairs;pyrenes foveolate. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jun�Jul.

● Mountainous regions; 1600�1700 m. W Jiangxi (Jinggangshan).

64. Rubus rosifolius Smith, Pl. Icon. Ined. 3: 60. 1791.

空心泡 kong xin pao

Shrubs erect or climbing, 2�3 m tall. Branchlets grayishbrown or dark reddish brown, terete, soft hairy or subglabrous,with straight to curved prickles and yellowish glands. Leavesimparipinnate, usually 5�7-foliolate; petiole 2�3 cm, petioluleof terminal leaflet 0.8�1.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, peti-olule and rachis with soft hairs and sparse, minute prickles,sometimes subglabrous, with yellowish glands; stipules linearor lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 0.8�1.2 cm × 1.5�3.5 mm,sparsely soft hairy; blade of leaflets ovate or ovate-elliptic tolanceolate, 4�7(�10) × 1.5�5 cm, both surfaces pilose, subgla-brescent, with yellow glands, abaxially with sparse, minuteprickles along midvein, base rounded, margin sharply inciseddoubly serrate or coarsely doubly serrate, apex acuminate. In-florescences terminal or in leaf axils, 1- or 2-flowered; bractslinear or lanceolate, 5�9 mm, puberulous. Pedicel (1�)2�3.5 cm,with ± soft hairs and sparse, minute prickles, sometimes gland-ular. Flowers 2�3(�5) cm in diam. Calyx abaxially soft hairyand glandular; sepals erect before anthesis, reflexed after anthe-sis, triangular-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.8�1.2(�1.4) cm× 4�6 mm, apex long caudate. Petals white, oblong, narrowlyobovate, or suborbicular, 0.8�1.5 × 0.8�1.2 cm, abaxially short-ly hairy, base clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens many, shorter than

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

petals; filaments broad. Pistils to 2 mm, shorter than stamens;ovary glabrous, sometimes glandular; styles glabrous; torusshortly stalked. Aggregate fruit red, ovoid-globose or narrowlyobovoid to oblong, 1�1.5 × 0.8�1.2 cm, glabrous, with fewglands; pyrenes deeply foveolate. Fl. Mar�May, fr. Jun�Jul. 2n= 14*.

Mixed forests, grassy slopes, roadsides, landslides; low to mediumelevations. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hu-nan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia,India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines,Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia].

1a. Flowers double; branchlets, petioles,and pedicel ± prickly .......................... 64c. var. coronarius

1b. Flowers single; branchlets, petioles,and pedicel ± or unarmed.2a. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel

± prickly ........................................ 64a. var. rosifolius2b. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel

unarmed ........................................... 64b. var. inermis

64a. Rubus rosifolius var. rosifolius

空心泡(原变种) kong xin pao (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus glandulosopunctatus Hayata; R. hirsutus Thunbergvar. glabellus (Focke) Wuzhi; R. hopingensis Y. C. Liu & F. Y.Lu; R. minusculus H. Léveillé & Vaniot; R. parvirosifoliusHayata; R. rosifolius var. polyphyllarius Cardot; R. tagallusChamisso & Schlechtendal; R. taiwanianus Matsumura; R.thunbergii Siebold & Zuccarini var. glabellus Focke.

Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel ± prickly. Flowers single.

Mixed forests, grassy slopes, roadsides, landslides; low to mediumelevations. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hu-nan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia,NE India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Australia].

64b. Rubus rosifolius var. inermis Z. X. Yu, Bull. Bot. Res.,Harbin 8(2): 139. 1988.

无刺空心泡 wu ci kong xin pao

Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel unarmed. Flowers single.

● Roadsides; 900�1000 m. E Jiangxi (Wuyi Shan).

64c. Rubus rosifolius var. coronarius (Sims) Focke, Biblioth.Bot. 17(Heft 72): 155. 1911.

重瓣空心泡 chong ban kong xin pao

Rubus coronarius Sims, Bot. Mag. (Curtis) 43: t. 1783.1815; R. rosifolius f. coronarius (Sims) Kuntze; R. rosifoliusvar. wuyishanensis Z. X. Yu.

Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel ± prickly. Flowers dou-ble, fragrant, 3�5 cm in diam.

Naturalized in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Yunnan, and likely elsewhere[native to India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Sikkim].

This variety, originally described from cultivated plants in Eng-land, is now occasionally cultivated for ornamental use throughout SE

Asia (Fl. Bhutan 1(3): 562. 1987).

65. Rubus pararosifolius F. P. Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 19(1):30. 1940.

矮空心泡 ai kong xin pao

Subshrubs low, 0.4�1 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddishbrown, soft hairy when young, gradually glabrescent, glandular,unarmed or with few small prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, 5-foliolate, rarely 7- or 3-foliolate; petiole 1�2.5(�3.5) cm, petio-lule of terminal leaflet 4�6 mm, lateral leaflets subsessile, petio-lule and rachis puberulent, with sparse, minute prickles, glandu-lar; stipules linear or lanceolate, 5�7 mm, sparsely glandular;blade of leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 1�3 × 0.7�1.2 cm, terminal leaflet larger than lateral leaflets, abaxiallysparsely pubescent, glandular, adaxially dark green, sparselystrigose, especially along midvein, base cuneate to subrounded,margin coarsely incised-doubly serrate, apex acuminate on ter-minal leaflet, acute on lateral leaflets. Inflorescences terminal orlateral, 1-flowered; bracts lanceolate or linear, 2�4 mm, puberu-lent. Pedicel 2�3 cm, puberulent, sparsely glandular. Flowers1.5�1.8 cm in diam. Calyx pubescent, glandular; tube pelvi-form; sepals reflexed, narrowly lanceolate, 5�8 × 2�3 mm, mar-gin tomentose, apex acuminate. Flowers unknown. Aggregatefruit red, globose, small, 5�7 mm in diam., pubescent whenyoung, glabrescent, glandular; pyrenes small, shallowly foveo-late. Fl. spring, fr. Jun�Jul.

● Thickets along roadsides; 1000�1600 m. Fujian.

66. Rubus lanyuensis Chang, Forest J. Taiwan Prov. Pingtung.Inst. Agr. 19: 11. 1977.

兰屿悬钩子 lan yu xuan gou zi

Rubus tagallus Chamisso & Schlechtendal var. lanyuensis(Chang) S. S. Ying.

Shrubs erect. Branches glabrous, with short prickles.Leaves imparipinnate, usually 3�5-foliolate; petiole 3�4 cm,sparsely villous, prickly; stipules linear-lanceolate, 0.8�1.2 cm,sparsely pilose; blade of leaflets ovate, 3�5 × 3�4 cm, veinsraised abaxially, impressed adaxially, both surfaces glabrous ornearly so except sparsely villous at base, abaxially glandular,base cuneate to rounded, margin doubly serrate, apex acute. In-florescences axillary racemes, few flowered. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm,glabrous. Flowers ca. 2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially glabrous,glandular; tube cupular, 1.5�1.8 cm in diam.; sepals narrowlytriangular, ca. 8 mm, apex shortly caudate. Petals white, orbicu-lar-ovate, 6�7 mm. Filaments glabrous. Apex of ovary with fewhairs. Fruit unknown.

● Near sea level. Taiwan (Lan Yu).

67. Rubus eustephanos Focke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(Beibl. 82):54. 1905.

大红泡 da hong pao

Shrubs 0.5�2 m tall. Branchlets brownish or grayishbrown, angled, glabrous, with sparse, curved prickles. Leavesimparipinnate, 3�5(�7)-foliolate; petiole 1.5�2(�4) cm, petio-lule of terminal leaflet 1�1.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile or

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

shortly petiolulate, petiolule and rachis glabrous or pilose whenyoung, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules lanceolate, 6�10 ×1.5�2.5 mm, margin pilose initially, glabrescent; blade of leaf-lets ovate or elliptic, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 2�5(�7) × 1�3 cm,both surfaces pilose when young, abaxially sparsely pilose onlyalong veins in age, with minute prickles along midvein, baserounded, margin sharply incised doubly serrate, apex acuminateto long acuminate. Inflorescences usually terminal on lateralbranchlets, 1-flowered, rarely 2- or 3-flowered; bracts lanceo-late, 6�8 × 1.5�2 mm, puberulous, glabrescent. Pedicel 2.5�5cm, glabrous or with gland-tipped hairs, with sparse, smallprickles. Flowers 3�4 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially glabrous;tube pelviform; sepals reflexed in fruit, oblong-lanceolate ortriangular-lanceolate, 0.9�1.2 cm × 3�5 mm, apex subulate-acu-minate, inner sepals with tomentose margin. Petals white, el-liptic or broadly ovate, 1.2�1.5 cm × 8�11 mm, glabrous, baseshortly clawed, margin entire or undulate, apex obtuse. Stamensmany, shorter than petals; filaments linear. Style and ovary gla-brous. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, 0.9�1.1 cm in diam.,glabrous; pyrenes smooth or slightly rugulose. Fl. Apr�May, fr.Jun�Jul.

● Foothills, forests, slopes, thickets, river banks; 500�2300 m.Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.

1a. Flower bearing branchlets or pedicelwithout gland-tipped hairs ............... 67a. var. eustephanos

1b. Flower bearing branchlets or pedicel± with gland-tipped hairs .................. 67b. var. glanduliger

67a. Rubus eustephanos var. eustephanos

大红泡(原变种) da hong pao (yuan bian zhong)

Flower bearing branchlets or pedicel without gland-tippedhairs.

● Foothills, densely forested slopes, thickets, river banks; 500�2300 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.

67b. Rubus eustephanos var. glanduliger T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 303. 1982.

腺毛大红泡 xian mao da hong pao

Flower bearing branchlets or pedicel ± with glandularhairs.

● Slopes, forests, thickets; 700�2300 m. Sichuan.

68. Rubus fraxinifoliolus Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 46.1915.

梣叶悬钩子 cen ye xuan gou zi

Rubus parvifraxinifolius Hayata; R. suzukianus Y. C. Liu& Yang.

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets brownish to reddish brown,flexuous, glabrous, with sparse, recurved prickles 3�4 mm.Leaves imparipinnate, 3�5(�7)-foliolate; petiole 3�4 cm, petio-lule of terminal leaflet 5�10 mm, petiolule of lateral leaflets 2�3mm, petiolule and rachis glabrous or nearly so, with sparse, mi-nute prickles; stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, 5�10 mm, gla-brous, margin entire; blade of leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lan-ceolate, 3�9 × 1.5�3 cm, papery, terminal leaflet usually longerand wider than lateral leaflets, lateral leaflets often ± oblique,

lateral veins 8 or 9 per side, both surfaces glabrous, abaxiallywith sparse, minute prickles along midvein, adaxially some-times slightly hirsute along veins, base rounded to subtruncate,margin unevenly serrate to doubly serrate, apex acute to acu-minate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 1- or 2-flowered.Pedicel (1.5�)2�2.5 cm, glabrous or subglabrous. Flowers 2.3�4cm in diam. Calyx cupular, ca. 8 mm in diam., glabrous, withfew brown glands abaxially; sepals narrowly triangular, 1�1.3cm × 5�7 mm, margin tomentose, apex caudate. Petals white,obovate, 1.2�1.9 × 1�1.5 cm, base clawed. Stamens many,shorter than petals; filaments broadened and flattened. Pistilsnumerous, slightly shorter than stamens when young; style andovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit ellipsoid to globose, to 1.5 cmin diam. Fl. Jun�Jan, fr. Jun�Feb.

● Along trails in broad-leaved forests, river valleys; 100�1900 m.E Taiwan.

69. Rubus delavayi Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 205. 1890.

三叶悬钩子 san ye xuan gou zi

Rubus duclouxii H. Léveillé.

Shrubs erect, low, 0.4�1 m tall. Branchlets brownish orreddish brown, cylindric, glabrous, with short curved prickles.Leaves imparipinnate, usually 3-foliolate; petiole 2�3 cm, peti-olule of terminal leaflet 5�8 mm, lateral leaflets sessile or sub-sessile, glabrous or pilose, with sparse, small prickles; stipuleslinear, 4�7 mm, puberulous when young, glabrescent; blade ofleaflets lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 3�7 × 1�2 cm, bothsurfaces glabrous or abaxially with sparse, soft hairs and withminute prickles along midvein, base broadly cuneate to round-ed, margin irregularly coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Inflo-rescences terminal or axillary, 1-flowered, or with flowers inclusters of 2 or 3; bracts linear, smaller than stipules, puberu-lous or glabrescent. Pedicel 1�2 cm, puberulent or subglabrous,with sparse, minute prickles. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Calyxabaxially puberulous and with sparse, minute prickles; tubeshort, broad; sepals erect in fruit, triangular-lanceolate, 6�8(�10) × 2�3 mm, apex long caudate. Petals white, obovate,shorter than sepals, puberulent, base prominently clawed. Sta-mens many, shorter than petals; filaments short, broad, puberu-lent. Pistils shorter than stamens; style and ovary glabrous. Ag-gregate fruit orange-red, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam.; pyrenessmall, rugulose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jun�Jul.

● Mixed forested slopes; 2000�3400 m. Yunnan.

The dried fruit, seeds, and leaves are used in traditional Chinesemedicine.

70. Rubus leucanthus Hance, Ann. Bot. Syst. 2: 468. 1852.

白花悬钩子 bai hua xuan gou zi

Rubus glaberrimus Champion ex Bentham; R. leucanthusvar. paradoxus (S. Moore) F. P. Metcalf; R. leucanthus var.villosulus Cardot; R. paradoxus S. Moore.

Shrubs climbing, 1�3 m tall. Branchlets brown to purplishbrown, glabrous, with sparse, curved prickles. Leaves impari-pinnate, 3-foliolate, sometimes simple apically on branchlets orbasally in inflorescences; petioles 2�6 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 1.5�2 cm, lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate, glabrous,with curved minute prickles; stipules subulate, 4�6 mm, gla-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

brous; blade of leaflets ovate or ovate-elliptic, 4�8 × 2�4 cm,terminal leaflet slightly longer than or nearly as long as lateralleaflets, leathery, lateral veins 5�8 pairs, raised abaxially, im-pressed adaxially, both surfaces glabrous or adaxially slightlysoft hairy, base rounded, margin sharply coarsely serrate, apexacuminate to caudate. Inflorescences terminal on lateral shortbranchlets, corymbose, 3�5 cm, 3�8-flowered, rarely flowerssolitary in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels glabrous; bracts sub-ulate, 3�5 mm, glabrous. Pedicel 0.8�1.5 cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cmin diam. Calyx abaxially glabrous; sepals erect, ovate, 4�7 × 3�5 mm, apex acute, shortly pointed, inner sepals with tomentosemargin. Petals white, narrowly ovate or suborbicular, nearly aslong as or slightly longer than sepals, base puberulous, clawed.Stamens many, somewhat shorter than petals; filaments broad-ened and flattened. Pistils usually 70�80, sometimes to 100 ormore; style and ovary glabrous or pilose only at ovary apex andstyle base; torus basally subsessile or sessile. Aggregate fruitred, subglobose, 1�1.5 cm in diam., glabrous, enclosed in calyx;pyrenes foveolate. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jun�Jul.

Sparse forests, waste places; 1000�2500 m. Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Yunnan [Cambodia, Laos, Thai-land, Vietnam].

The edible fruit and roots are used medicinally.

71. Rubus zhaogoshanensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phyto-tax. Sin. 20: 303. 1982.

草果山悬钩子 cao guo shan xuan gou zi

Shrubs 0.8�1 m tall. Branchlets brown, glabrous, rarelyangled, with sparse, curved prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, 3�5-foliolate; petiole 5�8 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet (0.5�)1�2 cm, lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate, glabrous or sparselypilose, with small curved prickles; stipules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 7�10 mm, glabrous or slightly soft hairy; blade ofleaflets narrowly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 6�9 × 2�3 cm,terminal leaflet slightly longer than lateral leaflets, subherba-ceous, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, rarely subrounded,margin irregularly densely sharply minute serrate to incised-doubly serrate, apex acuminate to caudate. Inflorescences ter-minal or axillary, clusters of 2 or 3(�5) flowers, rarely flowerssolitary in leaf axils; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 6�8mm, glabrous or slightly pilose. Pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm, glabrous.Flowers 1.3�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially glabrous; tubeshort, broad; sepals spreading or reflexed in fruit, ovate-lanceo-late, 7�9 × 2�3.5 mm, inner sepals slightly tomentose margin-ally, apex long caudate. Petals white, oblong or elliptic, muchshorter than sepals, base clawed. Stamens many; filamentslinear, basally slightly broader. Pistils shorter than stamens;style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit ovoid-globose, 7�10mm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes densely rugulose. Fl. Apr�May,fr. Jun�Jul.

● Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1600 m. SE Yunnan (Xi-chou Xian).

72. Rubus columellaris Tutcher, Rep. Bot. Dept. Hong Kong1914: 31. 1915.

小柱悬钩子 xiao zhu xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 1�2.5 m tall. Branchlets brown or red-dish brown, glabrous or villous, with sparse, curved prickles.

Leaves imparipinnate, usually 3-foliolate, those below inflores-cences sometimes simple; petiole 2�4 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet 1�2 cm, lateral leaflets variable, shortly petiolulate orsubsessile, glabrous or slightly soft hairy when young, withsparse, minute prickles; stipules lanceolate or linear, 6�8 mm,glabrous, rarely puberulous; blade of leaflets elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 3�10(�16) × 1.5�5(�6) cm, terminal leaflet muchlonger than lateral leaflets, subleathery, both surfaces glabrousor adaxially sparsely appressed pubescent, base rounded or sub-cordate, margin unevenly densely coarsely serrate, apex acumi-nate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, corymbose, 6�8 cm,3�7-flowered, sometimes flowers solitary in leaf axils at bases;rachis and pedicels glabrous, rarely puberulent, with sparse,small prickles; bracts linear-lanceolate, 5�7 mm, often glabrous.Pedicel 1�2 cm, glabrous or densely villous. Flowers 3�4 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially glabrous or villous; sepals reflexed afteranthesis, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 6�10 × 4�6 mm, apexacute, abruptly subulate-pointed, inner sepals yellowish gray to-mentose at margin. Petals white, spatulate-oblong or narrowlyobovate, 5�7 mm in diam., much longer than sepals, puberu-lous, base clawed. Stamens numerous in several whorls, shorterthan petals, with somewhat broader filaments. Pistils to 300 ormore, glabrous; torus with stalks to 5 mm. Aggregate fruitorange-red or brown-yellow, subglobose or slightly oblong,1.5�1.7 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes shallowly rugose. Fl.Apr�May, fr. Jun�Jul.

Slopes, valleys, mixed and sparse forests, roadsides, watercourses; 300�2200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan,Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Vietnam].

1a. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, andabaxial surface of calyx usuallyglabrous ........................................... 72a. var. columellaris

1b. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, andabaxial surface of calyx villous ............... 72b. var. villosus

72a. Rubus columellaris var. columellaris

小柱悬钩子(原变种) xiao zhu xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus columellaris var. etropicus (Handel-Mazzetti) F. P.Metcalf; R. etropicus (Handel-Mazzetti) Thuan; R. leucanthusHance var. etropicus Handel-Mazzetti.

Branchlets, petioles, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyxusually glabrous.

Slopes, valleys, mixed forests; 700�2200 m. Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Vietnam].

72b. Rubus columellaris var. villosus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 304. 1982.

柔毛小柱悬钩子 rou mao xiao zhu xuan gou zi

Branchlets, petiole, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyxvillous.

● Slopes, montane valleys, roadsides, water courses, sparse for-ests; 300�400 m. N Guangdong (Lianshan Xian).

73. Rubus paucidentatus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, ActaPhytotax. Sin. 20: 304. 1982.

少齿悬钩子 shao chi xuan gou zi

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Subshrubs lianoid. Branchlets dark brown, cylindric, slen-der, glabrous, with sparse, curved prickles or nearly unarmed.Leaves imparipinnate, usually 3-foliolate, sometimes simple onflower bearing branchlets; petiole 1.5�2.5 cm, petiolule of ter-minal leaflet ca. 1 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile or shortly petio-lulate, glabrous, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules linear,small, glabrous; blade of leaflets narrowly lanceolate or oblong-elliptic to elliptic, terminal leaflet 7�14 cm, nearly 4 × as longas lateral leaflets, lateral leaflets (1.5�)2�6 × 1�2.5 cm, bothsurfaces glabrous, base rounded, margin inconspicuously shal-lowly minute serrate or nearly entire, apex acuminate. Inflores-cences often terminal, 1-flowered or flowers in clusters of 2 or3; bracts linear, minute, glabrous. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm, glabrous.Flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially glabrous; sepalserect after anthesis, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate,inner sepals yellowish gray tomentose at margin, apex acu-minate or acute. Petals white, broadly obovate, shorter than se-pals, adaxially puberulous, base shortly clawed. Stamens nu-merous, in many whorls, unequal in length; filaments broader.Pistils many, shorter than stamens; ovary soft hairy apically;torus shortly stalked basally. Fl. May�Jun.

● Mountainous areas, forests, valleys, water courses; below 1200m. N Guangdong, S Guangxi.

1a. Blade of leaflets narrowly lanceolate,terminal leaflet nearly 4 × as long aslateral leaflets, margin remotelyshallowly minute serrate ............... 73a. var. paucidentatus

1b. Blade of leaflets oblong-elliptic orelliptic, terminal leaflet slightlylonger than lateral leaflets,margin nearly entire ........................ 73b. var. guangxiensis

73a. Rubus paucidentatus var. paucidentatus

少齿悬钩子(原变种) shao chi xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Blade of leaflets narrowly lanceolate, terminal leaflet near-ly 4 × as long as lateral leaflets, margin remotely shallowly mi-nute serrate.

● Mountainous areas, dense forests in valleys, water courses; be-low 1200 m. N Guangdong (Ruyuan Xian, Yangshan Xian).

73b. Rubus paucidentatus var. guangxiensis T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 304. 1982.

广西少齿悬钩子 guang xi shao chi xuan gou zi

Blade of leaflets oblong-elliptic to elliptic, terminal leafletslightly longer than lateral leaflets, margin nearly entire.

● Montane valleys, dense forests along stream sides; ca. 800 m. SGuangxi (Shiwan Dashan).

74. Rubus impressinervus F. P. Metcalf, Lingnan. Sci. J. 11:12. 1932.

陷脉悬钩子 xian mai xuan gou zi

Herbs 0.5�1 m tall. Stems brown or reddish brown, cylin-dric, glabrous, with sparse, small prickles. Leaves simple; stip-ules linear, 8�10 mm, glabrous, margin entire; blade lanceolateor oblong-lanceolate, 10�22 × 2�5 cm, veins 9�12 pairs, raisedabaxially, impressed adaxially, both surfaces glabrous, adaxi-

ally with sparse, small prickles along midvein, base rounded,margin sparsely sharply serrate, apex acuminate to caudate.Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 1-flowered. Pedicel 1.5�2.5cm, glabrous, unarmed. Flowers to 1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abax-ially glabrous; sepals erect after anthesis, ovate or lanceolate, 1�1.3 cm × 6�9 mm, apex abruptly pointed, inner sepals withyellowish gray tomentose margin. Petals white, 1.1�1.4 cm ×6�10 mm. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments broad-ened and flattened. Pistils nearly as long as stamens; ovaryslightly soft hairy; torus basally with ca. 5 mm stalk; stylesglabrous. Aggregate fruit brownish red, subglobose, ca. 2 cm indiam., glabrous; pyrenes 1�2 mm, deeply foveolate. Fl. Jun�Jul,fr. Aug�Sep.

● Montane valleys, dense forests, grasslands, wet waste places;1300�1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

75. Rubus lasiostylus Focke, Hooker�s Icon. Pl., ser. 3, 10: t.1951. 1891.

绵果悬钩子 mian guo xuan gou zi

Shrubs to 2 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddish brown,glabrous or sparsely pubescent when young, glabrescent, ± withneedle-like to curved prickles, sometimes glaucous. Leavesimparipinnate, 3(�7)-foliolate; petiole 5�10 cm, petiolule ofterminal leaflet 2�3.5 cm, lateral leaflets subsessile, glabrous orsparsely pilose, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules ovate-lan-ceolate to ovate, 0.8�1.6 cm × (4�)6�10 mm, brownish, gla-brous, apex acuminate; blade of leaflets ovate, broadly ovate, orelliptic, 3�10 × 2.5�9 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose,with sparse, minute prickles along veins, adaxially sparselythinly pubescent, base rounded to shallowly cordate, margin un-evenly coarsely doubly serrate, usually 2- or 3-lobed on termi-nal leaflet, apex acuminate or acute. Inflorescences terminal,corymbose, 4�6 cm, several flowered, sometimes axillary and1- or 2-flowered; bracts brownish, ovate-lanceolate to ovate,0.8�1.6 cm × 5�10 mm, glabrous. Pedicel 2�4 cm, glabrous orhairy, ± with minute prickles. Flowers 2�3 cm in diam. Calyxpurplish red, abaxially glabrous or hairy; sepals erect, rarely re-flexed in fruit, broadly ovate, 1.2�1.8 cm × 6�10 mm, innersepals with margin gray tomentose, apex acuminate. Petals red,suborbicular, 6�9 mm in diam., shorter than sepals, base nar-rowly clawed, margin erose or coarsely dentate. Stamens some-what shorter than petals. Pistils many; apical part of ovary andbasal part of style densely gray or grayish yellow long tomen-tose. Aggregate fruit red, globose, 1.5�2 cm in diam., denselylong tomentose or not and soft hairy, with persistent styles. Fl.May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Slopes, thickets, forests in valleys, forest margins, roadsides;1000�3000 m. Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

1a. Aggregate fruit soft hairy, nottomentose ............................................. 75e. var. hubeiensis

1b. Aggregate fruit densely long tomentose.2a. Abaxial surface of calyx and

pedicel glabrous.3a. Leaves 3(�5)-foliolate; stipules

and bracts 8�16 × 5�10 mm.............................................. 75a. var. lasiostylus

3b. Leaves 5(�7)-foliolate; stipulesand bracts 8�10 × 4�5 mm ..... 75b. var. dizygos

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

2b. Abaxial surface of calyx andpedicel hairy.4a. Abaxial surface of calyx

pubescent and with sparse,minute prickles; pedicelpubescent, glandular, withsparse, minute prickles......................................... 75c. var. eglandulosus

4b. Abaxial surface of calyxdensely long tomentose,unarmed; pedicel longtomentose, with sparse,minute prickles .................. 75d. var. tomentosus

75a. Rubus lasiostylus var. lasiostylus

绵果悬钩子(原变种) mian guo xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus lasiostylus f. glabratus Focke.

Leaves 3(�5)-foliolate; stipules and bracts 0.8�1.6 cm × 5�10 mm. Abaxial surface of calyx and pedicel glabrous.

● Thickets on slopes, forests in valleys; 1000�2500 m. Hubei,Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

75b. Rubus lasiostylus var. dizygos Focke in Sargent, Pl.Wilson. 1: 53. 1911.

五叶绵果悬钩子 wu ye mian guo xuan gou zi

Rubus pileatus Focke var. canotomentosus Focke.

Leaves 5(�7)-foliolate; stipules and bracts 8�10 × 4�5mm. Abaxial surface of calyx and pedicel glabrous.

● Thickets in valleys, forest margins, grassy slopes; 2600�3000m. Hubei, Sichuan.

75c. Rubus lasiostylus var. eglandulosus Focke, Hooker�sIcon. Pl., ser. 3, 10: t. 1951. 1891.

腺梗绵果悬钩子 xian geng mian guo xuan gou zi

Pedicel pubescent, glandular, with sparse, minute prickles.Abaxial surface of calyx pubescent, with sparse, minute prick-les.

● Thickets, roadsides. Hubei.

75d. Rubus lasiostylus var. tomentosus Focke, Hooker�s Icon.Pl., ser. 3, 10: t. 1951. 1891.

绒毛绵果悬钩子 rong mao mian guo xuan gou zi

Pedicel long tomentose, with sparse, minute prickles.Abaxial surface of calyx densely long tomentose, unarmed.

● Slopes, roadsides. Hubei.

75e. Rubus lasiostylus var. hubeiensis T. T. Yu et al., J. Ar-nold Arbor. 64: 58. 1983.

鄂西绵果悬钩子 e xi mian guo xuan gou zi

Aggregate fruit soft hairy, not long tomentose.

● Slopes; 2700�2900. W Hubei.

76. Rubus wushanensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 305. 1982.

巫山悬钩子 wu shan xuan gou zi

Shrubs to 2 m tall. Branchlets brownish, cylindric, gla-brous, with sparse prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, 5(�7)-folio-late; petiole 8�10 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 2�3 cm, lat-eral leaflets subsessile, petiolule and rachis glabrous or sparselypubescent, with sparse, small prickles; stipules purplish, subor-bicular or broadly ovate, 1.2�1.8 × 1.2�1.9 cm, membranous,glabrous; blade of leaflets elliptic, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate,10�12 × 3.5�7 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxiallyglabrous, base rounded, obliquely rounded on lateral leaflets,margin irregularly coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Inflores-cences terminal, corymbose, several flowered; bracts broadlyovate or suborbicular, nearly as large as or slightly larger thanstipules, membranous. Pedicel 2�3 cm, glabrous, unarmed. Ca-lyx reddish brown, abaxially glabrous; sepals erect, broadlyovate or ovate-lanceolate, only inner sepals with gray tomen-tose margin, apex shortly acuminate. Petals narrowly obovate,shorter than sepals, base shortly clawed. Stamens many; fila-ments linear, base slightly broader. Pistils longer than stamens;apical part of ovary and basal part of style densely long graytomentose. Aggregate fruit subglobose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.,densely long gray tomentose, with persistent styles. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Mountainous areas; below 2000 m. Chongqing (Wushan Xian).

77. Rubus pentagonus Wallich ex Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft72): 145. 1911.

掌叶悬钩子 zhang ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scrambling, 1.5�3 m tall. Branchlets climbing,brownish to dark brown, slightly pubescent when young, laterglabrous, with sparse prickles, often with stalked glands.Leaves palmately 3- or 5-foliolate; petiole 2�4 cm, sparsely pu-bescent, with stalked glands and minute prickles, rarely withoutstalked glands, leaflets sessile; stipules linear-lanceolate, 7�10mm, puberulous, margin with shortly stalked glands, marginentire or deeply 2-laciniate; blade of leaflets rhombic-lanceo-late, 3�8(�11) × 1.5�4 cm, abaxially sparsely pubescent, adax-ially pilose along veins, base cuneate, margin incised coarse-doubly serrate, apex acuminate to caudate. Inflorescences ter-minal, corymbose, 2�3 cm, 2- or 3-flowered or with flowerssolitary in leaf axils; bracts linear-lanceolate, 6�9 mm, oftenwith stalked glands, margin entire or 2- or 3-laciniate. Pedicel1.5�2.5 cm, glabrous, with sparse, gland-tipped hairs and smallprickles. Flowers to 2 cm in diam. Calyx glabrous, abaxiallyglandular pubescent, with minute prickles; sepals erect, spread-ing, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.8�1.2(�3) cm × 5�8 mm,margin entire or 3-laciniate, inner sepals with tomentose mar-gin, apex acuminate or caudate. Petals white, elliptic or oblong,much shorter than sepals, base shortly clawed. Stamens many;filaments broad. Pistils 10�15, slightly shorter than stamens;style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit red or orange-red,subglobose, to 2 cm in diam., glabrous, enclosed in calyx; pyre-nes reniform, to 4 mm, rugose. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jun�Jul.

Forests, forest margins on slopes, thickets, valleys, roadsides;1300�3600 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NW India,N Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam].

1a. Plants with stalked glands and minute

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

or needle-like prickles ....................... 77a. var. pentagonus1b. Plants usually without stalked glands,

unarmed, rarely with few stalkedglands or needle-like prickles.2a. Flowers more than 1.5 cm in

diam.; sepals 2�3 cm, apicallylong caudate; leaves palmately3-foliolate ................................ 77d. var. longisepalus

2b. Flowers less than 1.5 cm in diam.;sepals not more than 2 cm,apically acuminate; leaves3- or 5-foliolate.3a. Leaves palmately

3-foliolate ............................. 77b. var. modestus3b. Leaves palmately

5-foliolate ....................... 77c. var. eglandulosus

77a. Rubus pentagonus var. pentagonus

掌叶悬钩子(原变种) zhang ye xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus tridactylus Focke.

Plants with stalked glands and minute or needle-like prick-les. Flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam.

Evergreen forests, mixed forests, thickets; 1300�3600 m. Gui-zhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NW India, N Myanmar, Ne-pal, Sikkim, Vietnam].

77b. Rubus pentagonus var. modestus (Focke) T. T. Yu & L.T. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 37. 111. 1985.

无刺掌叶悬钩子 wu ci zhang ye xuan gou zi

Rubus modestus Focke, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen14: 296. 1897; R. modicus Focke.

Leaves palmately 3-foliolate. Flowers less than 1.5 cm indiam. Sepals not more than 2 cm.

● Forest margins on slopes, thickets, valleys; 1600�2800 m. Gui-zhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.

77c. Rubus pentagonus var. eglandulosus T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 306. 1982.

无腺掌叶悬钩子 wu xian zhang ye xuan gou zi

Leaves palmately 5-foliolate. Flowers less than 1.5 cm indiam. Sepals not more than 2 cm.

● Forests; 2000�2400 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian).

77d. Rubus pentagonus var. longisepalus T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 305. 1982.

长萼掌叶悬钩子 chang e zhang ye xuan gou zi

Leaves palmately 3-foliolate. Flowers more than 1.5 cm indiam. Sepals 2�3 cm, apex long caudate.

● Mixed forests on slopes, roadsides; 1500�2000 m. SE Yunnan(Pingbian Xian, Wenshan Xian).

78. Rubus quinquefoliolatus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, ActaPhytotax. Sin. 20: 306. 1982.

五叶悬钩子 wu ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, ca. 1.5 m tall. Branchlets reddish brown

to purplish brown when young, grayish brown in age, terete,soft hairy, glabrescent, with sparse prickles. Leaves palmately5-foliolate; petiole 2�4 cm; leaflets sessile or subsessile, softhairy; stipules linear-lanceolate, 4�6 mm, puberulous, usuallyundivided; blade of leaflets elliptic-lanceolate or rhombic-lan-ceolate, 3�7 × 1�2.4 cm, terminal leaflet slightly longer thanlateral leaflets, both surfaces soft hairy along veins, base cune-ate, margin coarsely sharply serrate and doubly serrate, apexacuminate to caudate. Inflorescences terminal on lateral branch-lets, 1-flowered; bracts linear-lanceolate, 3�5 mm, puberulous,margin entire. Pedicel 2�3.5 cm, glabrous. Flowers 1.5�2 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially glabrous, unarmed or with sparse, nee-dle-like prickles; tube broadly pelviform; sepals erect, spread-ing, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 8�10 mm, marginentire, rarely apically shallowly 2- or 3-laciniate, inner sepalstomentose at margin, apex caudate. Petals white, ovate or ellip-tic, much shorter than sepals, puberulous, base slightly clawed.Stamens many, uniseriate; filaments broad, complanate. Pistils10�15; ovary and base of style yellowish villous. Aggregatefruit red, semiglobose, 1�1.5 cm in diam., together with persis-tent styles villous, enclosed in calyx; pyrenes to 4 mm, rugose.Fl. Apr�May, fr. May�Jun.

● Slopes, stream side forests, mixed forests on low ridges; 1600�2500 m. SW Guizhou (Anlong Xian), SW Yunnan (Shuangjiang Xian).

79. Rubus peltatus Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, ser. 3, 17: 154. 1872.

盾叶莓 dun ye mei

Shrubs upright or climbing, 1�2 m tall. Branchlets reddishbrown or brownish, cylindric, glabrous, with sparse prickles;prickles broad, flat, glaucous. Leaves simple; petiole 4�8 cm,glabrous, with minute prickles; stipules brownish, ovate orovate-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm × 7�10 mm, membranous, glabrous,margin entire; blade peltate, ovate-orbicular, 7�17 × 6�15 cm,both surfaces appressed villous, abaxially with more densesmall prickles along midvein, base cordate, margin palmately3�5-lobed; lobes triangular-ovate, terminal lobe slightly longerthan or as long as lateral leaflets, irregularly tenuous-serrate,apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescences ca. 5 cm or morein diam., 1-flowered; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 7�12 ×4�7 mm, glabrous. Pedicel 2.5�4.5 cm, glabrous. Calyx tubepelviform, glabrous; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.4 cm × 6�8mm, soft hairy, margin usually dentate, or apically laciniate;lobes linear. Petals white, suborbicular, 1.8�2.5 cm in diam.,longer than sepals. Stamens numerous, unequal in length, muchshorter than petals; filaments subulate or linear. Pistils to 100 orslightly more, soft hairy. Aggregate fruit orange-red, terete orcylindric, 3�4.5 × 1�1.5 cm, densely soft hairy; pyrenes rugose.Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jun�Jul. 2n = 14.

Slopes, foothills, forest margins, ravines, moist waste places; 300�1500 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan].

The edible fruit are used in medicine.

80. Rubus glabricarpus W. C. Cheng, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci.Soc. China, Bot. Ser. 10: 147. 1936.

光果悬钩子 guang guo xuan gou zi

Shrubs to 3 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddish brown,

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

terete, slender, prickly; prickles basally broadened and flatten-ed; young shoots brown-yellow to purplish red, with soft hairsand intermixed glandular hairs or glabrous. Leaves simple; peti-ole 1�2 cm, slender, with soft hairs and intermixed glandularhairs or glabrous, with minute prickles; stipules linear, 5�8 mm,pilose, with intermixed glandular hairs; blade narrowly ovate toovate-lanceolate, 4�7 × 2�4.5 cm, both surfaces soft hairy,more densely so or with glandular hairs along veins, sparselypilose in age, base somewhat cordate or subtruncate, margin 3-,rarely 5-lobed or incised-lobed, irregularly doubly serrate orincised-serrate, with stalked glands, apex acuminate. Inflores-cences terminal or axillary, 1-flowered, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.Pedicel 5�10(�15) mm, soft hairy or glabrous, with stalkedglands. Calyx soft hairy, abaxially with stalked glands; tubecampanulate; sepals lanceolate, 7�10 × 2�4 mm, apex caudate.Petals white, ovate-oblong or oblong, 8�10 × 4�7 mm, nearlyas long as sepals, glabrous, apex obtuse or subacute. Stamensmany, shorter than petals; filaments broad, complanate. Pistilsshorter than stamens; ovary glabrous, with sparse, glandularhairs. Aggregate fruit red, ovoid-globose, 1(�2) cm in diam.,glabrous or with sparse, stalked glands; pyrenes rugose. Fl.Mar�May, fr. May�Jun.

● Slopes, bases of mountains, river banks, forests; low to mediumelevations. Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang.

1a. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicelwith soft hairs and stalked glands;aggregate fruit ca. 1 cm in diam. .... 80a. var. glabricarpus

1b. Branchlets, petioles, and pedicelglabrous, with sparse, stalked glands;aggregate fruit 1.5�2 cm in diam. ........ 80b. var. glabratus

80a. Rubus glabricarpus var. glabricarpus

光果悬钩子(原变种) guang guo xuan gou zi (yuan bianzhong)

Rubus corchorifolius Linnaeus f. var. neillioides Focke; R.neillioides (Focke) Migo.

Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel soft hairy, with stalkedglands. Aggregate fruit ca. 1 cm in diam.

● Slopes, bases of mountains, river banks, mixed forests; low tomedium elevations. Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang.

80b. Rubus glabricarpus var. glabratus C. Z. Zheng & Y. Y.Fang, J. Hangzhou Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 15(2): 198. 1988.

无毛光果悬钩子 wu mao guang guo xuan gou zi

Rubus jiangxiensis Z. X. Yu et al.

Branchlets, petioles, and pedicel glabrous, with sparse,stalked glands. Aggregate fruit 1.5�2 cm in diam. or slightlylarger.

● Forests on slopes; ca. 1100 m. Zhejiang (Suichang Xian).

81. Rubus corchorifolius Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 263. 1782.

山莓 shan mei

Rubus althaeoides Hance; R. arisanensis Hayata; R. ari-sanensis var. horishaensis Hayata; R. corchorifolius var. glaberMatsumura; R. corchorifolius var. oliveri (Miquel) Focke; R.corchorifolius f. roseolus Z. X. Yu; R. involucratus Focke; R.

kerrifolius H. Léveillé & Vaniot; R. oliveri Miquel; R. otophor-us Franchet; R. shinkoensis Hayata; R. suishaensis Hayata; R.vaniotii H. Léveillé & Vaniot; R. villosus Thunberg.

Shrubs erect, 1�3 m tall. Branchlets brownish or darkbrown to blackish brown, cylindric, prickly, finely hairy, gla-brescent. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2 cm, with dense fine, softhairs when young, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules linear-lanceolate or linear, 5�7 mm, soft hairy; blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5�12 × 2.5�5 cm, abaxially somewhat dark, denselyfinely pubescent when young, gradually glabrescent, subglabre-scent, with sparse, small prickles along midvein, adaxially pale,finely pubescent along veins, base somewhat cordate, some-times subtruncate or subrounded, margin undivided or 3-lobed,usually 3-divided on sterile branches, irregularly sharply serrateto doubly serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 1-flowered orfew flowers terminal on short lateral branchlets. Pedicel (0.6�)1�2 cm, finely pubescent. Flowers 1.5�2(�3) cm in diam. Calyxabaxially densely finely pubescent, unarmed; sepals ovate ortriangular-ovate, 5�8 × 2.5�4 mm, apex acute to shortly acu-minate. Petals white or pinkish, oblong or elliptic, 0.9�1.2 cm ×6�8 mm, longer than sepals, glabrous, base clawed, apex ob-tuse. Stamens much shorter than petals; filaments short, com-planate. Pistils many, slightly shorter than stamens; ovary pu-bescent. Aggregate fruit of many drupelets, red, subglobose orovoid-globose, 1�1.2 cm in diam., densely finely pubescent;pyrenes rugose. Fl. Feb�Apr, fr. Apr�Jun. 2n = 14.

Sunny slopes, stream sides, montane valleys, thickets, wasteplaces; 200�2600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu (except NE), Guizhou,Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hu-nan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shandong,Shanxi, S Shaanxi (Qin Ling), Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Xizang [Ja-pan, Korea, Myanmar, Vietnam].

The fresh fruit are used for making jam, drinks, and wine. Thefruit, seeds, and roots are used in medicine. The stems and roots are asource of tannin.

A form with semidouble or double flowers has been named Rubuscorchorifolius f. semiplenus Z. X. Yu. It occurs in Jiangxi and grows onthickets on slopes of hills at about 50 m in elevation.

82. Rubus kwangsiensis H. L. Li, J. Arnold Arbor. 26(1): 63.1945.

广西悬钩子 guang xi xuan gou zi

Rubus peii R. H. Miao.

Shrubs climbing. Branchlets brown to grayish brown,slightly angled, glabrous, with sparse, curved prickles. Leavessimple; petiole 1.5�3 cm, glabrous, with sparse, curved prick-les; stipules lanceolate, 6�8 mm, glabrous; blade narrowly obo-vate, 7�12 × 4�6 cm, lateral veins 7 or 8 pairs, abaxially gla-brous, adaxially glabrous except slightly pubescent along veins,base subcordate, margin unevenly coarsely sharply serrate todoubly serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence terminal or axil-lary, 1-flowered. Pedicel ca. 1 cm, glabrous. Flowers ca. 2 cmin diam. Calyx abaxially glabrous; sepals triangular-lanceolate,1�1.5 cm, margin slightly tomentose, apex acuminate to cau-date. Petals red, obovate, 7�8 × 6�7 mm, glabrous or basallypuberulous. Stamens shorter than petals; filaments linear. Pistils

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

many; soft hairy apically on apex of ovary and basally on style.Fruit unknown. Fl. Apr�May.

● Forests at mountain summits. Guangdong, NE Guangxi (ZiyuanXian).

83. Rubus taitoensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo30(1): 96. 1911.

台东刺花悬钩子 tai dong ci hua xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 1�2 m tall. Branchlets brownish to darkreddish brown, cylindric, slightly pubescent, with sparse prick-les, glabrous or nearly so in age. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2(�4)cm, pubescent, with minute prickles; stipules linear-lanceolate,6�9 mm, slightly pubescent; blade broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, 6�8(�10) × 3�5.5(�7) cm, papery, 3�5-veined, abaxiallypale, pubescent, with small prickles along veins, adaxiallythinly pubescent especially along veins, finally glabrous, baseslightly cordate to truncate, margin incised-serrate to doublyserrate, 3-parted near middle or not lobed, central lobe con-tracted and becoming entire toward base, apex acuminate, lat-eral leaflets ovate, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal or axil-lary, 1-flowered or flowers in clusters of 2 or 3; bracts linear, 5�7 mm, slightly pubescent. Pedicel 1�2 cm, pubescent. Flowers1.8�2.8 cm in diam. Calyx campanulate, abaxially pubescent,with sparse, needle-like prickles; sepals triangular-lanceolate,7�12 × 3�5 mm, apex long caudate. Petals white, broadly ovate,7�9 × 6�8 mm, glabrous, base clawed. Stamens numerous,shorter than petals; filaments broad, complanate. Pistils shorterthan stamens; styles to 4 mm, base long hairy. Aggregate fruitred at maturity, globose, 0.9�1.2 cm in diam., sparsely pu-bescent, finally glabrous; pyrenes rugulose. Fl. May�Jun, fr.Jul�Aug. 2n = 14*.

● Mountainous regions; 1500�2800 m. Taiwan.

1a. Leaves 3-parted; petioles 1�2 cm ......... 83a. var. taitoensis1b. Leaves not lobed; petioles 2�4 cm

........................................................ 83b. var. aculeatiflorus

83a. Rubus taitoensis var. taitoensis

台东刺花悬钩子(原变种) tai dong ci hua xuan gou zi (yuanbian zhong)

Rubus aculeatiflorus Hayata var. taitoensis (Hayata) Y. C.Liu & Yang, nom. illeg.

Leaves deeply 3-lobed; petioles 1�2 cm.

● Mountainous regions; 1500�2500 m. Taiwan.

83b. Rubus taitoensis var. aculeatiflorus (Hayata) H. Ohashi& C. F. Hsieh, Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 3: 143. 1993.

刺花悬钩子 ci hua xuan gou zi

Rubus aculeatiflorus Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 39.1915; R. mingetsensis Hayata; R. mingetsensis var. taitoensis(Hayata) Y. C. Liu & Yang.

Leaves not lobed; petioles 2�4 cm.

● Mountains; 1500�2800 m. Taiwan.

84. Rubus trianthus Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 140.1911.

三花悬钩子 san hua xuan gou zi

Rubus conduplicatus Duthie ex Hayata; R. incisus Thun-berg var. conduplicatus (Duthie ex Hayata) Koidzumi; R. in-cisus var. formosanus (Cardot) Masamune; R. incisus subsp.koehneanus (Focke) Koidzumi; R. koehneanus Focke; R.koehneanus var. formosanus Cardot; R. retusipetalus Hayata.

Shrubs scandent, 0.5�2 m tall. Branchlets brown or darkpurplish to purplish black, terete, slender, glabrous, with fewprickles to 5 mm and glaucous bloom. Leaves simple; petiole1�3(�4) cm, glabrous, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules lan-ceolate or linear, 7�9 mm, glabrous; blade ovate-lanceolate tooblong-lanceolate, 4�9 × 2�5 cm, papery, both surfaces gla-brous, abaxially usually pale or whitish, base cordate, rarelysubtruncate, margin 3-lobed or not, usually deeply 3-lobed onsterile branchlets, terminal lobe ovate-lanceolate, unevenly in-cised-serrate to doubly serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescencesterminal or axillary, flowers in clusters of 3 or in short fewflowered racemes, 3�5 cm; bracts lanceolate or linear, 5�7 mm,glabrous. Pedicel 1�2.5 cm, glabrous. Flowers 1�1.7 cm indiam. Calyx cupular, abaxially glabrous; sepals triangular-ovateto lanceolate, 5�8 × 2.5�4 mm, apex acuminate to long caudate.Petals white, oblong or elliptic, rarely obovate, longer than se-pals, both surfaces glabrous or slightly pubescent becomingglabrous, base clawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; fila-ments broad, complanate. Pistils ca. 10�50, shorter than sta-mens; ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit red at maturity, subglo-bose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes rugose. Fl. Apr�May,fr. May�Jun.

Mixed forests on slopes, forest margins, grassy slopes, roadsides,stream sides, montane valleys; 500�2800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou,Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang[Vietnam].

Further study is required to determine the identity of Rubus gla-bricarpus W. C. Cheng var. eglandulosus Y. Gu & W. L. Li (Bull. Bot.Res., Harbin 20: 122. 2000), described from Yunnan, which might besynonymous with R. trianthus.

85. Rubus grayanus Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, ser. 3, 7: 152. 1872.

中南悬钩子 zhong nan xuan gou zi

Shrubs 0.5�2 m tall. Branchlets brownish to purplishbrown, slightly angled, glabrous, nearly unarmed or with sparseprickles. Leaves simple; petiole 2�3 cm, slender, glabrous, withsparse, minute prickles; stipules linear, 5�7 mm, glabrous;blade ovate to elliptic, 7�10 × 3�6 cm, both surfaces glabrous,or with few soft hairs only along veins, abaxially with sparse,minute prickles along midvein, base truncate to cordate, marginoften undivided, sometimes 3�5-lobed, unevenly coarselysharply serrate to doubly serrate, apex acuminate to caudate.Inflorescences terminal on short branchlets, 1-flowered. Pedicel1�2.5 cm, glabrous, occasionally with sparse, glandular hairs.Flowers to 2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially glabrous; tube pelvi-form; sepals spreading or reflexed in fruit, ovate-triangular,0.8�1.4 cm × 3�5 mm, margin tomentose, apex caudate. Petalsred, 0.8�1.4 cm in diam., nearly as long as or slightly longerthan sepals, glabrous, base shortly clawed. Stamens many; fila-ments and anthers purplish red. Pistils numerous, more than

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

100, shorter than stamens; ovary purplish red, glabrous; stylesglabrous. Aggregate fruit yellowish red, ovoid-globose, 1�1.2cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes reniform, small, foveolate. Fl.Apr�May, fr. Jun�Jul. 2n = 14.

Slopes, sunny areas, montane valleys, thickets, mixed forestsalong water courses; 300�1100 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hu-nan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].

1a. Leaves often not divided ....................... 85a. var. grayanus1b. Leaves usually 3-divided ..................... 85b. var. trilobatus

85a. Rubus grayanus var. grayanus

中南悬钩子(原变种) zhong nan xuan gou zi (yuan bianzhong)

Leaves often undivided, sometimes 3�5-lobed only onsterile branchlets.

Slopes, sunny areas, montane valleys, thickets, mixed forestsalong water courses; 500�1100 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hu-nan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].

85b. Rubus grayanus var. trilobatus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 307. 1982.

三裂中南悬钩子 san lie zhong nan xuan gou zi

Leaves usually 3-lobed; lobes triangular-ovate, terminallobe ca. more than 2 × as long as lateral leaflets.

● Slopes; 300�700 m. C and N Fujian (Chong�an Xian, ShaXian), Zhejiang.

86. Rubus yanyunii Y. T. Chang & L. Y. Chen, Guihaia 15(1):1. 1995.

九仙莓 jiu xian mei

Shrubs scrambling or suberect, 1�2(�3) m tall. Branchesbrown or dark brown, glabrous; annotinous branchlets brown-ish, glabrous, with sparse, curved prickles. Leaves simple; peti-ole 1.5�2.5 cm, glabrous, sometimes with sparse, small stalkedglands; stipule linear or linear-lanceolate, 6�8 mm, glabrous;blade ovate or oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 6�12(�14) × 3.5�4.5(�6) cm, abaxially pale gray or somewhat purplish red, some-times with sparse, slender prickles along midvein, adaxially us-ually green, glabrous except puberulous at base of midvein,base cordate to deeply cordate, basal incision sometimes narrowand deep forming overlapped incised margin, margin serrate,apex acuminate or abruptly with a 1�2 cm point. Inflorescencesterminal or axillary, 1-flowered; bracts similar to stipules, butsmaller. Pedicel 0.8�1.8 cm, glabrous. Calyx abaxially gla-brous; sepals triangular-lanceolate, 6�8 mm, glabrous or withsparse, minute stalked glands, apex caudate. Petals spreading,white, longer than sepals. Stamens many. Pistils numerous,densely gray tomentose. Aggregate fruit pale golden, subglo-bose; pyrenes reniform, ca. 1.5 mm, alveolate. Fl. spring, fr.spring�summer.

● Thickets at forest margins; 700�1600 m. S Fujian (Dehua Xian,Shanghang Xian).

87. Rubus crataegifolius Bunge, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2: 98. 1835.

牛叠肚 niu die du

Rubus ampelophyllus H. Léveillé; R. crataegifolius f.flavescens Skvortsov; R. davidianus Kuntze; R. ouensanensisH. Léveillé & Vaniot; R. wrightii A. Gray.

Shrubs erect, 1�2(�3) m tall. Branchlets brown or reddishbrown, angular, thinly pubescent when young, gradually glabre-scent, with slightly curved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 2�5cm, pilose, with minute prickles, stipules linear, 6�8 mm, thinlypubescent or subglabrous; blade ovate to narrowly ovate, 5�12× 5�8 cm, palmately 5-veined, abaxially pubescent and withminute prickles along veins, adaxially subglabrous, base cor-date or subtruncate, margin palmately 3�5-lobed; lobes ovate ornarrowly obovate, terminal lobe usually acuminate, lateral leaf-lets acute, irregularly incised-serrate. Inflorescences terminal,rarely axillary, short racemes or flowers several in cluster, 3�5cm; bracts linear, 4�7 mm, slightly pubescent. Pedicel 5�10mm, pubescent. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxiallythinly pubescent, subglabrous in fruit; sepals ovate-triangular orovate, 6�9 × 3�5 mm, apex acuminate. Petals white, elliptic oroblong, 7�9 × 4�5 mm, base puberulous and long clawed, mar-gin erose or slightly undulate. Stamens erect, much shorter thanpetals; filaments broad, complanate. Pistils numerous, slightlyshorter than stamens; style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruityellow to dark red, subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous, lus-trous; pyrenes rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Sep. 2n = 14*, 21*,28*.

Sunny thickets on slopes, forest margins, ravines, roadsides; 300�2500 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol,Shandong, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, E Russia].

88. Rubus chingii H. H. Hu, J. Arnold Arbor. 6: 141. 1925.

掌叶覆盆子 zhang ye fu pen zi

Shrubs lianoid, 1.5�3 m tall. Branchlets green whenyoung, reddish brown in age, cylindric, slender, glabrous, withsparse prickles 5�6 mm and glaucous bloom. Leaves simple;petiole green, 2�4 cm, slightly pubescent or glabrous, withsparse prickles 5�6 mm; stipules green, linear-lanceolate, 7�10mm, puberulous or glabrous; blade suborbicular, 5�11(�16) ×5�13(�18) cm, palmately (3�)5�7-veined, both surfaces pubes-cent or subglabrous, base cordate, margin usually palmately(3�)5(�8)-lobed; lobes elliptic to rhombic-lanceolate, terminallobe slightly longer than lateral lobes, lobes contracted towardbase, doubly serrate, apex acuminate to caudate. Inflorescencesterminal on short branchlets, 1-flowered. Pedicel 2�3.5(�4) cm,usually glabrous. Flowers 2.5�4(�5) cm in diam. Calyx some-what green or purplish red, abaxially densely pubescent; tubebroadly pelviform; sepals narrowly ovate to ovate-oblong, 7�10× 4�6 mm, apex acute to shortly acuminate, abruptly longpointed. Petals white, elliptic or ovate-oblong, rarely obovate,1�1.5(�2.5) × 0.7�1.5 cm, glabrous, base shortly clawed, apexobtuse. Stamens many in 3 whorls, unequal in length, shorterthan petals; filaments broad, complanate. Pistils numerous,shorter than longer stamens, nearly as long as shorter ones;ovary densely gray pubescent. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose,1.5�2 cm in diam., densely gray pubescent; pyrenes rugose. Fl.Mar�Apr, fr. May�Jun. 2n = 14.

Slopes, broad-leaved evergreen forests on hills, coniferous forests,thickets, roadsides; below 500�1000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Jiang-su, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

The specific epithet honors the collector of the type specimen, R.C. Ching, although it was misspelled “chungii” in the protologue. Hulater corrected it to “chingii” (J. Arnold. Arbor. 7: 70. 1926).

The very sweet fruit are eaten fresh and are also used for makingjam, jelly, and various drinks, including wine. The fruit, roots, andleaves are used in medicine.

1a. Leaves palmately 5-parted, rarely 3- or7-parted; flowers 2.5�4 cm in diam.;petals 1�1.5(�2) cm ................................... 88a. var. chingii

1b. Leaves palmately 5�7-parted, rarely 6-or 8-parted; flowers 3�5 cm in diam.;petals 1.4�2.5 cm .............................. 88b. var. suavissimus

88a. Rubus chingii var. chingii

掌叶覆盆子(原变种) zhang ye fu pen zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus officinalis Koidzumi; R. palmatus Hemsley (1887),not Thunberg (1784).

Leaves palmately 5-parted, rarely 3- or 7-parted. Flowers2.5�4 cm in diam. Petals 1�1.5(�2) cm.

Slopes, shaded thickets, roadsides; low to medium elevations. An-hui, Fujian, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].

Further study is required to determine the identity of Rubus sep-temlobus H. L. Li (J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 62. 1945), described fromGuangxi, which might be synonymous with R. chingii var. chingii.

88b. Rubus chingii var. suavissimus (S. Lee) L. T. Lu, ActaPhytotax. Sin. 38: 280. 2000.

甜茶 tian cha

Rubus suavissimus S. Lee, Guihaia 1(4): 17. 1981.

Leaves palmately 5�7-parted, rarely 6- or 8-parted. Flow-ers 3�5 cm in diam. Petals 1.4�2.5 cm.

● Broad-leaved evergreen forests on hills, coniferous forests,thickets; 500�1000 m. EC Guangxi (Guiping Xian, Jinxiu Xian).

The leaves are rich in sugar and are used to make a sweet tea in SChina.

2. Rubus sect. Lampobatus Focke in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(3): 31. 1888.

掌绿莓组 chang lu mei zu

Shrubs evergreen, prickly. Leaves usually ternate, sometimes pedately or palmately quinately compound, rarely simple, lea-thery; stipules mostly adnate to base of petiole, rarely free and on twig near petiole base. Flowers bisexual, forming large cymosepanicles. Aggregate fruit separating from torus, or adnate to torus and separating from base of torus at maturity, hollow or not.

One species in China.

89. Rubus lucens Focke, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 4:199. 1874.

光亮悬钩子 guang liang xuan gou zi

Shrubs evergreen, scandent, ca. 4 m tall. Branchlets thinlypubescent or subglabrous, becoming glabrescent, with minuteprickles. Leaves ternately-pinnately compound, 3-foliolate; pet-iole 4�10(�15) cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1.5�3 cm,lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate, thinly pubescent or sub-glabrescent, with sparse prickles; stipules caducous, linear orlanceolate, 5�7 mm, thinly pubescent; blade of leaflets ovate,broadly elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 8�13 × 4�7 cm, leathery,lateral veins 8�10 pairs, adaxially shiny, both surfaces glabrousor thinly pubescent only along veins, base rounded or broadlycuneate, margin sparsely shallowly sharply serrate, apex cau

date. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, cymose panicles, ter-minal ones 15�30 cm, lateral ones shorter; rachis and pedicelsthinly pubescent; bracts linear or lanceolate, 4�6 mm, pu-berulous. Pedicel ca. 1 cm. Calyx abaxially thinly soft hairy;tube pelviform; sepals erect in fruit, oblong, 4�6 × 2�3 mm,margin thinly gray tomentose, apex obtuse, abruptly pointed.Petals white or pink, obovate, nearly as long as sepals. Stamensusually 20�40, sometimes to more than 70, shorter than petals;filaments linear. Pistils 10 to more than 20, shorter than sta-mens; ovary soft hairy. Aggregate fruit subglobose, less than 1cm in diam., glabrous or slightly soft hairy, enclosed in calyx;pyrenes coarsely rugose. Fl. Jun�Aug, fr. Oct�Dec.

Montane valleys, ravines, forests, thickets; 600�3000 m. S Yun-nan [India, Indonesia, Philippines].

3. Rubus sect. Rubus

悬钩子组 xuan gou zi zu

Shrubs deciduous, usually prickly. Leaves ternate, papery, pedately or palmately quinately compound, rarely septernately com-pound, occasionally simple; stipules persistent, mostly adnate to base of petiole, rarely free and on twig near petiole base, narrow, un-divided. Flowers bisexual, forming cymose panicles and subracemes, or several in clusters, or solitary. Aggregate fruit adnate totorus, separating from base of torus, rarely separating from torus at maturity, not or rarely hollow.

One species in China.

90. Rubus caesius Linnaeus, Sp. P1. 1: 493. 1753.

欧洲木莓 ou zhou mu mei

Shrubs scandent, to 1.5 m tall. Branchlets yellow-green to

brownish, glabrous or puberulous, glaucous and with unequallong prickles. Leaves ternately-pinnately compound; petiole 4�7 cm, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2.5 cm, lateral leaflets sub-sessile, thinly pubescent, with minute prickles, sometimes with

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

intermixed shortly stipitate glands; stipules lanceolate or ellip-tic-lanceolate, 6�10 × 2�3 mm, pubescent, margin sparselystipitate glandular; blade broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, 4�7 ×3�7 cm, both surfaces puberulous, base rounded to truncate,margin incised, coarsely sharp doubly serrate, often 3-lobed,apex acute. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, corymbose orshort racemes, several to more than 10-flowered, terminal onesto 14 cm, with more flowers, axillary ones shorter, few flow-ered; rachis and pedicels pubescent, with minute prickles, some-times with intermixed shortly stipitate glands; bracts broadlylanceolate, 5�8 × 1�2 mm, pubescent or shortly stipitate gland

ular. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm. Flowers to 2 cm in diam. Calyx abax-ially pubescent, with minute prickles; tube short, pelviform; se-pals usually erect, ovate-lanceolate, 6�8 × 3�5 mm, apex acu-minate. Petals white, broadly elliptic or broadly oblong, nearlyas long as or slightly longer than sepals, glabrous, base shortlyclawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments linear.Pistils nearly as long as or slightly shorter than stamens; styleand ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit black, subglobose, ca. 1 cmin diam., glabrous. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug.

Forests in montane valleys, ravines, river banks; 1000�1500 m.Xinjiang [Russia; SW Asia, Europe, North America].

4. Rubus sect. Malachobatus Focke, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 4: 187. 1874.

木莓组 mu mei zu

Shrubs, rarely subshrubs or herbs, often prickly. Leaves simple, rarely palmately or pedately compound, 3�5-foliolate; stipulescaducous or persistent, free, on twig near base of petiole, broader, rarely narrower, serrate, lobed or dissected, occasionally not divi-ded. Flowers usually bisexual, rarely unisexual, in cymose panicles, subracemes, or corymbs, rarely flowers several in clusters orsolitary. Aggregate fruit adnate to torus, separating from base of torus at maturity, not hollow.

Ninety-two species (71 endemic) in China.

1a. Terminal inflorescences simple racemes or flowers solitary.2a. Flowers solitary, rarely in clusters of 2 or 3, terminal or axillary.

3a. Leaves compound, 3-foliolate, both surfaces sparsely soft hairy.4a. Plants with stalked glands; lateral leaflets suborbicular or ovate; flowers 3�4 cm in diam.; pedicel 3�4 cm;

pistils numerous ................................................................................................................................................... 179. R. wardii4b. Plants without stalked glands; lateral leaflets ovate or elliptic; flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam.; pedicel ca. 1

cm; pistils not numerous ................................................................................................................................. 180. R. metoensis3b. Leaves simple, glabrous or adaxially sparsely pubescent and abaxially tomentose.

5a. Leaves leathery, both surfaces glabrous, margin subentire or sparsely serrulate, base rounded tosubtruncate; petioles 0.5�1 cm; aggregate fruit ovoid-globose, densely thinly gray pubescent .............. 181. R. jambosoides

5b. Leaves not leathery, adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially tomentose, margin aristate-serrate, basedeeply cordate to subauriculate; petioles 2�2.5 cm; aggregate fruit globose, glabrous at maturity .......... 182. R. lohfauensis

2b. Terminal inflorescences simple racemes; leaves palmately compound, 3�5-foliolate, or simple.6a. Leaves palmately compound, 3�5-foliolate.

7a. Stipules and bracts palmately parted; leaflets sharply serrate; soft hairs of stamens deciduous inage ............................................................................................................................................................. 160. R. playfairianus

7b. Stipules and bracts usually entire or only apically serrate; leaflets sparsely minute serrate; soft hairsof stamens persistent in age ...................................................................................................................... 161. R. bambusarum

6b. Leaves simple.8a. Leaves deeply divided.

9a. Leaves lobes lanceolate or narrowly oblong, margin sparsely minute sharply serrate; inflorescences andcalyx without glandular hairs, or only abaxial surface of calyx with sparse, glandular hairs; aggregatefruit black .......................................................................................................................................................... 162. R. henryi

9b. Leaf lobes elliptic or oblong, margin densely coarsely sharply serrate; inflorescences and calyxwith sparse, glandular hairs; aggregate fruit red ............................................................................... 163. R. huangpingensis

8b. Leaves undivided or lobed.10a. Inflorescences stipitate glandular.

11a. Stipules and bracts palmatipartite nearly to base, late caducous; inflorescences and abaxial surfaceof calyx villous, with sparse, glandular hairs, without needle-like prickles ......................................... 170. R. refractus

11b. Stipules and bracts entire or toothed, caducous; inflorescence and calyx with stipitate glands andneedle-like prickles.

12a. Leaves leathery, undivided, abaxially yellowish brown to rust colored tomentose; inflorescencesand calyx with stipitate glands, with intermixed needle-like prickles ................................................... 164. R. dunnii

12b. Leaves not leathery, undivided or lobed, abaxially gray to rust colored tomentose; inflorescencesand calyx with unequal stipitate glands and needle-like prickles.

13a. Abaxial surface of leaves rust colored tomentose.14a. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, base rounded to truncate, rarely shallowly cordate,

not divided; abaxial surface of calyx tomentose; aggregate fruit dark red .................................. 168. R. gressittii

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

14b. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, base cordate, lobed or undulate; abaxial surface of calyxtomentose-villous; aggregate fruit black ................................................................................. 169. R. lichuanensis

13b. Abaxial surface of leaves gray to yellowish gray tomentose.15a. Leaves cordate at base, broadly ovate, lobed; inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyx

with glandular hairs 2�4 mm, with needle-like prickles .......................................................... 167. R. hanceanus15b. Leaves rounded or truncate to shallowly cordate at base, undivided; inflorescences and

calyx with glandular hairs 1�2 cm, unarmed.16a. Hairs of leaves of fruiting branchlets deciduous in age; sepals ovate or triangular-ovate ...... 165. R. swinhoei16b. Hairs of leaves of fruiting branchlets persistent in age; sepals lanceolate or triangular-

lanceolate ............................................................................................................................... 166. R. doyonensis10b. Inflorescences not stipitate glandular.

17a. Abaxial surface of leaves glabrous, or slightly hairy only along veins; terminal inflorescencescorymbose racemes ............................................................................................................................. 178. R. kawakamii

17b. Abaxial surface of leaves tomentose; terminal inflorescences racemes.18a. Leaves not leathery, abaxially gray or yellowish gray tomentose, coarsely sharply serrate.

19a. Aggregate fruit red; pedicel 1.5�3.5 cm; outer sepals apically laciniate, inner sepals entire;leaves basally subtruncate to shallowly cordate; stamens with few hairs only on anthers ....... 175. R. hemithyrsus

19b. Aggregate fruit purplish black; pedicel 0.7�1.5 cm; outer and inner sepals entire; leavesbasally subrounded to subtruncate; stamens villous or glabrous.

20a. Leaves narrowly obovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, base roundedto subtruncate; stamens glabrous or anthers slightly villous; styles ca. as long as or slightlylonger then stamens ................................................................................................................. 176. R. preptanthus

20b. Leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic, base subrounded; stamens villous; styles much longerthan stamens ................................................................................................................................ 177. R. malifolius

18b. Leaves leathery, abaxially densely yellowish to rust colored tomentose, minutely shallowly serrate.21a. Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx with dense, needle-like prickles; leaves abaxially

yellowish brown tomentose .......................................................................................................... 171. R. fujianensis21b. Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx unarmed; leaves abaxially rust colored or yellowish

tomentose.22a. Aggregate fruit black at maturity; leaves abaxially rust colored tomentellate, lateral veins

5�8 pairs; style villous .............................................................................................................. 174. R. caudifolius22b. Aggregate fruit red at maturity; leaves abaxially densely yellowish or yellowish brown

tomentose, lateral veins 7�11 pairs; styles glabrous or villous.23a. Leaves densely yellowish tomentose abaxially, lateral veins 8�11 pairs; petioles 0.8�1.5

cm; styles and ovary glabrous .................................................................................................. 172. R. oblongus23b. Leaves densely yellowish brown tomentose abaxially, lateral veins 7�9 pairs; petioles

1.5�3 cm; styles and apex of ovary hairy .......................................................................................... 173. R. liui1b. Terminal inflorescences cymose panicles or subracemes, rarely corymbs, or flowers several or solitary.

24a. Leaves palmately compound, 3�5-foliolate, rarely simple.25a. Leaflets pinnately veined with (20�)30�50 pairs of lateral veins, abaxially densely sericeous; stipules and

bracts not lobed .................................................................................................................................................... 91. R. lineatus25b. Leaflets reticulately veined, lateral veins few; abaxially tomentose or pilose; stipules and bracts palmately

divided or not.26a. Abaxial surface of leaflets tomentose; stipules and bracts 5�10 mm, palmately divided .................. 92. R. cochinchinensis26b. Abaxial surface of leaflets pilose; stipules and bracts leaflike, 20�35 mm, not divided, serrate ..... 93. R. foliaceistipulatus

24b. Leaves simple.27a. Stipules and bracts broader, usually 2�5 × 1�2 cm, rarely smaller, divided or serrate.

28a. Leaves abaxially glabrous except soft hairy along veins, lobed; stipules broadly to narrowly ovate,2�3 cm ............................................................................................................................................................... 159. R. wangii

28b. Leaves abaxially densely tomentose or sericeous-villous, undulate, inconspicuously lobed or lobed;stipules oblong lanceolate, suborbicular, broadly ovate, to oblong, 1.5�5 cm.

29a. Leaves abaxially densely sericeous-villous, undulate or 3�5-lobed; flowers solitary or in clusters of2 or 3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 158. R. crassifolius

29b. Leaves abaxially tomentose, with narrow caudate lobes above middle or with broad obtuse or acutelobes; terminal inflorescences narrow cymose panicles or subracemes.

30a. Stipules oblong-lanceolate, 2�4(�5) cm; leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic, rarely suborbicular, withirregular narrow caudate lobes above middle; inflorescences and calyx gray tomentose ................... 154. R. yiwuanus

30b. Stipules broadly ovate or oblong, 1.5�3 cm; leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate to narrowly ovate,with broad obtuse or acute lobes; inflorescences and calyx villous or tomentose.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

31a. Leaves broadly ovate to narrowly ovate, abaxially gray tomentose, apically acuminate, margininconspicuously lobed; inflorescences and calyx with soft hairs ...................................................... 157. R. pacificus

31b. Leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate, abaxially with gray, yellowish gray, or yellowish brownhairs, apically acute or obtuse, margin undulate to lobed; inflorescences villous or tomentose.

32a. Stipules broadly ovate or broadly oblong, 1.5�2 cm; leaves 5�7-lobed, lobes acute apically;inflorescences and calyx villous ..................................................................................................... 155. R. stipulosus

32b. Stipules oblong, 2�3 cm; leaves undulate or inconspicuously lobed, lobes obtuse apically,rarely acute; inflorescences and calyx tomentose ............................................................................ 156. R. irenaeus

27b. Stipules and bracts narrower, less than 2 × 1 cm, rarely broader, divided and entire.33a. Leaves abaxially ± soft hairy, rarely glabrous.

34a. Subshrubs, nearly creeping, villous; inflorescences subracemes, several-flowered; leaves cordate atbase ........................................................................................................................................................... 153. R. hypopitys

34b. Shrubs climbing or upright, taller; inflorescences cymose panicles or subracemes, many flowered,rarely few flowered; leaves rounded, subtruncate, or cordate at base.

35a. Leaves rounded or subtruncate, rarely shallowly cordate at base.36a. Plants densely yellow glandular; inflorescences minutely soft hairy; abaxial surface of calyx

subglabrous ....................................................................................................................................... 138. R. taronensis36b. Plant without glands; inflorescences pubescent or glabrous; abaxial surface of calyx pubescent

or glabrous.37a. Leaves basally truncate to subcordate.

38a. Leaves, inflorescences, and abaxial surface of calyx thinly pubescent; leaves elliptic oroblong, margin coarsely obtusely dentate ................................................................................. 142. R. yunanicus

38b. Leaves, inflorescences, and abaxial surface of calyx yellowish sericeous-villous; leavesoblong or ovate-oblong to elliptic, margin minutely sharply serrate ..................................... 143. R. poliophyllus

37b. Leaves basally rounded.39a. Petioles to 1 cm; inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyx pubescent; carpels 5�10(�17) .... 139. R. pirifolius39b. Petioles (0.7�)1�2 cm; inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyx glabrous or soft hairy;

carpels more, usually more than 10, to many.40a. Petioles 1�2 cm; leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, margin sparsely minute sharply

serrate; inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyx glabrous ............................................. 140. R. acuminatus40b. Petioles 0.7�1 cm; leaves oblong-lanceolate, margin coarsely sharply serrate;

inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyx soft hairy .................................................... 141. R. brevipetiolatus35b. Leaves cordate at base.

41a. Terminal inflorescences large lax cymose panicles.42a. Plants glandular; leaves broadly ovate or narrowly obovate; sepals undivided; petals soft

hairy on both surfaces ................................................................................................................. 144. R. forrestianus42b. Plants not glandular; leaves narrowly to broadly ovate; sepals undivided or pinnately laciniate;

petals slightly pubescent or glabrous.43a. Leaves narrowly ovate; pedicel 1�2 cm; sepals ovate or ovate-triangular, outer sepals pinnately

laciniate; petals slightly pubescent ..................................................................................................... 145. R. laxus43b. Leaves broadly ovate, rarely oblong-ovate; pedicel 0.5�1 cm; sepals ovate-lanceolate or

triangular-lanceolate, undivided; petals glabrous ................................................................. 146. R. lambertianus41b. Terminal inflorescences narrow cymose panicles or subracemes.

44a. Abaxial surface of calyx with needle-like prickles.45a. Leaves 6�9 × 5�7 cm; pedicel less than 1 cm; sepals broadly ovate, outer sepals

pinnately divided; aggregate fruit 1�1.2 cm in diam. .......................................................... 147. R. calycacanthus45b. Leaves 10�17 × 15�20 cm; pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,

outer sepals apically 2- or 3-laciniate; aggregate fruit 1.4�1.8 cm in diam. ...................... 148. R. gongshanensis44b. Abaxial surface of calyx without needle-like prickles.

46a. Plants usually without stalked glands, villous; leaves oblong to ovate-oblong; stipules 6�9 mm,deeply divided .................................................................................................................................... 152. R. howii

46b. Plants usually with stalked glands, soft hairy or glabrous; leaves lanceolate to ovate or broadlyoblong.

47a. Plants with stalked glands, soft hairs, and bristles; leaves narrowly ovate or broadlyoblong; petiole 2�3 cm; stipules deeply pinnate-laciniate .................................................. 149. R. menglaensis

47b. Plants soft hairy or glabrous, with sparse, stalked glands; leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; petiole 1�4 cm; stipules subulate or linear-lanceolateto oblong-lanceolate, margin entire and palmatifid.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

48a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, base deeply cordate, basal incision broad; stipules subulateor linear-lanceolate, margin entire ..................................................................................... 150. R. ichangensis

48b. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, base cordate-auriculate, basal incisionnarrow; stipules oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, palmatifid ........................... 151. R. latoauriculatus

33b. Leaves abaxially densely tomentose.49a. Leaves narrow, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, not divided, rarely lobed basally,

pinnately veined; petioles 0.5�2(�4) cm.50a. Leaves basally rounded to shallowly cordate; petioles 0.5�1.5 cm; plants with or without stalked glands.

51a. Plants without stalked glands; petioles 1�1.5 cm; leaves oblong-lanceolate, abaxially denselyyellow or grayish yellow tomentose ................................................................................................. 96. R. xichouensis

51b. Plants wholly or partly with stalked glands; petioles 0.5�0.8 cm; leaves lanceolate or oblong,abaxially densely gray tomentose.

52a. Stipules and bracts palmately divided above middle; leaves subleathery, lanceolate; branchlets,petioles, and inflorescences glabrous, stalked glands not present; abaxial surface of calyxtomentose, with stalked glands ................................................................................................. 94. R. dolichophyllus

52b. Stipules and bracts deeply divided to below middle or to base; leaves papery, lanceolate oroblong; branchlets, petioles, inflorescences, and abaxial surface of calyx yellowish villous,with sparse, glandular hairs ......................................................................................................... 95. R. raopingensis

50b. Leaves basally deeply cordate; petioles 0.5�3.5 cm; plants with stalked glands.53a. Stipules and bracts linear or lanceolate, entire; terminal inflorescences narrow cymose

panicles or short subracemes; petioles 1�1.5 cm ................................................................... 99. R. angustibracteatus53b. Stipules and bracts palmate-laciniate; terminal inflorescences broad cymose panicles;

petioles 0.5�3.5 cm.54a. Adaxial surface of leaves appressed villous, basal incision shallow, broad, 2 basal short lobes

not touching; petioles often 0.5�1 cm, rarely longer; sepals 0.5�1 cm, shortly acuminate ................ 97. R. parkeri54b. Adaxial surface of leaves hairy only along veins, basal incision narrow, to 2 cm deep, 2 basal

long lobes touching; petioles 2�3.5 cm; sepals 1�1.5 cm, apex subulate or long caudate .......... 98. R. panduratus49b. Leaves broad, suborbicular, broadly ovate, or elliptic to oblong, not divided or lobed, palmately

5-veined from base; petioles more than 2 cm, rarely shorter.55a. Leaves abaxially densely rusty yellow or rust colored, rarely rufous tomentose; terminal

inflorescences short subracemes, rarely cymose panicles, with few flowers.56a. Leaf base cuneate to rounded, undivided.

57a. Leaves narrowly ovate, rarely elliptic, with 8�10 pairs of lateral veins; terminal inflorescenceslax cymose panicles, many flowered ....................................................................................... 131. R. penduliflorus

57b. Leaves ovate, with 4 or 5 pairs of lateral veins; terminal inflorescences short subracemes,few flowered ............................................................................................................................... 132. R. malipoensis

56b. Leaf base cordate, divided, or undivided.58a. Leaves not divided or 2-lobed basally.

59a. Leaves ovate or narrowly ovate, undivided or somewhat undulate; stipules and bracts onlyapically palmately lobed; anthers and styles glabrous ........................................................... 136. R. flagelliflorus

59b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, usually with 2 distinct lobes near base;stipules and bracts palmately parted basally; anthers and styles sericeous-villous .................. 137. R. hastifolius

58b. Leaves divided or undulate.60a. Leaves narrowly ovate, 3�5(�7)-lobed; stipules and bracts broadly obovate, 1�1.4 × 0.9�1.3

cm, pectinately or palmately divided; terminal inflorescences short subracemes, densely rustcolored villous; abaxial surface of calyx rust colored villous, tomentose .................................... 135. R. reflexus

60b. Leaves ovate to suborbicular, lobed or undulate; stipules oblong, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, pinnate-laciniate or only apically palmately lobed; terminal inflorescence compactpanicle or short subraceme; abaxial surface of calyx densely rust colored sericeous or yellowsericeous-villous or tomentose.

61a. Leaves 12�20 × 8�16 cm; stipules oblong-lanceolate, to 1.5 cm, pinnate-laciniate; terminalpanicles compact, many flowered; calyx densely rust colored tomentose ............................ 133. R. fuscifolius

61b. Leaves 8�11 × 5�9 cm; stipules oblong or ovate-lanceolate, less than 1 cm, only apicallypalmately lobed; terminal inflorescences short subracemes, few flowered; abaxial surfaceof calyx yellow sericeous-villous, margin of sepals tomentose ................................................... 134. R. shihae

55b. Leaves abaxially densely gray or yellowish gray tomentose.62a. Leaves ovate, narrowly ovate, or ovate-lanceolate to oblong, rarely broadly ovate or suborbicular,

undivided or lobed, apically acuminate, rarely acute or obtuse; terminal inflorescences large broadcymose panicles, to 27 cm, rarely racemose.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

63a. Plants with glandular hairs or bristles.64a. Plants tomentose, bristly; leaves suborbicular, abaxially densely gray tomentose; fruit

purplish black .............................................................................................................................. 103. R. tephrodes64b. Plants pubescent, not bristly; leaves ovate or orbicular-ovate to narrowly ovate; fruit red,

purplish red or purplish black.65a. Leaves subleathery, broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, abaxially yellowish tomentose;

plants with stipitate glands ca. 1 mm; abaxial surface of calyx tomentose ......................... 102. R. luchunensis65b. Leaves not leathery, narrowly to broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, abaxially gray

tomentose; plants with stipitate glands 2�3 mm; abaxial surface of calyx villous.66a. Leaves ovate to narrowly ovate, apically obtuse to acute, margin undulate-lobed, lobes

obtuse; sepals undivided ............................................................................................................. 100. R. feddei66b. Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, apically acuminate, margin divided, lobes

acute; sepals laciniate ........................................................................................................ 101. R. salwinensis63b. Plants without glandular hairs, rarely pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx with stalked glands.

67a. Leaves distinctly lobed, base cordate; petioles 3�7 cm ........................................................... 104. R. lobophyllus67b. Leaves undivided, sometimes lobed, base rounded or cordate; petioles 0.5�10 cm.

68a. Leaves basally rounded, rarely subtruncate, oblong, ovate-oblong, or elliptic; petioles0.5�1 cm ................................................................................................................................. 105. R. assamensis

68b. Leaves basally truncate to cordate, rarely suborbicular; petioles usually more than 2 cm.69a. Leaves basally truncate, broadly triangular-ovate ................................................................ 106. R. tinifolius69b. Leaves basally cordate, rarely subrounded, suborbicular, broadly ovate.

70a. Inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyx sericeous-villous.71a. Leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate.

72a. Leaves thickly papery, base cordate, margin sharply serrate; terminal cymosepanicles large, broad; flowers apetalous .............................................................. 107. R. chroosepalus

72b. Leaves leathery, base truncate to shallowly cordate, margin shallowly obtuselyserrate; terminal cymose panicles small, narrow; flowers petalous ..................... 108. R. mallotifolius

71b. Leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate.73a. Shrubs deciduous; leaves 7�10 cm, lobed; petioles 2�4 cm, sparsely villous;

pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx with sparse, minute stalked glands .............. 109. R. fuscorubens73b. Shrubs evergreen; leaves 11�22 cm, not divided or shallowly undulate; petioles

5�10 cm, glabrous; pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx without stalked glands ...... 110. R. jianensis70b. Inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyx tomentose or tomentose-villous.

74a. Leaf base rounded to shallowly cordate; flowers 6�8 mm in diam.; abaxial surfaceof calyx tomentose; flowers petalous or apetalous.

75a. Leaves broadly ovate, rarely ovate-oblong, undivided; petioles glabrous;abaxial surface of calyx gray tomentose; flowers apetalous; aggregate fruitblack ................................................................................................................... 111. R. cinclidodictyus

75b. Leaves narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, lobed; petioles tomentose; abaxialsurface of calyx tomentose, gray tomentose on sepal margin; flowers petalous;aggregate fruit dark red ........................................................................................ 112. R. xanthoneurus

74b. Leaf base cordate; flowers 8�18 mm in diam.; abaxial surface of calyx tomentoseand villous; flowers petalous.

76a. Leaves ovate to narrowly ovate, apically acuminate; petioles 2�4 cm; flowersto 18 mm in diam.; terminal cymose panicles broad, lax ....................................... 113. R. paniculatus

76b. Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, rarely narrowly ovate, apically acute;petioles 1�2.5 cm; flowers 8�10 mm in diam.; terminal cymose panicles short,compact ............................................................................................................ 114. R. neoviburnifolius

62b. Leaves suborbicular, broadly ovate to broadly oblong, lobed, apically obtuse or acute, rarelyacuminate; terminal inflorescences always narrow cymose panicles or racemose, less than17 cm.

77a. Stipules and bracts pinnately or palmately parted or irregularly lacerate nearly to base.78a. Plants with dense, large stipitate glands; leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate, 4�6 cm;

petioles 1�2 cm; sepals triangular-ovate, not divided .......................................................... 115. R. nagasawanus78b. Plants without stipitate glands; leaves suborbicular to broadly ovate, 6�16 cm; petioles

(2�)3�5(�8) cm; sepals apically 2- or 3-laciniate, with 3 bristles at apex or palmately topinnately laciniate.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

79a. Leaves broadly ovate, undivided or slightly undulate, abaxially hairs deciduous atmaturity; terminal inflorescences narrow panicles or racemose; sepals lanceolate,outer sepals apically 2- or 3-laciniate ................................................................................. 120. R. chrysobotrys

79b. Leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate, distinctly 3�7-divided, abaxially persistentlytomentose; terminal inflorescences short subracemes or cymose panicles; outer sepalsentire with 3 bristles only at apex or palmately to pinnately laciniate.

80a. Terminal inflorescences short subracemes, 3�6-flowered; sepals long obovate, outersepals entire, with 3 bristles only at apex; adaxial surface of leaves not distinctlybullate between veins ............................................................................................................. 119. R. yuliensis

80b. Terminal cymose panicles or subracemes, many flowered; sepals broadly ovate ortriangular-ovate, outer sepals palmately to pinnately laciniate; adaxial surface ofleaves prominently bullate or not.

81a. Adaxial surface of leaves prominently bullate between veins; terminal inflorescencesnarrow cymose panicles or subracemes ........................................................................... 116. R. alceifolius

81b. Adaxial surface of leaves not prominently bullate between veins; terminal inflorescencesbroad cymose panicles.

82a. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences yellowish villous; pedicel 5�8 cm; petalsand ovary pubescent ................................................................................................... 117. R. platysepalus

82b. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences grayish tomentose; pedicel 0.8�2 cm;petals pubescent; ovary glabrous ............................................................................. 118. R. arachnoideus

77b. Stipules and bracts palmately or pinnately lobed, rarely parted.83a. Plants with brownish bristles; leaves suborbicular, apically acute to caudate.

84a. Stipules and bracts 1.5�2 × 1.2�1.5 cm, parted, late caducous; flowers ca. 1 cm in diam.;sepals broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, apically caudate ............................................................ 121. R. rufus

84b. Stipules and bracts 1�1.2 × 0.7�1 cm, lobed, caducous; flowers 1.2�1.7 cm in diam.;sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, apically acute to shortly acuminate ......................... 122. R. lasiotrichos

83b. Plants without bristles; leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate, truncate, apically obtuse or acute.85a. Shrubs low, climbing or prostrate; leaves abaxially glabrescent.

86a. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences thinly pubescent; leaf lobes acute; abaxialsurface of calyx gray to yellowish gray pubescent, intermixed tomentose; sepalsbroadly ovate, outer sepals pinnate-laciniate on margin .................................................... 129. R. hunanensis

86b. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences tomentose-villous; leaf lobes often obtuse;abaxial surface of calyx densely yellowish villous, intermixed tomentose; sepalslanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, outer sepals only apically lobed ........................................... 130. R. buergeri

85b. Shrubs larger, climbing; leaves abaxially persistently tomentose.87a. Terminal inflorescences short subracemes, few flowered; stipules and bracts broadly

flabellate or broadly ovate to broadly oblong, 1�1.5(�2) × (0.6�)1�1.5 cm, pinnately orpalmately parted to base.

88a. Leaves 3�5-lobed, lobes acute, rarely obtuse; stipules and bracts broadly ovate tobroadly oblong; pedicel 3�4 mm; sepals triangular to ovate, outer sepals entire oronly apically lobed ........................................................................................................ 127. R. formosensis

88b. Leaves 5�7-lobed, lobes obtuse or acute; stipules and bracts broadly flabellate;pedicel 7�10(�15) mm; sepals narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, outer sepalspinnately parted ......................................................................................................... 128. R. pinnatisepalus

87b. Terminal inflorescences narrow cymose panicles or subracemes, many flowered;stipules and bracts subflabellate, obovate or ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 0.7�1.8 cm,pectinately to palmately divided or laciniate.

89a. Stipules and bracts subflabellate, broadly elliptic, or broadly obovate, 1�1.8 cm andca. as broad, pectinately to palmately divided.

90a. Leaves palmately 7�9-lobed, terminal lobe obtuse or subtruncate, rarely acute;lobes of stipules usually undivided; pedicel 1�1.5 cm; flowers white, 1.5�2.5cm in diam. ............................................................................................................ 123. R. pluribracteatus

90b. Leaves usually 5-lobed, terminal lobe acute; lobes of stipules divided again;pedicel 1.5�3(�4) cm; flowers yellowish white or white, 1�1.5 cm in diam. ............ 124. R. reticulatus

89b. Stipules and bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rarely narrowly obovate, 0.7�1.1cm and nearly as broad, apex palmate-laciniate.

91a. Leaves 5�7-lobed, lobes obtuse, rarely acute, sepals ovate-lanceolate, apicallycaudate; flowers purplish red; aggregate fruit black ............................................... 125. R. setchuenensis

91b. Leaves 7�11-lobed, lobes acute; sepals broadly ovate, apically acute; flowerswhite; aggregate fruit red ..................................................................................................... 126. R. faberi

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

91. Rubus lineatus Reinwardt in Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. India17: 1108. 1826.

绢毛悬钩子 juan mao xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�2 m tall, much branched. Branchlets brownish tograyish brown, terete, with sparse, minute prickles, with denseappressed silvery-gray or yellowish gray silky hairs, glabre-scent. Leaves palmately compound, 3�5-foliolate; petiole 2�5cm, lateral leaflets sessile or subsessile, sericeous; stipules cad-ucous, free, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 1.2�2 cm, sometimes to2�3 cm on sterile branchlets, often broad, membranous, abax-ially densely sericeous, not divided; blade of leaflets oblong orlanceolate to oblanceolate, 8�12 × 1.5�3.5 cm, pinnately veinedwith (20�)30�50 pairs of parallel lateral veins terminating atmargin, midvein and lateral veins prominent abaxially, impress-ed adaxially, abaxially densely silvery-gray or yellowish grayappressed-sericeous, adaxially glabrous or long hairy alongmidvein, base cuneate, margin sharply serrate to doubly serrate,apex acuminate to caudate. Inflorescences terminal and in axilsof apical leaves, cymose panicles, ca. 15�20-flowered, some-times flowers in clusters in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels seri-ceous or glabrescent; bracts lanceolate or ovate-oblong, smallerthan stipules, sericeous. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers ca. 1.5 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially densely silvery-gray or yellowish graysericeous or glabrescent; sepals ovate-triangular to ovate-lan-ceolate, 6�12 × 3�7 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate to cau-date. Petals white or greenish white, elliptic or obovate, muchsmaller than sepals, glabrous, base not distinctly clawed. Sta-mens ca. 50�150, glabrous, somewhat shorter than or subequal-ing petals. Pistils ca. 80�100 or more, shorter than stamens;apical part of ovary and basal part of style long hairy. Ag-gregate fruit orange to red at maturity, semiglobose or globose-ovoid, 7�10 mm in diam., sericeous when young, glabrescent;pyrenes distinctly rugose. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct.

Slopes, valleys, forests, forest margins, fallow fields; 1400�3000m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,Nepal, Sikkim, N Vietnam].

1a. Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyxwith deciduous sericeous hairs ......... 91c. var. glabrescens

1b. Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyxwith dense, persistent sericeous hairs.2a. Blade of leaflets oblong or

lanceolate to oblanceolate ............... 91a. var. lineatus2b. Blade of leaflets narrowly

lanceolate ................................ 91b. var. angustifolius

91a. Rubus lineatus var. lineatus

绢毛悬钩子(原变种) juan mao xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus pulcherrimus Hooker.

Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx densely persistentlysericeous. Blade of leaflets oblong or lanceolate to oblanceo-late.

Slopes, valleys, forest understories, forest margins, fallow fields;1400�3000 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Indonesia, Malay-sia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, N Vietnam].

91b. Rubus lineatus var. angustifolius J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit.India 2: 333. 1878.

狭叶绢毛悬钩子 xia ye juan mao xuan gou zi

Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx with dense, persistentsilvery hairs. Blade of leaflets narrowly lanceolate.

● Mixed forests; 1800�2800 m. NW Yunnan.

91c. Rubus lineatus var. glabrescens T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 307. 1982.

光秃绢毛悬钩子 guang tu juan mao xuan gou zi

Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx sericeous when young,glabrescent.

● Moist montane valleys, sparse forests; 1700�2000 m. SE Yun-nan.

92. Rubus cochinchinensis Trattinnick, Rosac. Monogr. 3: 97.1823.

蛇泡筋 she pao jin

Rubus fruticosus Loureiro (1790), not Linnaeus (1753); R.playfairii Hemsley.

Shrubs climbing. Branchlets brown to purplish brown, yel-low tomentose when young, gradually glabrescent, with sparse,curved small prickles. Leaves palmately compound, 5-foliolate,sometimes 3-foliolate; petiole 4�5 cm, petiolule of leaflets 3�6mm, tomentose when young, glabrate in age, with sparse, curv-ed minute prickles; stipules flabellate, 5�7 mm, broader, to-mentose initially, glabrate in age, palmately divided, lobeslanceolate; blade of leaflets elliptic, obovate-elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 5�10(�15) × 2�3.5(�5) cm, central leaflet slightlylarger than lateral leaflets, abaxially densely brown-yellowtomentose and with minute prickles along midvein, adaxiallyglabrous, base cuneate, margin irregularly sharply serrate, apexshortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal ones cymose panicu-late, axillary ones subracemes, sometimes flowers several inclusters in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels densely yellow to-mentose, with sparse, curved small prickles; bracts caducous,4�6 mm, narrow, palmately or pectinately divided, tomentosewhen young. Pedicel 4�10 mm. Flowers 0.8�1.2 cm in diam.Calyx campanulate, densely tomentose, unarmed abaxially; se-pals ovate-orbicular, 4�6 × 3�5 mm, apex acuminate, outer se-pals apically 3-lobed. Petals white, suborbicular, shorter thansepals. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments subulate,glabrous. Pistils 30�40, longer than petals, glabrous. Aggregatefruit red when immature, black at maturity, globose, 8�11 mmin diam., glabrous; pyrenes conspicuously rugose. Fl. Mar�May, fr. Jul�Aug.

Thickets, roadsides, slopes; low to medium elevations. Guang-dong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan [Cambodia, Laos, Thailand,Vietnam].

The fruit and roots are used in medicine.

93. Rubus foliaceistipulatus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phyto-tax. Sin. 20: 307. 1982.

托叶悬钩子 tuo ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs to 2 m tall. Branchlets brownish to dark reddishbrown, glabrous, with sparse prickles. Leaves palmately com-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

pound, 3-foliolate; petiole reddish brown, 1.5�3 cm, lateral leaf-lets subsessile, soft hairy when young, gradually glabrescent,with sparse prickles; stipules free, leaflike, ovate or narrowlyovate, 2�3.5 × 1�2 cm, herbaceous, glabrous, margin unevenlycoarsely serrate, apex acuminate; blade of leaflets elliptic oroblong-elliptic, 6�14 × 2.5�5 cm, lateral veins 10�15 pairs,middle leaflet much longer than lateral leaflets, abaxially gla-brous except puberulous along veins, adaxially glabrous orsparsely pubescent only along midvein, base broadly cuneate torounded, margin irregularly coarsely sharply serrate, apex acu-minate. Inflorescences terminal on lateral short branchlets, shortracemes, flowers usually in clusters of 3�5; rachis and pedicelsglabrous; bracts ovate or broadly triangular-ovate, slightlysmaller than stipules, glabrous, margin unevenly serrate, apexacuminate. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers 2�3 cm in diam. Calyxreddish brown, abaxially glabrous; sepals broadly ovate or tri-angular-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.2�2 cm, apex long caudate;outer sepals broader, margin shallowly laciniate above middleor at apex, inner sepals entire, with tomentose margin. Petalserect after anthesis, white, elliptic or spatulate, 0.7�1.4 cm × 5�7 mm, glabrous. Stamens many, unequal in length, shorter thanpetals; filaments broad, complanate. Pistils numerous; style andovary glabrous. Fruit unknown. Fl. May�Jun.

● Bamboo forests on slopes, Rhododendron thickets; 2800�3000m. W Yunnan (Tengchong Xian).

94. Rubus dolichophyllus Handel-Mazzetti, Sinensia 3: 186.1933.

长叶悬钩子 chang ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs lianoid, to 7 m tall. Branchlets brown or purplishbrown, glabrous, with sparse, curved minute prickles, glaucous.Leaves simple; petiole 5�7 mm, adaxially puberulous; stipulesfree, 6�9 mm, glabrous, palmately divided above middle, lobeslanceolate; blade lanceolate, 7�16 × 1.5�3 cm, lateral veins 8�11 pairs, raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, subleathery,abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially glabrous, baserounded to shallowly cordate, margin with shallow sharp mi-nute teeth, apex long acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axil-lary, large cymose panicles, 14�20 cm, axillary ones shorter;rachis and pedicels glabrous or pubescent; bracts smaller thanstipules, apex palmately lobed; lobes linear or nearly subulate,glabrous. Pedicel 1�1.4 cm. Flowers 6�9 mm in diam. Calyxpurplish red, abaxially densely gray tomentose, with sparse, in-termixed glandular hairs; tube pelviform; sepals lanceolate, 6�9× 2�3 mm, margin entire, apex subulate-acuminate or caudate.Petals absent. Stamens shorter than sepals; filaments red, linear,glabrous. Pistils few; ovary glabrous; styles purplish red, ca. 4mm, rarely as long as stamens. Aggregate fruit purplish black,with few drupelets, glabrous; pyrenes large, coarsely rugose. Fl.May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Slopes, thickets in montane valleys, dense forests; 1000�3400m. Guangxi, Guizhou.

1a. Rachis and pedicels glabrous;sepals reflexed in fruit .................. 94a. var. dolichophyllus

1b. Rachis and pedicels pubescent;sepals erect in fruit .............................. 94b. var. pubescens

94a. Rubus dolichophyllus var. dolichophyllus

长叶悬钩子(原变种) chang ye xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus chingianus Handel-Mazzetti.

Rachis and pedicels glabrous. Sepals reflexed in fruit.

● Slopes, thickets in montane valleys, dense forests; 1000�3400m. Guangxi, Guizhou.

94b. Rubus dolichophyllus var. pubescens T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 309. 1982.

毛梗长叶悬钩子 mao geng chang ye xuan gou zi

Rachis and pedicels pubescent. Sepals erect in fruit.

● Thickets in montane valleys; below 2100 m. SW Guizhou (Pan-xian Tequ).

95. Rubus raopingensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 309. 1982.

饶平悬钩子 rao ping xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets brown or dark purplishbrown, terete, yellowish villous, with sparse, stipitate glandularhairs and sparse, curved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 6�8mm, yellowish villous, sparsely stipitate glandular; stipules cad-ucous, free, deeply palmately divided nearly to base, lobes line-ar, villous, stipitate glandular; blade lanceolate or oblong-lan-ceolate, 7�12 × 2�4.5 cm, veins 6�8 pairs, slightly raisedabaxially, papery, abaxially gray tomentose and with yellowishlong hairs along veins, sometimes glabrescent, adaxially pubes-cent only along veins, base rounded to shallowly cordate, mar-gin irregularly serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminalor axillary, cymose panicles, large, lax, many flowered; rachisand pedicels yellowish villous, stipitate glandular; bracts small-er than stipules, sparsely villous, with stalked glands. Pedicelsunequal in length, longer ones to 2 cm, shorter ones 6�7 mm.Flowers not more than 1 cm in diam. Calyx purplish red, yel-lowish villous, with stalked glands; sepals erect in fruit, ovate-lanceolate, 5�7 × 3�5 mm, margin entire, apex caudate. Petalsabsent. Stamens many; filaments linear. Pistils few, longer thanstamens; style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit black, small,glabrous, with few drupelets, enclosed in calyx; pyrenes rugose.Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Stream sides, roadsides, rockslides, montane valleys, forest mar-gins; 600�700 m. S Fujian, E Guangdong.

1a. Leaves not glabrescent, margindensely sharply serrate .................... 95a. var. raopingensis

1b. Leaves gradually glabrescent, marginminute obtusely serrate ................. 95b. var. obtusidentatus

95a. Rubus raopingensis var. raopingensis

饶平悬钩子(原变种) rao ping xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Leaves tomentose abaxially, not glabrescent, margin dense-ly sharply serrate.

● Stream sides, roadsides, rockslides, montane valleys, forest mar-gins; low elevations. E Guangdong (Raoping Xian).

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

95b. Rubus raopingensis var. obtusidentatus T. T. Yu & L.T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 310. 1982.

钝齿悬钩子 dun chi xuan gou zi

Leaves tomentose abaxially, gradually glabrescent, marginminutely obtusely serrate.

● Stream sides, forest margins; 600�700 m. S Fujian (NanjingXian).

96. Rubus xichouensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 310. 1982.

西畴悬钩子 xi chou xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing, 0.5�1 m tall. Branchlets brownish to red-dish brown, yellowish sericeous-villous when young, glabre-scent, unarmed or with sparse, minute prickles. Leaves simple;petiole reddish brown, 1�1.5 cm, yellowish sericeous-villouswhen young; stipules caducous, free, narrowly oblong, butbroader near apex, to 1 cm, palmately divided, lobes linear, softhairy; blade oblong-lanceolate, 11�19 × 2.5�5 cm, lateral veins7�10 pairs, subleathery, abaxially densely yellow or grayishyellow tomentose, with sparse, intermixed long soft hairs alongveins, adaxially glabrous or slightly pubescent only along veins,base rounded, margin irregularly sharply serrate, teeth abruptlypointed, apex caudate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, ter-minal ones short cymose panicles, 4�6 cm, few flowered, axil-lary ones short racemes or shortly subcorymbose, sometimesflowers fewer, in clusters; rachis and pedicels densely yellowsericeous-villous; bracts narrowly oblong, less than 1 cm, pal-mately lobed; lobes linear, yellow sericeous-villous. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Flowers to 1 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yel-low sericeous-villous; sepals erect after anthesis, broadly ovate,margin tomentose, entire or outer sepals shallowly laciniateapically, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Petals white, sub-orbicular or broadly obovate, nearly as long as sepals, glabrous.Stamens many, glabrous; filaments linear. Pistils 30�40, longerthan stamens; style glabrous. Fruit unknown. Fl. Apr�May.

● Sparse forests on slopes, broad-leaved evergreen forests; medi-um elevations. SE Yunnan.

97. Rubus parkeri Hance, J. Bot. 20: 260. 1882.

乌泡子 wu pao zi

Rubus parkeri var. brevisetosus Focke; R. parkeri var.longisetosus Focke; R. tsangsihsiensis K. S. Hao.

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets brown to dark reddish brown,slender, densely gray-villous, with sparse, intermixed purplishred glandular hairs and slightly curved prickles. Leaves simple;petiole 5�10 mm, rarely to 2 cm, densely villous, with sparse,intermixed glandular hairs, with minute prickles; stipules 8�11mm, palmately laciniate, lobes linear, villous; blade ovate-lan-ceolate or ovate-oblong, 7�16 × 3.5�6 cm, lateral veins 5 or 6pairs, raised abaxially, abaxially densely gray tomentose, inter-mixed villous, with sparse, minute prickles along veins, adax-ially appressed villous, more densely so along veins, base cor-date, basal incision shallow, broad, basal 2 lobes short, nottouching, margin tenuously serrate, lobed, apex acuminate. Cy-mose panicles, large, 12�24 cm; rachis and pedicels densely vil-lous, with unequal long purplish red stipitate glandular hairs

and sparse, minute prickles; bracts 6�9 mm, palmately lacini-ate; lobes linear, villous, stipitate glandular. Pedicel 0.8�1.2 cm.Flowers ca. 8 mm in diam. Calyx purplish red, abaxiallydensely villous, purplish red stipitate glandular; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5�10 × 2.5�5 mm, margin entire, apex shortly acu-minate. Petals white, sometimes absent. Stamens many, shorterthan sepals; filaments linear. Pistils relatively few, shorter thanstamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit purplish black, globose, 4�6mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Sparse or dense forests in mountainous regions, stream sides,rocky places in valleys; below 1000 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangsu,Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

98. Rubus panduratus Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 490.1933.

琴叶悬钩子 qin ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, to 5 m tall. Branchlets slender, villous,with sparse, curved prickles, purplish red, with stalked glands.Leaves simple; petiole 2�3.5 cm, hirsute, purplish red, withstalked glands; stipules free, small, palmately laciniate, lobeslinear, hirsute, stipitate glandular or not; blade ovate-lanceolate,10�18 × 4�9 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose and sparselyhirsute along veins, adaxially glabrous except hirsute or withsparse, stalked glands on veins, base deeply cordate, basal in-cision narrow, to 2 cm deep, basal lobes long, touching, marginirregularly sharply serrate, with shallow lobes above base, apexacuminate. Inflorescences terminal, cymose panicles, basalbranches spreading; rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of ca-lyx hirsute, with dense, purplish red or blackish purple stalkedglands; bracts palmate-laciniate; lobes linear, hirsute, withstalked glands. Pedicel to 1 cm. Flowers to 1 cm in diam. Calyxreddish purple; sepals narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm,apex subulate or long caudate. Petals often absent or small andreduced. Stamens many, much shorter than sepals; filamentslinear; anthers purple. Pistils few, glabrous. Aggregate fruitdark red or purplish black, small, dry at maturity; pyrenes ru-gose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Forests, montane valleys; low to medium elevations. Guang-dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan.

1a. Leaf blade densely gray tomentoseabaxially ............................................. 98a. var. panduratus

1b. Leaf blade not tomentose, sparselyhirsute only along veins abaxially .... 98b. var. etomentosus

98a. Rubus panduratus var. panduratus

琴叶悬钩子(原变种) qin ye xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Leaf blade densely gray tomentose abaxially.

● Sparse forests, montane valleys; low to medium elevations.Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou.

98b. Rubus panduratus var. etomentosus Handel-Mazzetti,Sinensia 5: 1. 1934.

脱毛琴叶悬钩子 tuo mao qin ye xuan gou zi

Leaf blade not tomentose, sparsely hirsute only along veinsabaxially.

● Forests; ca. 800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

99. Rubus angustibracteatus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phy-totax. Sin. 20: 453. 1982.

狭苞悬钩子 xia bao xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets grayish brown or purplishbrown, pubescent, with intermixed glandular hairs initially,gradually glabrescent, with sparse, curved prickles. Leaves sim-ple; petiole 1�1.5 cm, sparsely villous, with intermixed gland-ular hairs, with minute prickles; stipules caducous, free, linearor lanceolate, margin entire, villous, with intermixed glandularhairs; blade ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7�12 × 2�4cm, abaxially densely yellowish tomentose, intermixed villousalong veins, with small curved prickles along midvein, adax-ially glabrous, rarely slightly soft hairy along midvein, basedeeply cordate, margin unevenly sharply serrate, undivided,apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, narrowlycymose-paniculate or short subracemes; rachis and pedicelsvillous, with glandular hairs, sometimes with minute prickles;bracts linear, villous, with intermixed glandular hairs, marginentire. Pedicel 5�8 mm. Flowers not more than 1 cm in diam.Calyx abaxially densely tomentose, intermixed yellowish vil-lous and with purplish red glandular hairs; sepals erect in fruit,ovate or ovate-lanceolate, margin entire, apex acuminate. Petalssuborbicular, small, much shorter than sepals, puberulous. Sta-mens numerous; filaments short, basally broadened and flat-tened. Pistils 20; apex of ovary and base of style soft hairy.Aggregate fruit with few drupelets, enclosed in calyx. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Forests in mountainous areas; 1900�2200 m. W Sichuan.

100. Rubus feddei H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Repert. Spec. Nov.Regni Veg. 8: 549. 1910.

黔桂悬钩子 qian gui xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing. Branchlets grayish brown to purplishbrown, villous, with sparse, slightly curved small prickles,sometimes with glandular hairs. Leaves simple; petiole 3�4(�6)cm, villous, with intermixed long glandular hairs and sparse,slightly curved minute prickles; stipules caducous, free, small,4�6 mm, margin laciniate, lobes linear, with soft hairs and in-termixed glandular hairs; blade ovate to narrowly ovate, 6�8 ×2�5 cm, palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, abaxiallydensely gray tomentose, with intermixed long soft hairs andglandular hairs to 2�3 mm along veins, adaxially villous, withintermixed glandular hairs along veins, base cordate, marginundulate-lobed, lobes obtuse, irregularly coarsely sharply ser-rate, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences terminal, cymose pani-cles, sometimes subcorymbose, to 25 cm; rachis and pedicelsdensely villous, with intermixed brownish purple long glandu-lar hairs; bracts 3�5 mm, laciniate, villous, with intermixedglandular hairs. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Flowers 1�1.2 cm in diam.Calyx brownish red, villous, with long brownish purple gland-ular hairs; tube shallowly cupular; sepals erect in fruit, ovate toovate-lanceolate, 8�11 × 2�5 mm, margin entire, apex acu-minate to caudate. Petals white, small, inconspicuous, muchshorter than sepals, narrow. Stamens many, longer than petalsand shorter than sepals; filaments yellowish, linear. Pistils ca.15�20, shorter than stamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit red

when immature, purplish black at maturity, 7�10 mm in diam.,with few drupelets. Fl. Jun�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct.

Slopes, forests, thickets, roadsides; low elevations. Guangxi, Gui-zhou, Yunnan [Vietnam].

This species is used medicinally. The fruit are edible.

101. Rubus salwinensis Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 491.1933.

怒江悬钩子 nu jiang xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, to 2 m tall. Branchlets brown to grayishbrown, terete, yellowish villous, with sparse, curved minuteprickles, with sparse, stipitate glands to 2 mm. Leaves simple;petiole 3�5 cm, yellowish villous, sparsely stipitate glandular,with sparse, curved minute prickles; stipules caducous, free, to1 cm, sparsely villous and stipitate glandular, apex laciniate,lobes linear or lanceolate; blade broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, 8�13 × 7�10 cm, lateral veins 4�6 pairs, abaxially dense-ly gray tomentose, yellowish villous along veins, adaxiallysparsely villous, base cordate, margin distinctly lobed; lobeswith dense sharp serrations, apex acute to acuminate. Inflores-cences terminal, pyramidal cymose panicles, with spreadingbranches, 10�25 cm, many flowered; rachis and pedicelsdensely yellowish villous, sparsely stipitate glandular; bracts 6�8 mm, margin laciniate; lobes linear, villous, stipitate glandular.Pedicel 1�1.5 cm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Calyx abaxiallydensely yellowish villous, with sparse, stalked glands; tubeshort, ca. 7 mm; sepals triangular-lanceolate, 8�11 × 4�5 mm,margin usually laciniate, caudate; lobes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, erect in fruit. Petals white, oblong, 3�6 × 2�3.5 mm,glabrous, base shortly clawed, apex dentate or not. Stamensmany, shorter than sepals, glabrous; filaments linear. Pistilsnearly as long as stamens; style and ovary glabrous. Aggre-gate fruit red, glabrous, with few drupelets, enclosed in calyx;pyrenes rugose, reticulate. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Ravines, forest margins; 1800�2500 m. Yunnan.

102. Rubus luchunensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 456. 1982.

绿春悬钩子 lu chun xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets purplish brown, yellowishvillous, with short glandular hairs, with sparse, curved prickles.Leaves simple; petiole 2.5�4 cm, yellowish tomentose, withintermixed short glandular hairs and sparse, curved prickles;stipules caducous, 5�8 mm, palmately lobed, lobes linear, withsoft hairs and intermixed short glandular hairs; blade broadlyovate to orbicular-ovate, 7�11 × 6�8 cm, palmately 5-veined,lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, thickly leathery or subleathery, abax-ially densely yellowish tomentose, intermixed villous alongveins, adaxially sparsely villous, with intermixed short glandu-lar hairs, glandular hairs deciduous in age, base cordate, marginundivided or undulate, unevenly sharply serrate, teeth abruptlypointed, to 1�2 mm, apex acute to shortly acuminate or ob-tuse. Inflorescences terminal, pyramidal cymose panicles withspreading branches, to 20 cm, many flowered; rachis andpedicels yellowish villous, with intermixed short glandularhairs; bracts 4�6 mm, with soft hairs and intermixed short

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

glandular hairs, apex lobed; lobes linear. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flow-ers not more than 1 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yel-lowish tomentose, with intermixed short glandular hairs; tubepelviform; sepals erect after anthesis, lanceolate, 6�10 mm,margin entire, apex acuminate. Petals elliptic, small, muchshorter than sepals, glabrous, base clawed, apex acute. Stamensnumerous, slightly shorter than or nearly as long as petals;filaments linear. Pistils 10�16, slightly longer than or nearly aslong as stamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit purplish red, lessthan 1 cm in diam., glabrous, with few drupelets. Fl. Apr�May,fr. Jun�Jul.

● Broad-leaved evergreen forest margins, moist places alongroadsides, thickets on sunny slopes; 1700�2000 m. S Yunnan.

1a. Leaf blade subleathery, apex acute toshortly acuminate; cymose panicles15�20 cm; sepals lanceolate ........... 102a. var. luchunensis

1b. Leaf blade thickly leathery, apexacute or obtuse; cymose paniclesless than 10 cm; sepals ovate ............. 102b. var. coriaceus

102a. Rubus luchunensis var. luchunensis

绿春悬钩子(原变种) lu chun xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Leaf blade subleathery, apex acute to shortly acuminate.Cymose panicles 15�20 cm. Sepals lanceolate.

● Broad-leaved evergreen forest margins; ca. 1700 m. S Yunnan(Lüchun Xian).

102b. Rubus luchunensis var. coriaceus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 456. 1982.

硬叶绿春悬钩子 ying ye lu chun xuan gou zi

Leaf blade thickly leathery, apex acute or obtuse. Cymosepanicles less than 10 cm. Sepals ovate.

● Moist places along roadsides, thickets on sunny slopes; below2000 m. S Yunnan (Jinping Xian).

103. Rubus tephrodes Hance, J. Bot. 12: 260. 1874.

灰白毛莓 hui bai mao mei

Shrubs scandent, to 3�4 m tall. Branchlets brown or pur-plish brown, densely gray tomentose, with sparse, curved pric-kles, ± with unequal long glandular hairs and bristles 1�3(�5)mm or without bristles. Leaves simple; petiole 1�3 cm, tomen-tose, with sparse, minute prickles or glandular hairs, bristly;stipules caducous, free, 5�8 mm, margin laciniate or pectinatelyparted, tomentose-villous; blade suborbicular, 5�11 × 5�10 cm,palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, abaxially denselygray tomentose, with sparse, small prickles and bristles alongmidvein, adaxially pilose or with sparse, glandular hairs, basecordate, margin 5�7-lobed, irregularly serrate, apex acute or ob-tuse. Inflorescences terminal, cymose panicles, 10�16 cm, manyflowered; rachis and pedicels tomentose-villous, with sparse,glandular hairs and bristles; bracts 5�7 mm, pectinately lobed;lobes linear, tomentose-villous. Pedicel 4�10 mm. Flowers ca. 1cm in diam. Calyx densely gray tomentose, usually withoutglandular hairs and bristles; sepals ovate, 4�7 × 3�5 mm, mar-gin entire, apex acute. Petals white, suborbicular to oblong,slightly shorter than or nearly as long as sepals, pilose, base

shortly clawed. Stamens many, ca. as long as petals; filamentsslightly broadened toward base. Pistils 30�50, longer thanstamens; style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit purplishblack, globose, 1�1.5 cm in diam., glabrous, with many drupe-lets; pyrenes rugose. Fl. Jun�Aug, fr. Aug�Oct. 2n = 28*.

● Mountainous regions and summits, foothills, slopes, roadsides,thickets, montane valleys; below 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang.

The name Rubus megalothyrsus needs to be lectotypified in orderto place the name into the synonymy of either R. tephrodes var. teph-rodes or var. ampliflorus.

1a. Plants without glandular hairs andbristles or sometimes only partlysparsely stipitate glandular orbristly ............................................... 103d. var. ampliflorus

1b. Plants with glandular hairs or bristly.2a. Plants only with glandular hairs

1�1.5 mm, without bristles ....... 103c. var. holadenus2b. Plants with glandular hairs and

bristles.3a. Plants ± with short glandular

hairs less than 3 mm andbristles 1�3 mm .................. 103a. var. tephrodes

3b. Plants with dense longglandular hairs andbristles to 5 mm ............. 103b. var. setosissimus

103a. Rubus tephrodes var. tephrodes

灰白毛莓(原变种) hui bai mao mei (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus megalothyrsus Cardot, p.p. (excluding specimen�Lienchow River, Kwangtung,� Ford 74); R. paniculatus Smithvar. brevifolius Kuntze.

Plants ± with short glandular hairs and bristles 1�3 mm.

● Slopes, roadsides, thickets; below 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan.

103b. Rubus tephrodes var. setosissimus Handel-Mazzetti,Symb. Sin. 7: 492. 1933.

长腺灰白毛莓 chang xian hui bai mao mei

Rubus farinaceus Cardot.

Plants with long dense glandular hairs and bristles to 5mm.

● Mountain summits, foothills, montane valleys; below 1500 m.Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi.

103c. Rubus tephrodes var. holadenus (H. Léveillé) L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 38: 281. 2000.

硬腺灰白毛莓 ying xian hui bai mao mei

Rubus holadenus H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. RegniVeg. 12: 536. 1913.

Plants only with glandular hairs 1�1.5 mm, withoutbristles.

● Slopes; below 1500 m. Guizhou.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

103d. Rubus tephrodes var. ampliflorus (H. Léveillé & Vani-ot) Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 492. 1933.

无腺灰白毛莓 wu xian hui bai mao mei

Rubus ampliflorus H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Bot.France 51: 218. 1904; R. megalothyrsus Cardot, p.p. (excludingspecimen �Lienchow River, Kwangtung,� Ford 73); R. schind-leri Focke; R. tephrodes var. eglandulosus Cheng; R. tephrodesvar. schindleri (Focke) Handel-Mazzetti.

Plants without glandular hairs and bristles, rarely onlypartly sparsely stipitate glandular or bristly.

● Mountainous regions; low elevations. Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

104. Rubus lobophyllus Y. K. Shih ex F. P. Metcalf, LingnanSci. J. 19: 29. 1940.

角裂悬钩子 jiao lie xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, to 3 m tall. Branchlets grayish brown,terete, soft hairy, glabrescent, with sparse, curved prickles.Leaves simple; petiole 3�7 cm, densely villous, with sparse,curved minute prickles; stipules free, 1�1.4 cm, pilose, pin-nately or palmately lobed; lobes lanceolate or linear; bladeovate to narrowly ovate, 8�14 × 5�12 cm, lateral veins 4 or 5pairs, abaxially densely gray to yellowish gray tomentose andvillous along veins, adaxially glabrous except villous alongveins, base cordate, margin distinctly lobed, terminal lobe tri-angular-lanceolate, much larger and longer than lateral tri-angular ones, irregularly abruptly sharply serrate, apex acumi-nate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, terminal ones narrowcymose panicles or subracemes, axillary ones subcorymbose orflowers several in a cluster; rachis and pedicels yellowishvillous; bracts 0.8�1.2 cm, villous, pinnately or palmatelylobed; lobes linear or lanceolate. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm. Flowers 6�8mm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yellowish villous and in-termixed tomentose; sepals ovate, 6�8 × 3�5 mm, apex acute,outer sepals palmately or pinnately laciniate; lobes linear, erectin fruit. Petals white, suborbicular or obovate, slightly longerthan or nearly as long as sepals. Stamens numerous, in 2whorls; filaments linear, glabrous. Pistils many, much longerthan stamens; ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose,7�9 mm in diam., glabrous, enclosed in calyx; pyrenes rugose.Fl. May�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Montane valleys, shrubby hillsides, forests on shaded slopes,ravines; 500�2100 m. Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan.

105. Rubus assamensis Focke, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bre-men 4: 197. 1874.

西南悬钩子 xi nan xuan gou zi

Rubus bahanensis Handel-Mazzetti; R. qinglongensis Q.H. Chen & T. L. Xu; R. sepalanthus Focke.

Shrubs climbing. Branchlets brownish to purplish brown,terete, yellowish gray villous, with curved minute prickles.Leaves simple; petiole 5�10 mm, gray or yellowish gray vil-lous; stipules caducous, free, broadly obovate or flabellate, 0.9�1.1 cm, palmately laciniate lobed, lobes linear to linear-lan-

ceolate, villous; blade oblong, ovate-oblong, or elliptic, 6�11 ×3.5�6 cm, lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs, abaxially densely gray oryellowish gray tomentose and villous along veins, adaxially vil-lous, more densely so along veins, base rounded, rarely sub-truncate, margin unevenly serrate, serrations apiculate, some-times divided basally, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminalor axillary, cymose panicles, 10�20 cm, many flowered; rachisand pedicels gray or yellowish gray villous, occasionally withsparse, minute glandular hairs; bracts obovate or subflabellate,6�9 mm, villous, deeply lobed; lobes linear or lanceolate. Ped-icel 7�11 mm. Calyx densely gray or yellowish gray tomentoseand villous; sepals erect in fruit, ovate, 4�6 × 3�4 mm, apexlong acuminate. Petals usually absent. Stamens many, some-what shorter than or nearly as long as sepals; filaments linear.Pistils 10�15(�20), shorter than stamens, often glabrous. Aggre-gate fruit red when immature, black at maturity, subglobose, ca.8 mm in diam., with several drupelets; pyrenes slightly rugose.Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

Mixed forests, forest margins; 1400�3000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [NE India, NE Myanmar].

106. Rubus tinifolius C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, ActaPhytotax. Sin. 20: 454. 1982.

截叶悬钩子 jie ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs erect or scandent, to 2 m tall. Branchlets grayishbrown or reddish brown, densely yellowish tomentose-villous,with sparse, curved minute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 2�4cm, densely yellowish tomentose-villous, with sparse, curvedminute prickles; stipules free, broadly obovate, 0.8�1.4 × 0.8�1.4 cm, villous, palmately lobed, lobes lanceolate; blade broad-ly triangular-ovate, 7�14 × 4.5�11 cm, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs,abaxially densely gray or yellowish tomentose and intermixedvillous along veins, adaxially villous along veins, base truncate,margin undivided, rarely shallowly undulate, irregularly serrate,apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, narrowpanicles or subracemes, axillary ones subcorymbose or flowersfew in clusters; rachis and pedicels yellowish tomentose-vil-lous; bracts broadly obovate, 7�13 × 6�12 mm, villous, pal-mately lobed; lobes lanceolate. Pedicel ca. 1 cm. Flowers ca. 1cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yellowish villous, inter-mixed tomentose; sepals ovate, 5�7 × 3�5 mm, apex acute,outer sepals often divided apically; lobes linear or lanceolate,inner sepals entire, erect in fruit. Petals white, suborbicular,base shortly clawed. Stamens many; filaments linear, glabrous.Pistils much longer than stamens; style and ovary glabrous. Ag-gregate fruit small, enclosed in calyx; pyrenes rugose, alveolate.Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Ravines, roadsides, montane valleys, forests; 1400�2100 m. SEYunnan.

107. Rubus chroosepalus Focke, Hooker�s Icon. Pl., ser. 3, 10:t. 1952. 1891.

毛萼莓 mao e mei

Shrubs scandent, semievergreen. Branchlets brownish ordark brown to blackish brown, soft hairy when young, glabre-scent, with sparse, curved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 4�7cm, glabrous or hairy, with sparse, slightly curved prickles;

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

stipules caducous, free, lanceolate, to 1.8 cm, sericeous-villousor arachnoid hairy, undivided or apically lobed; blade subor-bicular to broadly ovate, 5�10.5 cm in diam., palmately 5-vein-ed, lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs, raised abaxially, impressed adax-ially, thickly papery, abaxially densely gray or yellowish whitetomentose or arachnoid hairy, sparsely pilose along veins, adax-ially glabrous, base cordate, margin inconspicuously undulate,with uneven sharp teeth, apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescencesterminal, cymose panicles, 17�27 cm; rachis and pedicels seri-ceous-villous or arachnoid hairy; bracts caducous, lanceolate,shorter than stipules, both surfaces sericeous-villous or arach-noid hairy, margin entire or 3-lobed apically. Pedicel 3�7 mm.Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely gray oryellowish white sericeous-villous; tube shallowly cupular;sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5�7 × 3�4 mm, margin to-mentose, entire, apex acuminate. Petals absent. Stamens many,shorter than sepals; filaments subulate. Pistils ca. 15, longerthan stamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit purplish black or black,globose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

Thickets on slopes, forest margins; 300�2000 m. Fujian, Guang-dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan,Yunnan [Vietnam].

1a. Branchlets pubescent when young,glabrescent; petioles glabrous;leaves abaxially gray or yellowishwhite tomentose; inflorescencessericeous-villous .......................... 107a. var. chroosepalus

1b. Branchlets, petioles, leaves abaxiallyand inflorescences densely yellowisharachnoid hairy .................................. 107b. var. araneosus

107a. Rubus chroosepalus var. chroosepalus

毛萼莓(原变种) mao e mei (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus chroosepalus var. omeiensis Matsuda; R. mouyou-sensis H. Léveillé; R. petaloideus H. Léveillé.

Branchlets soft hairy when young, glabrescent. Petiolesglabrous; leaves gray or yellowish white tomentose abaxially.Inflorescences sericeous-villous.

Thickets on slopes, forest margins; 300�2000 m. Fujian, Guang-dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan,Yunnan [Vietnam].

107b. Rubus chroosepalus var. araneosus Q. H. Chen & T. L.Xu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 15: 363. 1993.

蛛丝毛萼莓 zhu si mao e mei

Branchlets, petioles, leaves abaxially, and inflorescencesdensely yellowish arachnoid hairy.

● Thickets; below 1000 m. Guizhou (Sishui).

108. Rubus mallotifolius C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 454. 1982.

楸叶悬钩子 qiu ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets purplish brown, soft hairywhen young, subglabrescent, with sparse, curved minute prick-

les. Leaves simple; petiole 4�6 cm, soft hairy when young, gla-brescent, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules caducous, free;blade triangularly broadly ovate to suborbicular, 9�12 cm,palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 3�5 pairs, prominent abax-ially, impressed adaxially, leathery, abaxially densely yellowishgray tomentose, villous along veins, adaxially glabrous, lus-trous, base truncate to shallowly cordate, margin unevenly shal-lowly obtusely serrate, apex acute or abruptly shortly pointed.Inflorescences terminal or axillary, lax narrow cymose panicles,10�16 cm, axillary inflorescences sometimes racemes; rachisand pedicels yellow sericeous-villous; bracts suborbicular orbroadly oblong, densely yellow sericeous-villous, apex pal-mately or pectinately lobed; lobes lanceolate. Pedicel 4�6 mm.Flowers 7�9 mm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yellow seri-ceous-villous; sepals erect after anthesis, broadly ovate or sub-orbicular, 6�7 × 3�5 mm, margin entire, inner sepals usuallywith tomentose margin, apex obtuse. Petals white, suborbicular,glabrous. Stamens many; filaments short, broad, complanate.Pistils slightly longer than stamens; style and ovary glabrous.Fruit unknown. Fl. Jun�Jul.

● Montane valleys, dense forests; 1200�2000 m. SE Yunnan.

109. Rubus fuscorubens Focke in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 1: 50.1911.

黄毛悬钩子 huang mao xuan gou zi

Shrubs deciduous. Branchlets brownish to dark brown, to-mentose-villous, gradually glabrescent, with sparse, slightlycurved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 2�4 cm, villous whenyoung, glabrate in age, with sparse, curved small prickles; stip-ules caducous, free, 5�9 mm, deeply divided to base, lobes line-ar, villous; blade narrowly ovate, 7�10 × 4�6.5 cm, palmately5-veined, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, thickly papery, abaxiallydensely gray tomentose, adaxially pilose along veins, base cor-date, margin shallowly lobed, thinly sharply serrate, apex acu-minate. Inflorescences often terminal, cymose panicles, 10�20cm; rachis and pedicels yellowish sericeous-villous; bracts 5�7mm, villous, divided above middle; lobes linear. Pedicel 3�6mm, with sparse, glandular hairs. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Ca-lyx densely yellowish sericeous-villous, sometimes with sparse,intermixed glandular hairs; sepals ovate, 5�6 × 2.5�4 mm, pu-berulous, margin entire, apex long acuminate. Petals muchshorter than sepals or absent. Stamens many, shorter than se-pals; filaments linear. Pistils not more than 20, shorter than sta-mens; style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit black, sub-globose, with few drupelets. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Mountainous areas; 400�1200 m. Hubei.

110. Rubus jianensis L. T. Lu & Boufford, nom. nov.

常绿悬钩子 chang lu xuan gou zi

Replaced synonym: Rubus sempervirens T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 455. 1982, not Bigelow (1824).

Shrubs evergreen, 1�3 m tall. Branchlets reddish brown,terete, glabrous, with curved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 5�10 cm, glabrous, with curved prickles; stipules caducous; bladenarrowly ovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate, 11�22 × 5.5�11cm, palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 8�10 pairs, leathery, abax-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

ially densely gray or grayish yellow tomentose, slightly villousalong veins, adaxially glabrous, base cordate, margin undividedor shallowly undulate, irregularly coarsely sharply serrate, apexacuminate. Inflorescences terminal, cymose panicles; rachis andpedicels yellowish sericeous-villous; bracts similar to stipules,apex deeply lobed; lobes lanceolate, sericeous-villous. Pedicel1�1.4 cm. Flowers 1�1.4 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially denselyyellowish sericeous-villous, usually without glandular hairs; se-pals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, margin entire, apex acute to acu-minate. Petals absent. Stamens many; filaments linear. Pistilsca. 14�20; ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit red, semiglobose, 1cm or less in diam., glabrous, enclosed in calyx; pyrenes reni-form, distinctly rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Slopes, foothills, montane valleys; 700�900 m. C and SWJiangxi.

111. Rubus cinclidodictyus Cardot, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 295.1914.

网纹悬钩子 wang wen xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing, to 2 m tall, long stoloniferous. Branchesgrayish brown to dark reddish brown, glabrous, with sparse,somewhat curved prickles or nearly unarmed. Leaves simple;petiole 1�4 cm, shortly petiolate at bases of inflorescences, gla-brous, with sparse, slightly curved prickles; stipules caducous,free, oblong or liguliform, 1�1.4 cm, glabrous or subglabrous,apex divided; blade broadly ovate, rarely ovate-oblong, 9�12 ×6�9 cm, palmately veined from base, abaxially densely gray to-mentose, adaxially glabrous, base rounded to shallowly cordate,margin irregularly coarsely sharply serrate, apex shortly cau-date. Inflorescences terminal, cymose panicles, much branched,pyramidal, to 10�22 cm; rachis and pedicels tomentose; bractsoblong or liguliform, rarely ovate, 1�1.2 cm, tomentose, apexdivided. Pedicel 0.7�1.5 cm. Flowers 6�8 mm in diam. Calyxpurple, abaxially densely gray tomentose; tube shorter, shallow-ly pelviform; sepals erect or reflexed after anthesis, ovate orovate-lanceolate, 4�6(�7) × 2�3 mm, margin entire, rarely with2 or 3 teeth, apex acuminate. Petals usually absent. Stamensmany, in 1 whorl, shorter than sepals; filaments linear, gla-brous. Pistils slightly shorter than stamens, glabrous. Aggregatefruit black at maturity, subglobose, less than 1 cm in diam., gla-brous. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Slopes, forests, forest margins, river banks; 1200�3300 m.Sichuan, Yunnan.

112. Rubus xanthoneurus Focke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 392.1900.

黄脉莓 huang mai mei

Shrubs climbing, to 3 m tall. Branchlets grayish brown,gray or yellowish gray tomentose, gradually glabrescent, withsparse, minute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole (1�)2�3 cm, to-mentose, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules free, ovate toovate-lanceolate, 7�9(�25) mm, soft hairy, margin and apexdeeply laciniate, lobes linear; blades narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 7�12 × 4�7 cm, lateral veins 7 or 8 pairs, brownishyellow, prominently raised abaxially, abaxially densely gray oryellowish white tomentose, adaxially villous along veins, basetruncate to shallowly cordate, margin often lobed, with irreg-ular, rough, sharp teeth, apex acuminate. Inflorescences termi-

nal and axillary, cymose panicles, 12�24 cm; rachis and ped-icels tomentose; bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5�7(�25)mm, apex and margin deeply lobed; lobes linear, soft hairy.Pedicel to 1.2 cm. Flowers less than 1 cm in diam. Calyx ab-axially tomentose, gradually glabrescent; tube pelviform; se-pals ovate, 6�7 × 3�5 mm, apex acuminate, outer sepals shal-lowly lobed, margin scarious, persistently tomentose. Petalswhite, obovate, 3�4 × 2.5�3.5 mm, shorter than sepals, pu-berulous, base clawed. Stamens many, nearly as long as pet-als; filaments linear. Pistils 10�35, slightly longer than sta-mens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit dark red, subglobose, gla-brous; pyrenes rugulose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

Forests, mountainous areas, montane valleys, ravines, roadsides,fallow fields; 500�2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Thailand].

1a. Petioles 2�3 cm; stipules and bractsless than 1 cm; pedicel and abaxialsurface of calyx without glandularhairs .............................................. 112a. var. xanthoneurus

1b. Petioles 1�2.5 cm; stipules andbracts 1�2.5 cm; pedicel andabaxial surface of calyx withglandular hairs or not.2a. Pedicel and abaxial surface of

calyx with glandular hairs ...... 112b. var. glandulosus2b. Pedicel and abaxial surface

of calyx without glandularhairs ................................... 112c. var. brevipetiolatus

112a. Rubus xanthoneurus var. xanthoneurus

黄脉莓(原变种) huang mai mei (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus dielsianus Focke; R. gentilianus H. Léveillé &Vaniot; R. lambertianus Seringe subsp. xanthoneurus (Focke)Focke; R. lambertianus var. xanthoneurus Focke; R. spinipesHemsley.

Petiole 2�3 cm; stipules and bracts less than 1 cm. Pediceland abaxial surface of calyx without glandular hairs.

Forests on slopes, ravines, roadsides, fallow fields; 1300�2000 m.Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Si-chuan, Yunnan [Thailand].

112b. Rubus xanthoneurus var. glandulosus T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 455. 1982.

腺毛黄脉莓 xian mao huang mai mei

Petiole 1�2.5 cm; stipules and bracts 1�2.5 cm. Pediceland abaxial surface of calyx with glandular hairs.

● Forests, mountainous areas, roadsides; 800�1100 m. Guangxi,Guizhou.

112c. Rubus xanthoneurus var. brevipetiolatus T. T. Yu & L.T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 455. 1982.

短柄黄脉莓 duan bing huang mai mei

Petiole ca. 1 cm; stipules and bracts longer than petioles.Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx without glandular hairs.

● Montane valleys, mixed forests; 500�1500 m. Guizhou.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

113. Rubus paniculatus Smith in Rees, Cycl. 30: Rubus no.41. 1819.

圆锥悬钩子 yuan zhui xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, to 3 m tall. Branchlets brownish to red-dish brown, terete, yellowish gray tomentose-villous, graduallyglabrescent, with sparse, minute prickles. Leaves simple; peti-ole 2�4 cm, yellowish gray or gray tomentose-villous, usuallyunarmed; stipules oblong or ovate-lanceolate, to 8�11 mm,villous, margin laciniate lobed above middle, lobes linear; bladeovate to narrowly ovate, 9�15 × 6�10 cm, lateral veins 5�7pairs, abaxially densely yellowish gray to gray tomentose, vil-lous along veins or glabrescent, adaxially villous, more denselyso along veins, base cordate, margin undulate or inconspicu-ously lobed, irregularly coarsely serrate to doubly serrate, apexacuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, terminal onescymose panicles, laxly spreading, 10�24 cm, axillary inflores-cences smaller, subracemes; rachis and pedicels yellowish grayor gray tomentose-villous; bracts elliptic or oblong to lanceo-late, 7�9 mm, villous, apex lobed or not divided. Pedicel to 1.5cm. Flowers to 1.8 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially tomentose andvillous; sepals ovate to lanceolate, 5�7 × 2�4 mm, apex acute tocaudate-acuminate, outer sepals lobed, inner sepals entire. Pet-als white to yellowish white, oblong, 6�8 mm in diam. Stamensmany, shorter than petals; filaments linear, glabrous. Pistilslonger than stamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit dark red toblackish purple, globose, glabrous; pyrenes distinctly rugose.Fl. Jun�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct.

Forests, ravines, stream sides; 1500�3200 m. Xizang, Yunnan[Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].

1a. Leaves abaxially persistently tomentose,margin coarsely serrate ................... 113a. var. paniculatus

1b. Leaves abaxially tomentose whenyoung, glabrescent in age, marginsharply serrate ................................. 113b. var. glabrescens

113a. Rubus paniculatus var. paniculatus

圆锥悬钩子(原变种) yuan zhui xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus paniculatus f. tiliaceus (Smith) H. Hara; R. tiliaceusSmith.

Leaves abaxially persistently tomentose, margin coarselyserrate.

Mixed forests on slopes, ravines, stream sides; 1500�3200 m. Xi-zang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].

113b. Rubus paniculatus var. glabrescens T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 456. 1982.

脱毛圆锥悬钩子 tuo mao yuan zhui xuan gou zi

Leaves abaxially tomentose when young, glabrescent inage, margin sharply serrate.

● Forests; ca. 1700 m. NW Yunnan.

114. Rubus neoviburnifolius L. T. Lu & Boufford, nom. nov.

荚蒾叶悬钩子 jia mi ye xuan gou zi

Replaced synonym: Rubus viburnifolius Focke, Biblioth.Bot. 17(Heft 72): 75. 1910, not Franchet (1895), nor (Greene)Rydberg (1913); R. evadens Focke; R. nanopetalus Cardot; R.viburnifolius Focke var. apetalus Y. Gu & W. L. Li.

Shrubs climbing. Branches brownish to dark brown, terete,robust, gray to yellowish gray tomentose, with sparse, some-what curved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2.5 cm, gray tograyish yellow tomentose-villous, with sparse, minute prickles;stipules caducous, lanceolate, 5�7 mm, deeply lobed, lobes li-near, villous; blade broadly ovate to suborbicular, rarely nar-rowly ovate, 6�11 × 5�9.5 cm, lateral veins usually 5 pairs,abaxially gray to yellowish gray tomentose and villous alongveins, adaxially pilose, more densely so along veins, base trun-cate to subcordate, margin undulate or inconspicuously 3-lobed,irregularly abruptly pointed-serrate, apex acute or shortly point-ed. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, terminal ones cymosepanicles, short, 7�14 cm, compact, many flowered, axillaryones subracemes, shorter, sometimes flowers few in clusters;rachis and pedicels densely gray to grayish yellow tomentose-villous; bracts unequal in length, those in basal part of inflores-cence 5�8 mm, parted nearly to base; lobes linear or lanceolate,villous, those in apical part of inflorescence smaller, linear-lan-ceolate, 3-divided. Pedicel 0.8�1.5 cm. Flowers 8�10 mm indiam. Calyx yellowish tomentose and villous; sepals ovate-lan-ceolate, 5�8 × 3�5 mm, often undivided. Petals white, spatulateor elliptic, smaller than sepals, glabrous, base clawed. Stamensmany, somewhat longer than petals; filaments linear. Pistilsfewer than stamens, slightly longer than or ca. as long as sta-mens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit red, 6�8 mm in diam., gla-brous, with few drupelets; pyrenes rugose. Fl. late spring�summer, fr. summer�autumn.

● Dry slopes, mixed forests; 1200�3000 m. S Yunnan.

115. Rubus nagasawanus Koidzumi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot.8: 108. 1939.

高砂悬钩子 gao sha xuan gou zi

Rubus alceifolius Poiret var. emigratus Koidzumi (1913),not Focke (1904); R. formosensis Matsumura (1901), notKuntze (1879); R. polyanthus H. L. Li; R. tephrodes Hance var.setosissimus Koidzumi (1939), not Handel-Mazzetti (1933).

Shrubs scrambling. Branches robust, grayish soft hairy andtomentose, with reddish glandular hairs 2�3 mm and few prick-les; prickles ca. 2 mm, curved, base dilated; petiole 1�2 cm,tomentose, with minute prickles and glandular hairs; stipulesfree, 8�10 mm, margin lacerate to pinnatipartite; lobes linear,with soft hairs and intermixed sparse, glandular hairs; bladesuborbicular or broadly ovate, 4�6 × 4.5�7 cm, 5-veined, veinsprominent abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, abaxiallygray or grayish yellow tomentose, adaxially dark and slightlyhirsute especially along veins, base broadly to deeply cordate,margin 5-lobed, unevenly sharply serrate, apex acute or obtuse.Inflorescences terminal, cymose panicles, much branched, 8�15(�20) cm, many flowered; rachis and pedicels densely to-mentose; bracts 5�8 mm, margin lacerate to pinnatipartite;lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, puberulous, with few glandularhairs. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Calyx yellow-ish tomentose, with sparse, intermixed glandular hairs; tube

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

cupular, ca. 3 mm, unarmed; sepals triangular-ovate, 6�7 × 3�4mm, apex acute to acuminate, usually undivided. Petals white,spatulate-orbicular to obovate, 3�4 × 2�3 mm, pubescent, baseshortly clawed. Stamens many; filaments 3�4 mm, glabrous.Pistils 4�5 mm, glabrous. Aggregate fruit subglobose, 7�9 mmin diam., glabrous, enclosed in calyx; pyrenes 2�3 mm, slightlyfoveolate. Fl. summer, fr. autumn. 2n = 28*.

Thickets; 700�2500 m. E Taiwan [Indonesia (Java, Sumatra),Philippines].

116. Rubus alceifolius Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. 6:247. 1804.

粗叶悬钩子 cu ye xuan gou zi

Rubus alceifolius var. diversilobatus (Merrill & Chun) T.T. Yu & L. T. Lu; R. bullatifolius Merrill; R. fimbriiferusFocke; R. fimbriiferus var. diversilobatus Merrill & Chun; R.gilvus Focke; R. hainanensis Focke; R. laciniatostipulatus Ha-yata ex Koidzumi; R. monguillonii H. Léveillé & Vaniot; R.multibracteatus H. Léveillé & Vaniot var. demangei H. Lé-veillé.

Shrubs scandent, to 5 m tall, with arching or climbingbranches. Branchlets brown or reddish brown, densely spread-ing straight tomentose-villous, with sparse, recurved prickles to5 mm; petiole 3�4.5 cm, yellowish gray to rust colored to-mentose-villous, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules oblongto orbicular, 1�1.5(�2) cm, margin deeply digitately or pinnate-ly divided, lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, hairy; blade sub-orbicular or broadly ovate, 6�16 × 5�14 cm, usually palmately5-veined, thinly leathery, abaxially yellowish gray to rust color-ed tomentose, villous along veins, adaxially sparsely villous anddistinctly bullate between veins, base cordate with basal inci-sion to 3 or 4 cm deep, margin shallowly 5�7-lobed; lobesapically obtuse or acute, unevenly coarsely serrate. Inflores-cences terminal, narrow cymose panicles or subracemes, 6�11cm, sometimes flowers few in axillary clusters, rarely flowerssolitary; rachis and pedicels tomentose-villous, with minute re-curved prickles; bracts 1�1.4 cm, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite;lobes linear or lanceolate. Pedicel 5�10(�15) mm. Flowers 1�1.6 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially tomentose-villous; tube cupu-lar; sepals broadly ovate to triangular-ovate, 6�9 × 5�8 mm,apex and margin of outer sepals palmately or pinnately lacini-ate, rarely undivided, inner sepals entire, shortly pointed, abax-ially tomentose, intermixed villous. Petals white, suborbicularto broadly obovate, 5�9 × 4�9 mm, base clawed. Stamensmany, shorter than petals; filaments to 5 mm, broad, com-planate; anthers with few long hairs. Pistils numerous, longerthan stamens; ovary and style glabrous. Aggregate fruit red,subglobose, to 1.8 cm in diam.; pyrenes rugose. Fl. Jul�Sep. fr.Oct�Nov. 2n = 42*.

Sunny slopes, mixed forests in valleys, boggy thickets, roadsides,rock crevices; 500�2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambo-dia, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thai-land, Vietnam].

The fruit are juicy and edible. The roots and leaves are used medi-cinally.

117. Rubus platysepalus Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 493.1933.

武冈悬钩子 wu gang xuan gou zi

Rubus platysepalus var. gracilior Handel-Mazzetti.

Shrubs, to 2 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddish brown,terete, yellowish villous, with sparse, broad-based, recurvedprickles. Leaves simple; petiole 3�4.5 cm, yellowish villous,with sparse, recurved minute prickles; stipules caducous, free,to 1 cm, villous, pinnatipartite or palmatipartite nearly to base,lobes linear or lanceolate; blade broadly ovate, 6�10 × 5�8.5cm, palmately 5-veined, papery, abaxially yellowish gray to-mentose, villous along brown to rust colored veins, with sparse,minute prickles along midvein, adaxially appressed strigose-pi-lose, base deeply cordate, margin 5�7-lobed; lobes apicallyacute or obtuse, terminal lobe longer than lateral lobes, irreg-ularly coarsely serrate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, ter-minal ones cymose panicles, 10�20 cm or more, loosely flow-ered; axillary inflorescences subracemes, shorter; rachis andpedicels yellowish villous, with sparse, curved minute prickles;bracts 7�9 mm, palmatipartite or pinnatipartite; lobes linear orlinear-lanceolate, villous. Pedicel 5�8 mm. Flowers 8�10 mm indiam. Calyx abaxially yellowish villous; tube 4�5 mm; sepalsbroadly ovate or broadly triangular-ovate, 5�8 × 3�5 mm, apexshortly acuminate, outer sepals apically laciniate, inner sepalsentire, abaxially with tomentose margin. Petals white, broadlyobovate, 4�5.5 mm and ca. as broad, pubescent, base clawed,apex obtuse. Stamens many, slightly shorter than or nearly aslong as petals; filaments linear, dilated toward base, glabrous orwith few long hairs at apex of anthers. Pistils numerous, longerthan stamens; ovary whitish pubescent; styles glabrous. Fruitunknown. Fl. Jun�Aug.

● Thickets, roadsides; low elevations. Guangxi, W Hunan (Wu-gang Xian).

118. Rubus arachnoideus Y. C. Liu & F. Y. Lu, Quart. J. Chin.Forest. 9: 129. 1976.

灰叶悬钩子 hui ye xuan gou zi

Rubus nagasawanus Koidzumi var. arachnoideus (Y. C.Liu & F. Y. Lu) S. S. Ying.

Subshrubs. Branchlets densely grayish appressed tomen-tose, with few small prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 1.5�2 cm,grayish tomentose; stipules 4�6 mm, much lacerate, grayish to-mentose; blade ovate to broadly ovate, 5�7 × 4�6 cm, palmately5-veined, veins raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially,abaxially densely grayish appressed tomentose, adaxially darkbrownish, glabrous or slightly pubescent along veins, basebroadly cordate, margin unevenly dentate, 3�5-lobed, terminallobe 3�4 × 3�3.5 cm, lateral lobes smaller, apex obtuse oracute. Inflorescences terminal, cymose panicles, much branch-ed, to 17 × 13 cm; rachis and pedicels grayish tomentose. Pedi-cel 0.8�2 cm, bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, slightly lacerate,grayish tomentose. Calyx cupular, 5�6 mm in diam., abaxiallygrayish tomentose; sepals triangular or triangular-ovate, 4�6 ×2�3 mm, apex acute. Petals white, broadly obovate or obovate-spatulate, 4�5 × 3�4 mm, both surfaces sparsely pubescent,base shortly clawed; torus densely villous. Stamens many; fila-ments free or connate at base, ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Pistils gla-brous; styles 3�4 mm. Fruit not seen. Fl. Jul�Sep(�Dec).

● Broad-leaved forests; (300�)1500�1800 m. E Taiwan.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

No specimens have been seen by the present authors. Specimensunder this name at HAST have been annotated by Naohiro Naruhashi asRubus tephrodes (Ching-I Peng, pers. comm.).

119. Rubus yuliensis Y. C. Liu & F. Y. Lu, Quart. J. Chin.Forest. 9(2): 135. 1976.

玉里悬钩子 yu li xuan gou zi

Shrubs. Branchlets pilose, densely prickly; prickles to 4mm, slender, somewhat curved. Leaves simple; petiole 5�8 cm,densely hirsute and prickly; stipules ovate to ovate-oblong, 6�12 mm, pinnatipartite or deeply laciniate; lobes linear, 7�8 mm,abaxially sparsely hirsute, adaxially glabrous; blade broadlycordate-orbicular, 5�8 × 4.5�9 cm, thinly leathery, 5-veined,veins prominent abaxially, slightly impressed to flat adaxially,abaxially yellowish brown, tomentose, with intermixed longhairs, adaxially nearly glabrous except hirsute along veins, basebroadly cordate, margin unevenly serrate, shallowly 5-lobed,terminal lobe 1.7�3.5 × 1.5�3.5 cm, longer than lateral lobes,apex obtuse to shortly acute. Inflorescences subracemes, short,3�6-flowered; rachis and pedicels densely hirsute, prickly;bracts orbicular-ovate, laciniate, abaxially puberulent, adaxiallyglabrous. Pedicel ca. 5 mm. Calyx cupular, abaxially denselytomentose and hirsute; sepals long ovate, 5�8 mm, marginentire, apex with 1�3 bristles. Petals orbicular, ca. 5 mm, gla-brous. Stamens many; filaments glabrous. Pistils glabrous,styles ca. 7 mm. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jun�Jul(�Oct).

● 1000�1400 m. E Taiwan.

No specimens have been seen by the present authors. Specimensunder this name at HAST have been annotated by Naohiro Naruhashi asRubus rufus (Ching-I Peng, pers. comm.).

120. Rubus chrysobotrys Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss.Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 60: 183. 1923.

黄穗悬钩子 huang sui xuan gou zi

Shrubs 2�3 m tall. Branchlets brownish to dark brown, te-rete, densely yellowish villous, with sparse, curved small prick-les. Leaves simple; petiole 3.5�7 cm, densely yellowish villous,with sparse, curved minute prickles; stipules caducous, free,brown, 1�1.7 cm, villous, pinnatifid nearly to midvein, lobeslinear; blade broadly ovate, 7�15 × 6�12 cm, palmately 5-vein-ed, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, abaxially densely yellow tomen-tose, with intermixed long hairs along veins, glabrescent, withonly sparse long hairs along veins in age, adaxially villous, basecordate, margin undivided, 5-divided, or somewhat undulate, ir-regularly coarsely sharply doubly serrate, apex abruptly longpointed or shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axil-lary, narrow cymose panicles or subracemes, terminal ones 12�26 cm, axillary ones shorter; rachis and pedicels densely yellowvillous, with sparse, minute prickles; bracts 0.8�1.5(�2.3) cm,deeply lobed; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, villous. Ped-icel 5�10 mm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxiallydensely yellow villous, intermixed tomentose; sepals often erectin fruit, lanceolate, 1�1.2 cm × 3�6 mm, apex shortly caudate,outer sepals apically shallowly 2- or 3-laciniate. Petals white,suborbicular or obovate, 8�11 × 4�6 mm, base long clawed.Stamens many, slightly shorter than petals; filaments slightly

broad at base. Pistils numerous, longer than stamens, glabrous.Aggregate fruit semiglobose, 8�10 mm in diam., glabrous, en-closed in calyx; pyrenes rugulose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Mixed forests on slopes, ravines, mountainous regions; 1700�2500 m. W Yunnan.

1a. Leaves undivided or sometimesundulate; bracts 8�15 mm ............. 120a. var. chrysobotrys

1b. Leaves often undulately 5-divided;bracts to 23 mm .............................. 120b. var. lobophyllus

120a. Rubus chrysobotrys var. chrysobotrys

黄穗悬钩子(原变种) huang sui xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Leaves undivided or sometimes undulate. Bracts 0.8�1.5cm.

● Mixed forests on slopes, ravines; 1700�2500 m. NW Yunnan.

120b. Rubus chrysobotrys var. lobophyllus Handel-Mazzetti,Symb. Sin. 7: 495. 1933.

裂叶黄穗悬钩子 lie ye huang sui xuan gou zi

Leaves often undulately 5-divided. Bracts to 2.3 cm.

● Mountainous regions; 2000�2400 m. SW Yunnan.

121. Rubus rufus Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 108. 1910.

棕红悬钩子 zong hong xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, to 3 m tall. Branchlets brownish to red-dish brown, cylindric, with soft hairs, brownish bristles, andsparse, needle-like prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 7�11 cm,brownish, with soft hairs, brownish soft bristles, and slightlyneedle-like prickles; stipules 1.5�2 cm, palmately 5-veined,pectinately or palmately lobed; lobes pinnately divided againinto linear or linear-lanceolate lobules, soft hairy, bristly; bladesuborbicular, 0.9�1.5 cm in diam., abaxially brownish tomen-tose, with intermixed reddish brown long hairs and sparse,needle-like prickles along veins, adaxially villous only alongveins, base cordate, margin 5-lobed; lobes triangular-lanceolateor oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, apex acute,terminal lobe longest, lobes near base shorter, triangular, irreg-ularly sharply serrate. Inflorescences terminal, narrow paniclesor subracemes, 6�8(�10) cm, few flowered, or flowers in clus-ters in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels with dense soft hairs,brownish bristles, and sparse, needle-like prickles; bracts to 1.5cm, palmatipartite; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, soft hairy,bristly. Pedicel 0.7�1(�2.5) cm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. ormore. Calyx abaxially brownish tomentose and bristly; tubeshallowly cupular; sepals erect in fruit, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.8�1.2 cm × 5�7 mm, apex caudate, outer sepalsapically shallowly laciniate, inner sepals entire. Petals white,broadly elliptic or suborbicular, 5�7 mm in diam., glabrous,base shortly clawed, apex somewhat undulate or erose. Stamensmany, longer than or nearly as long as petals; filaments linear orwith slightly broadened bases. Pistils 30�40, longer than sta-mens; style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit orange-red,with few drupelets, glabrous, enclosed in calyx; pyrenes dis-tinctly rugulose. Fl. Jun�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct. 2n = 28*.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Forests, thickets on slopes, valleys, ravines, near water courses;900�2500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi,Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Thailand, Vietnam].

1a. Leaves deeply divided, lobes oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate ....................................... 121c. var. palmatifidus

1b. Leaves shallowly 5-divided, lobestriangular-lanceolate or triangular.2a. Pedicel 0.7�1 cm; flowers ca.

1 cm in diam. ..................................... 121a. var. rufus2b. Pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm; flowers more

than 1 cm in diam. ......... 121b. var. longipedicellatus

121a. Rubus rufus var. rufus

棕红悬钩子(原变种) zong hong xuan gou zi (yuan bianzhong)

Leaves shallowly 5-divided, lobes triangular-lanceolate ortriangular. Pedicel 7�10 mm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam.

Dense forests, thickets on slopes, valleys; 1000�2500 m. Guang-dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan[Thailand, Vietnam].

121b. Rubus rufus var. longipedicellatus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 457. 1982.

长梗棕红悬钩子 chang geng zong hong xuan gou zi

Leaves shallowly 5-divided, lobes triangular-lanceolate ortriangular. Pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm. Flowers more than 1 cm indiam.

● Forests; below 2800 m. Yunnan.

121c. Rubus rufus var. palmatifidus Cardot, Notul. Syst.(Paris) 3: 304. 1914.

掌裂棕红悬钩子 zhang lie zong hong xuan gou zi

Leaves deeply lobed; lobes oblong-lanceolate or narrowlyelliptic-lanceolate. Pedicel 7�10 mm. Flowers more than 1 cmin diam.

● Ravines in dense forests, near water courses; 900�1100 m. SGuizhou.

122. Rubus lasiotrichos Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72):109. 1910.

多毛悬钩子 duo mao xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets brownish to reddish brown,terete, with soft hairs, bristles, and curved prickles. Leaves sim-ple; petiole 6�8(�10) cm, with soft hairs, brownish bristles, andsparse, curved prickles; stipules caducous, free, brown, 1�1.2 ×0.7�1 cm, apex pectinately lobed, lobes lanceolate, soft hairy,bristly; blade suborbicular, 9�14 cm in diam., palmately 5-vein-ed, abaxially densely brownish tomentose, with intermixed longhairs and sparse, curved small prickles along veins, adaxiallyvillous along veins, base cordate, margin 5-lobed; lobes broadlytriangular to triangular-lanceolate, terminal lobe larger, apexacute to acuminate, irregularly sharply serrate. Inflorescencesfew flowered, clusters in leaf axils, or terminal and short sub-racemes, to 6�9 cm; rachis and pedicels with dense soft hairs,

brownish bristles, and sparse, minute prickles; bracts to 1.2 cm,apex lobed; lobes lanceolate, soft hairy, bristly. Pedicel 5�10mm. Flowers 1.2�1.7 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially denselybrownish tomentose and bristly; sepals narrowly lanceolate tolanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 6�10 × 4�7 mm, apex acute orshortly acuminate to caudate, outer sepals often laciniate abovemiddle; lobes linear, inner sepals entire. Petals white, suborbic-ular or broadly elliptic, slightly shorter than or nearly as long assepals, glabrous, base shortly clawed. Stamens many, some-what shorter than petals; filaments linear. Pistils slightly longerthan stamens; style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit red,subglobose, glabrous, with many drupelets, enclosed in calyx;pyrenes prominently rugulose. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct.

Dry slopes, rocky mountains, sparse forests, thickets; 1800�2700m. S Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Thailand, Vietnam].

1a. Sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,apex acute to shortly acuminate ...... 122a. var. lasiotrichos

1b. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, apexacuminate to caudate ................................. 122b. var. blinii

122a. Rubus lasiotrichos var. lasiotrichos

多毛悬钩子(原变种) duo mao xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus rufus Focke var. hederifolius Cardot; R. hederi-folius (Cardot) Thuan.

Sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, apex acute to shortlyacuminate.

Dry slopes, rocky mountains, sparse forests; 1800�2700 m. Si-chuan, Yunnan [Thailand, Vietnam].

122b. Rubus lasiotrichos var. blinii (H. Léveillé) L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 38: 281. 2000.

狭萼多毛悬钩子 xia e duo mao xuan gou zi

Rubus blinii H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7:258. 1909.

Sepals narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate to caudate.

● Thickets. S Guizhou.

123. Rubus pluribracteatus L. T. Lu & Boufford, nom. nov.

大乌泡 da wu pao

Replaced synonym: Rubus multibracteatus H. Léveillé &Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Ėtud. Sci. Angers 11: 99. 1902, not Boulay& Pierret ex Rouy & Camus (1900).

Shrubs to 3 m tall. Branchlets brownish to purplish brown,terete, stout, yellow tomentose and with sparse, curved smallprickles. Leaves simple; petiole 3�6 cm, densely yellow tomen-tose, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules broadly elliptic tobroadly obovate, 1�1.8 cm, apex pectinately lobed; lobes undi-vided, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, tomentose-villous; bladesuborbicular, 7�16 cm in diam., 5-veined, veins prominentabaxially, abaxially densely yellowish gray or yellow tometose,villous along veins, adaxially soft hairy, densely bullate, basecordate, margin 7�9-lobed, terminal lobe obtuse or subtruncate,inconspicuously 3-lobed, unevenly coarsely serrate, apex ob-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

tuse or acute. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, terminalones narrow cymose panicles or subracemes, 7�14 cm, axillaryones racemes or flowers few in clusters in leaf axils; rachis andpedicels densely yellow or yellowish white sericeous-villous;bracts similar to stipules in shape, 1�1.5 cm, palmately lacini-ate; lobes lanceolate. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm, rarely longer. Flowers1.5�2.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yellow or yellow-ish white sericeous-villous; tube broadly pelviform; sepals erectin fruit, broadly ovate, 0.9�1.5(�2.4) cm × 4�7 mm, marginsometimes slightly tomentose, apex acuminate; outer sepalslarger, palmately to pinnately divided, rarely undivided, innersepals narrower, not or occasionally lobed. Petals white, obo-vate or spatulate, 0.8�1.4 cm × 5�8 mm, glabrous, base clawed.Stamens many; filaments broad, complanate; anthers with fewlong hairs. Pistils numerous, longer than stamens; ovary gla-brous. Aggregate fruit red, globose, to 2 cm in diam.; pyrenesprominently rugose. Fl. Mar�Jun, fr. Aug�Sep.

Slopes, river valleys, roadsides, forests, forest margins; 300�2700m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Cambodia, Laos, Thai-land, Vietnam].

1a. Sepals to 1.5 cm, palmately topinnately divided, lobes usuallyundivided ................................... 123a. var. pluribracteatus

1b. Sepals to 2.4 cm, palmatipartiteabove middle, lanceolate lobesdivided again ................................ 123b. var. lobatisepalus

123a. Rubus pluribracteatus var. pluribracteatus

大乌泡(原变种) da wu pao (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus andropogon H. Léveillé; R. clinocephalus Focke;R. major Focke; R. mallodes Focke.

Sepals to 1.5 cm, palmately to pinnately lobed; lobes usu-ally undivided.

Slopes, river valleys, roadsides, forests; 300�2700 m. Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].

123b. Rubus pluribracteatus var. lobatisepalus (T. T. Yu &L. T. Lu) L. T. Lu & Boufford, comb. nov.

裂萼大乌泡 lie e da wu pao

Basionym: Rubus multibracteatus H. Léveillé & Vaniotvar. lobatisepalus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20:458. 1982.

Sepals to 2.4 cm, palmatipartite above middle; lobes lan-ceolate, divided again.

● Forest margins; below 2500 m. W Yunnan.

124. Rubus reticulatus Wallich ex J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India2: 331. 1878.

网脉悬钩子 wang mai xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, to 1 cm tall. Branchlets brown, gray toyellowish gray tomentose, with soft hairs and sparse, curvedminute prickles, rarely unarmed. Leaves simple; petiole 4�9cm, gray to yellowish gray tomentose, with soft hairs andsparse, minute prickles; stipules subflabellate, pectinately lob-

ed; lobes divided again, with lanceolate lobules, tomentose, softhairy; blade broadly ovate to suborbicular, 12�20 × 10�18 cm,palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 5�7 pairs, prominent abax-ially, abaxially densely yellowish gray tomentose, with longhairs along veins, adaxially pilose, densely so along veins, basecordate, margin distinctly 5-lobed, lobes apically acute or ± ob-tuse, unevenly densely serrate. Inflorescences terminal and axil-lary, terminal ones narrow cymose panicles or subracemes,axillary ones subracemes or flowers in clusters in leaf axils;rachis and pedicels densely gray or yellowish brown tomentoseand villous; proximal bracts subflabellate, those on pedicelelliptic, margin entire or apically divided, thinly tomentose, softhairy. Pedicel 1.5�3(�4) cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyxdensely tomentose and villous; sepals broadly ovate, 4.5�5 mm,about as broad as long, margin entire or slightly lobed, apexacuminate. Petals white or yellowish white, obovate to suborb-icular, ca. 5 mm, about as broad as long. Stamens many, gla-brous; filaments linear. Pistils numerous; style and ovary gla-brous. Aggregate fruit red, globose, 1�1.5 cm in diam. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct.

Broad-leaved evergreen forests in montane valleys, ravines,thickets on slopes; 600�2100 m. SE Xizang [NW India, Nepal, Sikkim].

125. Rubus setchuenensis Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot)5: 46. 1891.

川莓 chuan mei

Rubus cavaleriei H. Léveillé & Vaniot; R. clemens Focke;R. lyi H. Léveillé; R. omeiensis Rolfe; R. pacatus Focke; R. pa-catus var. alypus Focke; R. setchuenensis var. omeiensis (Rolfe)Handel-Mazzetti; R. singulifolius Focke.

Shrubs 2�5 m tall. Branchlets yellowish brown whenyoung, brown or reddish brown in age, terete, densely yellow-ish tomentose-villous, gradually glabrescent, unarmed. Leavessimple; petiole 5�7 cm, yellowish tomentose-villous, often un-armed; stipules caducous, free, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rarelynarrowly ovate, 7�11 mm and nearly as broad, tomentose-villous, apex palmately laciniate; blade suborbicular or broadlyovate, 7�15 cm in diam., palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 2 or3 pairs, raised abaxially, abaxially densely gray tomentose,sometimes hairs gradually deciduous, adaxially scabrous, gla-brous or soft hairy along veins, base cordate, margin 5�7-lobed;lobes shallowly divided again, apex obtuse, rarely acute, un-evenly shallowly obtusely dentate. Inflorescences terminal oraxillary, narrow cymose panicles, 8�14 cm, to 20 cm in fruit,axillary inflorescences smaller, sometimes flowers few in clus-ters in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels densely yellowish tomen-tose-villous; bracts similar to stipules in shape, 5�9 × 3�5 mm,tomentose-villous, apex palmate-laciniate. Pedicel ca. 1 cm.Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially yellowish tomen-tose, intermixed soft hairy; sepals erect in fruit, rarely reflexed,ovate-lanceolate, margin entire or outer sepals shallowly lacini-ate apically, apex caudate. Petals purplish red, obovate or sub-orbicular, 4�6 mm in diam., much shorter than sepals, glabrous,base clawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments line-ar, glabrous. Pistils longer than stamens; style and ovary gla-brous. Aggregate fruit black, semiglobose, ca. 1 cm indiam., glabrous, often enclosed in persistent calyx; pyrenessmall, smooth. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct. 2n = 28*.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

● Slopes, roadsides, forest margins, thickets; 500�3000 m.Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan.

This species often forms dense, impenetrable thickets on deforest-ed slopes.

126. Rubus faberi Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 53. 1910.

峨眉悬钩子 e mei xuan gou zi

Shrubs. Branchlets brown to purplish brown, terete, dense-ly tomentose-villous, usually unarmed. Leaves simple; petiole4�9 cm, tomentose, unarmed or with few small prickles; stip-ules caducous, free; blade broadly ovate, rarely suborbicular,10�18 × 8�17 cm, palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs,prominent abaxially, leathery, abaxially densely yellowish to-mentose, soft hairy along veins, adaxially scabrous, glabrous,base cordate, margin 7�11-lobed; lobes triangular, margin irreg-ularly sharply serrate, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal andaxillary, cymose panicles, axillary ones smaller; rachis and ped-icels densely yellowish tomentose-villous; bracts caducous, nar-rowly obovate, tomentose-villous, palmatipartite above middle,lobes lanceolate. Pedicel ca. 1 cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam.Calyx abaxially densely yellowish tomentose and soft hairy; se-pals erect after anthesis, broadly ovate, apex acute, margins ofouter sepals often pinnately laciniate; lobes linear. Petals white,narrowly obovate, slightly longer than or nearly as long as se-pals, glabrous, base clawed. Stamens many; filaments broadertoward base, glabrous. Pistils glabrous. Aggregate fruit red, sub-globose, 0.8�1.2 cm in diam., glabrous, enclosed in persistentcalyx; pyrenes conspicuously rugulose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Mountains; low to medium elevations. W Sichuan.

127. Rubus formosensis Kuntze, Meth. Sp.-Beschr. Rubus, 73.1879.

台湾悬钩子 tai wan xuan gou zi

Rubus formosanus Maximowicz ex Focke; R. nantoensisHayata; R. randaiensis Hayata; R. rubribracteatus F. P. Met-calf; R. rugosissimus Hayata.

Shrubs erect or somewhat scrambling. Branchlets terete,densely yellowish brown tomentose-villous, unarmed or withsparse, curved minute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 3�5 mm,densely yellowish brown tomentose villous, usually unarmed;stipules free, brownish, broadly ovate to oblong, 1�1.5(�2) ×0.6�1(�1.5) cm, margin entire to pinnatipartite or palmatipar-tite; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate, slightly tomentose-villous;blade broadly ovate or suborbicular, 6�12 × 7�13 cm, 5-veined,reticulate veins raised and prominent abaxially, impressedadaxially, abaxially yellowish gray tomentose, soft hairy alongveins, adaxially rugose, soft hairy when young, base cordate,margin 3�5-lobed; lobes ovate-triangular, terminal one largest,margin unevenly coarsely serrate, apex acute, rarely obtuse.Inflorescences terminal, short subracemes, 3�5 cm, severalflowered, or flowers solitary in leaf axils; rachis and pedicelsdensely yellow brown tomentose-villous; bracts reddish brown,broadly ovate to oblong, 8�11(�15) × 6�9(�12) mm, often pal-matipartite or pinnatipartite; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate,slightly hairy. Pedicel 3�4 mm, rarely longer. Flowers ca. 1.5cm in diam. or slightly longer. Calyx abaxially densely yellow-

ish brown villous and tomentose; tube cupular; sepals triangularto ovate, 6�9 × 4�6 mm, margin entire or outer sepals apicallylobed or with few teeth, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Petalswhite, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 5�8 × 4�7 mm, abaxiallyglabrous or with few hairs, base clawed, margin sometimeserose. Stamens many, shorter than sepals; filaments 3�4 mm,linear, with few long hairs at apex of anthers. Pistils shorterthan stamens; ovary with few hairs. Aggregate fruit red, glo-bose or broadly ovoid, 8�10 mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Jun�Jul,fr. Aug�Sep. 2n = 28*.

● Dry places, rocks, stream sides, sparse forests in valleys; low tohigh elevations. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan.

128. Rubus pinnatisepalus Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29.305. 1892.

羽萼悬钩子 yu e xuan gou zi

Shrubs lianoid, to 2 m tall, stoloniferous. Branchletsbrown to purplish brown, tomentose-villous, with curved mi-nute prickles, sometimes with glandular hairs. Leaves simple;petiole 3�7 cm, tomentose-villous, with minute prickles; stip-ules broadly flabellate, 1�1.5(�2) cm, membranous, pectinatelyor palmately parted nearly to base; lobes lanceolate or linear,villous; blade orbicular to broadly ovate, 7�14 cm in diam., 5-veined, veins distinctly raised abaxially, slightly impressedadaxially, papery, abaxially densely gray tomentose and villous,with minute needle-like prickles along veins, adaxially promi-nently rugose, sparsely villous, base cordate, margin 5�7-lobed;lobes irregularly coarsely serrate to doubly serrate, apex obtuseor acute. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, short subracemes,3�5 cm, 1- or few flowered, or flowers several in clusters in leafaxils; rachis and pedicels gray or yellowish tomentose-villous;bracts narrower than stipules, 1�1.5 cm, villous, deeply dividedsimilar to stipules; lobes linear to lanceolate. Pedicel 7�10(�15)mm. Flowers ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Calyx gray or yellowish to-mentose and villous; sepals narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate,unequal in length, longer sepals to 1.5 cm, shorter sepals 6�8mm, apex acuminate; outer sepals pinnatipartite, lobes lanceo-late, inner sepals entire, occasionally with minute glandularhairs. Petals white, broadly obovate or suborbicular, 5�7 mm indiam., shorter than sepals, base broadly clawed. Stamens many,shorter than petals; filaments broadened, flattened, soft hairy.Pistils many, slightly shorter than or nearly as long as stamens;ovary glabrous or slightly soft hairy. Aggregate fruit red, sub-globose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Sep�Oct.

● Stream sides, roadsides, mixed forests, moist slopes, thickets inravines; 1500�3100 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan.

1a. Branchlets, petioles, and abaxialsurface of calyx often withoutglandular hairs ............................ 128a. var. pinnatisepalus

1b. Branchlets, petioles, and abaxialsurface of calyx with dense,unequal glandular hairs .................. 128b. var. glandulosus

128a. Rubus pinnatisepalus var. pinnatisepalus

羽萼悬钩子(原变种) yu e xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus acuarius Focke; R. calycacanthus H. Léveillé var.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

buergerifolius H. Léveillé; R. darrisii H. Léveillé; R. laciniato-stipulatus Hayata ex Koidzumi.

Branchlets, petioles, and abaxial surface of calyx usuallywithout glandular hairs.

● Stream sides, roadsides, mixed forests; below 3000 m. Guizhou,Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan.

128b. Rubus pinnatisepalus var. glandulosus T. T. Yu & L.T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 458. 1982.

密腺羽萼悬钩子 mi xian yu e xuan gou zi

Branchlets, petioles, and abaxial surface of calyx withdense, unequal long glandular hairs.

● Moist slopes, thickets in ravines; 1500�3100 m. Sichuan, Yun-nan.

129. Rubus hunanensis Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 497.1933.

湖南悬钩子 hu nan xuan gou zi

Rubus buergeri Miquel var. viridifolius Handel-Mazzetti.

Shrubs climbing, 0.3�2 m tall. Branchlets slender, denselythinly pubescent, with sparse, curved minute prickles. Leavessimple; petiole 6�9 cm, densely thinly pubescent, with sparse,curved minute prickles; stipules free, brown, to 1 cm, stipulescaducous or partly persistent, on sterile branchlets to 1.8 cm,nearly palmately or pinnately lobed, lobes linear, thinly pubes-cent; blade suborbicular or broadly ovate, 8�13 cm in diam.,palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, raised abaxially,abaxially tomentose, intermixed thinly pubescent, hairs gradu-ally deciduous, adaxially thinly pubescent when young, bothsurfaces subglabrescent, base deeply cordate, margin 5�7-lobed; lobes unevenly sharply serrate, apex acute, rarely obtuse.Inflorescences terminal, short subracemes, or several flowers inleaf axils; rachis and pedicels densely gray thinly pubescent;bracts similar to stipules, but smaller. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Flow-ers 7�10 mm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely gray to yellow-ish gray pubescent and tomentose; sepals erect after anthesis,broadly ovate, 6�8 × 4�7 mm, apex acute to shortly acuminate;outer sepals larger, pinnately laciniate, lobes linear-lanceolate,inner sepals smaller, usually undivided. Petals white, obovate,glabrous. Stamens shorter; filaments linear, glabrous. Pistilsnearly as long as stamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit yellowishred, semiglobose, glabrous, enclosed in persistent calyx; pyre-nes rugulose. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct.

● Montane valleys, forests, grasslands; 300�2500 m. Fujian,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Tai-wan, Zhejiang.

Further study is required to determine the identity of Rubuspseudoacer Makino var. flexuosus Y. C. Liu & F. Y. Lu (Quart. J. Chin.Forest. 9(2): 133. 1976; R. pseudoacer subsp. flexuosus (T. S. Liu & F.Y. Lu) H. Ohashi & C. F. Hsieh), described from Taiwan, which mightbe synonymous with R. hunanensis.

130. Rubus buergeri Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi3: 36. 1867.

寒莓 han mei

Rubus bodinieri H. Léveillé & Vaniot; R. buergeri var.pseudobuergeri (Sasaki) Y. C. Liu & Yang; R. pseudobuergeriSasaki; R. shimadae Hayata.

Shrubs erect to creeping. Stems often rooting at nodes;stolons to 2 m, brownish to reddish brown, stolons and flow-ering branchlets densely tomentose-villous, unarmed or withsparse, minute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 4�9 cm, denselytomentose-villous, sometimes with sparse prickles; stipules cad-ucous, free, 7�10 mm, palmatipartite or pinnatipartite, lobeslinear or linear-lanceolate, soft hairy; blade ovate to subor-bicular, 5�11 cm in diam., palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 2 or3 pairs, prominently raised abaxially, abaxially densely tomen-tose, with soft hairs along veins when young, hairs deciduous inage, adaxially slightly soft hairy or only hairy along veins, basecordate, margin 5�7-lobed, lobes unevenly sharply serrate, apexobtuse, rarely acute. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, shortsubracemes, 4�6 cm, few flowered, or flowers several in clus-ters in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels densely tomentose-villous,with sparse prickles or not; bracts 7�9 mm, palmatipartite orpinnatipartite; lobes linear, villous. Pedicel 5�9 mm. Flowers 6�10 mm in diam. Calyx abaxially yellowish villous and tomen-tose; sepals erect in fruit, rarely reflexed, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5�9 × 3�5 mm, apex acuminate; outer sepals oftenlobed apically, inner sepals entire. Petals white, obovate, nearlyas long as or slightly longer than sepals, glabrous, apex erose.Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments linear, glabrous.Pistils glabrous, longer than stamens. Aggregate fruit purplishblack, subglobose, 6�10 mm in diam., glabrous; pyrenescoarsely rugose. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct. 2n = 42*, 56*.

Broad-leaved forests, mixed forests in mountainous regions; lowto medium elevations. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang[Japan, Korea].

131. Rubus penduliflorus C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 458. 1982.

河口悬钩子 he kou xuan gou zi

Shrubs erect or climbing, to 3 m tall. Branchlets brown orreddish brown, yellow sericeous-villous, gradually glabrescent,with sparse, curved minute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 2�3cm, densely yellow sericeous-villous, with sparse, curved prick-les; stipules caducous, broadly ovate to oblong, 6�8 mm, abax-ially yellow sericeous-villous, laciniate, lobes lanceolate; bladenarrowly ovate, rarely elliptic, 10�13 × 6�8 cm, lateral veins 8�10 pairs, raised abaxially, abaxially densely rusty yellow to-mentose, with long silky rusty yellow hairs along veins, adax-ially glabrous, base rounded, margin undivided, sparsely shal-lowly sharply serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminaland axillary, terminal ones cymose panicles, loose, 10�18 cm,many flowered, axillary ones subracemes, shorter; rachis andpedicels rusty yellow sericeous-villous, with sparse, minuteprickles; bracts broadly ovate to oblong, 5�7 mm, yellowsericeous-villous, margin laciniate; lobes lanceolate. Pedicel notmore than 1 cm. Flowers 1�1.4 cm in diam. Calyx abaxiallydensely rusty yellow sericeous-villous; sepals erect after anthe-sis, narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 6�8 × 4�5 mm, apexacute, outer sepals divided, inner sepals entire, margin tomen-tose. Petals white, suborbicular to broadly obovate, shorter than

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

sepals, base shortly clawed. Stamens many; filaments linear;anthers villous. Pistils numerous, longer than stamens, glabrous.Fruit unknown. Fl. Jun�Jul.

● Slopes, sunny valleys, roadsides, thickets, waste places; low ele-vations. S Yunnan.

132. Rubus malipoensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 459. 1982.

麻栗坡悬钩子 ma li po xuan gou zi

Shrubs to 2 m tall. Branchlets dark brown to purplishbrown, sparsely pubescent when young, glabrescent, withsparse, curved small prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 2.5�4 cm,sparsely pubescent, with minute prickles; stipules caducous,free, narrowly obovate, yellowish villous, apex palmatipartite,lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; blade ovate, 6�11 × 3�6cm, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, raised abaxially, slightly impress-ed adaxially, abaxially densely rusty yellow tomentose, withlong hairs along veins, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate torounded, margin undivided, sharply serrulate, apex caudate. In-florescences terminal and axillary, short subracemes, to 8 cm,few flowered, sometimes flowers several in clusters or flowerssolitary in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels yellowish villous;bracts narrowly obovate or broadly obovate, palmatipartite api-cally; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm.Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially yellow-villous; se-pals erect in fruit, lanceolate, 7�8 × 3�4 mm, margin entire orouter sepals laciniate, tomentose, apex acuminate. Petals subor-bicular, much shorter than sepals, glabrous, base shortly claw-ed. Stamens slightly shorter than or nearly as long as petals;filaments broad, complanate. Pistils 10�20 or slightly more,glabrous; styles much longer than stamens. Aggregate fruitsmall, with few drupelets, enclosed in persistent calyx; pyrenesprominently rugose. Fl. Jul�Sep. fr. Oct�Dec.

● Foothills, rocky mountains, forest clearings; 1100�1500 m. SEYunnan.

133. Rubus fuscifolius T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 459. 1982.

锈叶悬钩子 xiu ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs more than 1 m tall. Branchlets brownish to darkbrown, terete, densely rust colored tomentose, with sparse, mi-nute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 4�6.5 cm, densely rust-brown tomentose, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules free,oblong-lanceolate, to 1.5 cm, densely rust-brown tomentose,margin pinnately laciniate; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate;blade broadly ovate, 12�20 × 8�16 cm, thick, lateral veins 4 or5 pairs, prominently raised abaxially, impressed adaxially,abaxially rust-brown tomentose, adaxially so only along veins,base cordate, margin unevenly sharply doubly serrate, apexacuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, cymose-sub-paniculate, compact, many flowered, terminal ones 5�10 cm,axillary ones 4�6 cm; rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface ofcalyx densely rust-brown tomentose; bracts 1.3�1.5 cm, to-mentose, margin laciniate or undivided. Pedicel ca. 1 cm. Flow-ers 7�10 mm in diam. Sepals erect after anthesis, ovate toovate-lanceolate, 5�8 mm, apex acute to acuminate; outer se-pals usually divided apically, inner sepals entire. Petals broadly

obovate or suborbicular, shorter than sepals, glabrous, baseshortly clawed, apex premorse. Stamens often short, rarelynearly as long as petals; filaments linear. Pistils numerous,longer than stamens; ovary glabrous. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jul�Aug.

● Forest margins; 1300�2000 m. NW and S Yunnan.

134. Rubus shihae F. P. Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 19: 31. 1940.

桂滇悬钩子 gui dian xuan gou zi

Rubus liboensis T. L. Xu.

Shrubs scandent, to 5 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddishbrown, terete, soft hairy when young, glabrescent, with sparse,curved minute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 2�4 cm, villouswhen young, glabrescent, with sparse, minute prickles; stipulescaducous, free, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 6�9 mm, yellow to-mentose-villous, apex palmately lobed, lobes lanceolate; bladeovate to broadly ovate, rarely suborbicular, 8�11 × 5�9 cm, lat-eral veins 4�6 pairs, raised abaxially, abaxially densely rustyyellow tomentose, with long hairs along veins, adaxially gla-brous, base truncate to shallowly cordate, margin undulate orslightly lobed, irregularly coarsely abruptly pointed-serrate,apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal andaxillary, short subracemes, loose, few flowered, sometimesflowers several in clusters in leaf axils or solitary; rachis andpedicels densely yellow tomentose-villous; bracts broadly obo-vate to oblong, 5�8 mm, yellow tomentose-villous, apex pal-mately lobed; lobes lanceolate. Pedicel 3�7 mm. Flowers 6�9mm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yellow sericeous-villous;sepals erect in fruit, lanceolate, 5�8 × 2.5�4 mm, margin to-mentose, apex acuminate; outer sepals apically often lobed,inner sepals entire. Petals suborbicular or obovate, 4�6 × 3.5�5mm, shorter than sepals, puberulous, base shortly clawed, apexincised. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments broadertoward base. Pistils longer than stamens; ovary and style gla-brous. Aggregate fruit red, glabrous, with few drupelets, enclos-ed in persistent calyx; pyrenes shallowly rugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr.Aug�Sep.

● Forests, hills, montane valleys; below 900 m. W Guangxi, SGuizhou, Yunnan.

135. Rubus reflexus Ker Gawler, Bot. Reg. 6: 461. 1820.

锈毛莓 xiu mao mei

Shrubs scandent, to 2 m tall. Branchlets brown to dark red-dish brown, rust colored tomentose, with sparse, minute prick-les. Leaves simple; petiole 2.5�5 cm, tomentose-villous, withsparse, minute prickles; stipules broadly obovate, 1�1.4(�2.5) ×0.9�1.3 cm, villous, margin pectinately or irregularly palmatelylobed, lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; blade narrowly orbroadly ovate to suborbicular, 7�14(�20) × 5�11(�19) cm,abaxially rust colored tomentose, with long hairs along veins,adaxially glabrous or sparsely soft hairy along veins, promi-nently rugose, base cordate, margin 3�5(�7)-lobed or -parted;terminal lobe longer, larger, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,much longer than or nearly as long as lateral lobes, margin un-evenly coarsely serrate to doubly serrate, apex obtuse or acute.Inflorescences terminal, short subracemes, 5�8 cm, or flowers

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

several in clusters in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels rusty villous;bracts obovate, 6�12 × 7�11 mm, villous, pectinately or pal-mately lobed; lobes linear or linear-lanceolate. Pedicel 3�6 mm.Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely rusty vil-lous; sepals ovate-orbicular or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6�8 × 4�7 mm, outer sepals apically often palmately lobed; lobeslanceolate, inner sepals entire, margin tomentose. Petals white,oblong to suborbicular, nearly as long as sepals, glabrous, baseshortly clawed. Stamens shorter than petals; filaments broad,complanate; anthers glabrous or apically hairy. Pistils longerthan stamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit dark red, subglobose,7�10 mm in diam.; pyrenes rugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Mountainous regions, slopes, sparse forests, thickets, valleys,stream sides, moist places, near water courses; 300�1500 m. Fujian,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yun-nan, Zhejiang.

1a. Leaf blade narrowly ovate, margin lobedor slightly undulate, terminal lobe muchlonger than lateral lobes.2a. Leaf blade prominently lobed;

stipules and bracts to 1.4 cm;sepals ovate-orbicular ................... 135a. var. reflexus

2b. Leaf blade slightly undulate orinconspicuously lobed; stipulesand bracts to 2.5 cm; sepalslanceolate to ovate-lanceolate .... 135b. var. orogenes

1b. Leaf blade broadly ovate to suborbicular,margin prominently lobed to parted,terminal lobe only slightly longerthan or nearly as long as lateral lobes.3a. Leaf blade 5�7-parted,

segments lanceolate tooblong-lanceolate ................... 135e. var. lanceolobus

3b. Leaf blade 3�5-lobed.4a. Leaf blade 8�13 × 7�12 cm ......... 135c. var. hui4b. Leaf blade 14�20 ×

12�19 cm ..................... 135d. var. macrophyllus

135a. Rubus reflexus var. reflexus

锈毛莓(原变种) xiu mao mei (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus esquirolii H. Léveillé.

Leaf blade prominently lobed; stipules and bracts to 1.4cm. Sepals ovate-orbicular.

● Slopes, thickets in valleys, sparse forests; 300�1000 m. Fujian,Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

135b. Rubus reflexus var. orogenes Handel-Mazzetti, Symb.Sin. 7: 496. 1933.

长叶锈毛莓 chang ye xiu mao mei

Rubus irenaeus Focke var. orogenes (Handel-Mazzetti) F.P. Metcalf.

Leaf blade slightly undulate or inconspicuously lobed;stipules and bracts to 2.5 cm. Sepals lanceolate to ovate-lan-ceolate.

● Mountainous regions, forests in valleys; low elevations. Guang-xi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi.

135c. Rubus reflexus var. hui (Diels ex Hu) F. P. Metcalf,Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 6. 1932.

浅裂锈毛莓 qian lie xiu mao mei

Rubus hui Diels ex Hu, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China7: 608. 1922; R. axilliflorens Cardot; R. gilvus Focke.

Leaf blade 8�13 × 7�12 cm, margin 3�5-lobed. 2n = 42*.

● Thickets on slopes, moist places in sparse forests, stream sidesin montane valleys; 300�1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gui-zhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

135d. Rubus reflexus var. macrophyllus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 460. 1982.

大叶锈毛莓 da ye xiu mao mei

Leaf blade 14�20 × 12�19 cm, margin 3�5-lobed.

● Montane valleys; below 1300 m. SE Yunnan (Pingbian Xian).

135e. Rubus reflexus var. lanceolobus F. P. Metcalf, LingnanSci. J. 11: 7. 1932.

深裂悬钩子 shen lie xuan gou zi

Leaf blade 5�7-lobed, lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-late.

● Valleys, near water courses, sparse forests; low elevations. Fu-jian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan.

136. Rubus flagelliflorus Focke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 393.1900.

攀枝莓 pan zhi mei

Rubus maschalanthus Cardot.

Shrubs scandent or creeping. Branchlets brown or reddishbrown, densely gray tomentose when young, glabrescent, withsparse, curved minute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 3�6 cm,densely gray tomentose when young, glabrescent, with sparse,curved minute prickles; stipules caducous, free, brown, 7�12mm, yellow tomentose-villous, apex palmately lobed, lobeslanceolate; blade ovate or narrowly ovate, 7�15 × 5�9 cm, pal-mately 5-veined, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, raised abaxially,papery, abaxially densely rusty yellow tomentose, adaxiallyglabrous, base deeply cordate, margin often undivided or slight-ly undulate, unevenly obtusely serrate, apex acute to shortlyacuminate. Inflorescences short racemes, 2.5�5 cm, few flower-ed, or flowers several in clusters; rachis and pedicels denselyyellow tomentose-villous; bracts brown, 6�11 mm, tomentose-villous, palmately divided apically; lobes lanceolate. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers 1�1.2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yel-low tomentose-villous; tube cupular; sepals reflexed after an-thesis, ovate-lanceolate, 5�8 × 3�5 mm, apex shortly acuminateto acuminate; outer sepals broader than inner sepals, margin 2-or 3-lobed, inner sepals with entire margin. Petals white, subor-bicular, much shorter than sepals, basally puberulous. Stamensmany, glabrous or slightly pilose; filaments somewhat longerthan petals, apex subulate; anthers glabrous. Pistils slightly

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

longer than stamens; styles and ovaries often glabrous. Aggre-gate fruit black at maturity, semiglobose, 1�1.3 cm in diam.,glabrous; pyrenes smooth or slightly rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr.Jul�Aug.

● Waste places on hills, rock cliffs, slopes, valleys; 900�1500 m.Fujian, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan (Lan Yu).

137. Rubus hastifolius H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Bot.France 51: 218. 1904.

戟叶悬钩子 ji ye xuan gou zi

Rubus rufolanatus H. T. Chang.

Shrubs evergreen, scandent, to 12 m tall. Branches grayishbrown, terete, long flagelliform; branchlets brownish, denselygray tomentose, glabrescent, with sparse, short prickles; petiole2�5 mm, densely tomentose, unarmed or occasionally withminute prickles; stipules caducous, free, oblong, 6�9 mm, pal-matipartite nearly to base, lobes linear-lanceolate, soft hairy;blade oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 6�12 × 2.5�4 cm,lateral veins 5�8 pairs, prominent abaxially, subleathery, abax-ially densely reddish brown tomentose, adaxially dark green,glabrous, base deeply cordate, margin usually with 2 distinctlobes near base; lobes serrulate, apex obtuse or acute. Inflores-cences terminal or axillary, short racemes or corymbose, 3�5cm, 3�8-flowered; rachis and pedicels densely reddish brownsericeous-villous; bracts caducous, oblong, 5�8 mm, soft hairy,palmatipartite nearly to base, but bracts apically on inflores-cences often shorter, divided into 2 or 3 linear lobes. Pedicel0.8�1.5 cm. Flowers ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxiallydensely reddish brown sericeous-villous; tube pelviform; sepalsreflexed after anthesis, ovate-lanceolate, 5�8 × 3�6 mm, marginundivided or outer sepals apically shallowly laciniate, apexshortly acuminate or acute. Petals white, obovate, ca. 5 mm,glabrous, base shortly clawed. Stamens many in 2 or 3 whorls,shorter than petals; filaments broad, complanate, glabrous; an-thers yellowish, slightly sericeous-villous. Pistils nearly as longas or slightly longer than stamens; styles sparsely sericeous-villous; ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit red when immature,purplish black at maturity, subglobose, slightly compressed, 1�1.2 cm in diam., glabrous, fleshy; pyrenes shallowly foveolate.Fl. Mar�May, fr. Jun�Jul.

Shaded slopes, ravines, sparse forests, thickets; 300�1500 m.Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan [Thailand, Vietnam].

This species is commonly used medicinally in N Guangdong.

138. Rubus taronensis C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, ActaPhytotax. Sin. 20: 308. 1982.

独龙悬钩子 du long xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets grayish brown or brown,terete, slender, with thin soft hairs, sparse, yellow glands, andsmall curved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2 cm, with thinsoft hairs, sparse, yellow glands, and minute prickles; stipulescaducous, lanceolate, 5�7 mm, margin entire or divided; bladeovate-lanceolate, 8�12 × 3�5 cm, lateral veins 7 or 8 pairs,raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, both surfaces yellowglandular, soft hairy only along veins, base rounded to subtrun-cate, margin with irregular long pointed sharp serrations, apexlong caudate. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, terminal

ones narrow cymose panicles, 8�14 cm, axillary ones sub-racemes, shorter; rachis and pedicels yellow glandular, thinlysoft hairy; bracts lanceolate or linear, margin entire or divided.Pedicel ca. 1 cm. Flowers 6�8 mm in diam. Calyx abaxiallysubglabrous, yellow glandular; sepals triangular-ovate, 4�6 ×1.5�3 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate to shortly caudate.Petals greenish, oblong, shorter than sepals, apex obtuse. Sta-mens numerous, shorter than petals; filaments broad, com-planate, glabrous. Pistils ca. 15�20, shorter than or nearly aslong as stamens; ovary and style glabrous. Fruit unknown. Fl.Jun�Jul.

● Dense forests; ca. 1700 m. NW Yunnan.

139. Rubus pirifolius Smith, Pl. Icon. Ined. 3: t. 61. 1791.

梨叶悬钩子 li ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing, to 8 m tall. Branches grayish brown todark purplish brown, terete; branchlets brown or reddish brown,soft hairy, glabrescent, with few complanate curved prickles.Leaves simple; petiole to 1 cm, hairy, with sparse prickles;stipules caducous, free, linear-lanceolate, 7�8 mm, hairy, apexlaciniate into 3�5 lobes; blade ovate, ovate-oblong, or elliptic-oblong, 6�11 × 3.5�5.5 cm, venation pinnate, lateral veins 5�8pairs, prominent abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, papery,both surfaces nearly glabrous except densely hairy along mid-vein and lateral veins, hairs deciduous in age, base rounded orshallowly cordate, margin unevenly coarsely serrate, apex acuteto acuminate. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, terminalones cymose panicles, 10�14 cm, axillary ones panicles or sub-racemes, smaller; rachis and pedicels densely grayish yellowpubescent or subglabrous, unarmed or with few small prickles;bracts early caducous, linear-lanceolate, 6�7 mm, hairy, apexdivided into 3 or 4 lobes. Pedicel 4�12 mm. Flowers 1�1.5 cmin diam. Calyx abaxially pubescent or subglabrous; tube shal-lowly cupular; sepals triangular-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,6�8 × 2�3.5 mm, margin entire or apically 2- or 3-laciniate.Petals white, elliptic to obovate, 3�5(�7) mm, shorter than se-pals, glabrous. Stamens many, slightly longer than petals; fila-ments linear. Pistils 5�10(�17); ovary often with many longhairs abaxially, rarely glabrous; styles to 6(�8) mm, glabrous,rarely with some hairs basally. Aggregate fruit red, 1�1.5 cm indiam., with several drupelets, usually glabrous; drupelets 4�6 ×3�5 mm; pyrenes rugose. Fl. Apr�Jul, fr. Aug�Oct. 2n = 42*.

Mountainous regions, sheltered sites on mountains, forests, forestmargins, stream sides; below 2100 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia, In-donesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].

This species is used medicinally.

1a. Leaf base shallowly cordate; inflorescencesand abaxial surface of calyx subglabrousor sparsely hairy .................................. 139d. var. cordatus

1b. Leaf base rounded; inflorescences andabaxial surface of calyx densely hairy.2a. Leaf blade adaxially and sepals

abaxially tomentose ................. 139c. var. tomentosus2b. Leaf blade hairy adaxially; sepals

abaxially densely hairy.3a. Leaf blade hairy only along

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

veins adaxially, glabratein age .................................. 139a. var. pirifolius

3b. Leaf blade densely hairyadaxially, especially moredensely so along veins ........ 139b. var. permollis

139a. Rubus pirifolius var. pirifolius

梨叶悬钩子(原变种) li ye xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus brevipetalus Elmer; R. floribundopaniculatus Haya-ta; R. parvipetalus Odashima; R. philippinensis Focke ex Elm-er; R. rotundifolius Reinwardt ex Miquel.

Leaf base rounded; blade hairy only along veins adaxially,glabrate in age. Inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyxdensely hairy.

Sheltered sites on mountains, forests, forest margins; low tomedium elevations. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan,Taiwan, Yunnan [Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines,Thailand, Vietnam].

139b. Rubus pirifolius var. permollis Merrill, Lingnan Sci. J.11: 44. 1932.

柔毛梨叶悬钩子 rou mao li ye xuan gou zi

Leaf base rounded; blade densely hairy adaxially, especi-ally more densely so along veins. Inflorescences and abaxialsurface of calyx densely hairy.

● Stream sides in montane valley forests. Guangxi, Hainan.

139c. Rubus pirifolius var. tomentosus Kuntze ex Franchet,Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., ser. 2, 8: 219. 1885.

绒毛梨叶悬钩子 rong mao li ye xuan gou zi

Leaf base rounded; blade adaxially and sepals abaxiallytomentose. Inflorescences densely hairy.

● C Sichuan (Baoxing Xian).

139d. Rubus pirifolius var. cordatus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 308. 1982.

心状梨叶悬钩子 xin zhuang li ye xuan gou zi

Leaf base shallowly cordate. Inflorescences and abaxialsurface of calyx subglabrous or sparsely hairy.

● Forest margins, mountainous regions; 1500�2100 m. SE Yun-nan.

140. Rubus acuminatus Smith in Rees, Cycl. 30: Rubus no.43. 1819.

尖叶悬钩子 jian ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, to 8 m tall. Branchlets brown or reddishbrown, slightly angled, thinly pubescent, glabrescent, withsparse, minute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2 cm, slightlypuberulous, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules usually cadu-cous, free, linear or lanceolate, 4�6 cm, margin entire or tooth-ed; blade ovate-oblong or lanceolate, 7�11 × 3�4 cm, lateralveins 6�8 pairs, slightly raised abaxially, both surfaces glabrousor sparsely pubescent only along veins abaxially, base rounded,margin irregularly serrate, apex caudate. Inflorescences termi-nal or axillary, terminal ones narrow cymose panicles (8�)10�

15 cm, axillary ones subracemes, sometimes subcorymbose,less than 8 cm; rachis and pedicels usually glabrous, occasio-nally sparsely pubescent; bracts linear or lanceolate, 3�5 mm,margin entire or dentate. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers ca. 1 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially glabrous; tube shallowly cupular; sepalserect in fruit, ovate, 4�6 × 2�4 mm, inner sepals tomentosemarginally, margin undivided, apex shortly acuminate. Petalswhite, broadly elliptic or oblong, 4�5 × 2�3 mm, glabrous, baseshortly clawed. Stamens many; filaments slightly broadened ba-sally, shorter than petals. Pistils ca. 10�20, shorter than sta-mens; ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit red, glabrous, with fewlarger drupelets, enclosed in persistent calyx; pyrenes rugose.Fl. Jul�Sep, fr. Oct�Nov. 2n = 28.

Thickets, bamboo thickets, sparsely forested slopes, stream sides,roadsides; 1000�3000 m. Guizhou, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sik-kim, Vietnam].

1a. Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyxusually glabrous; leaf margin sharplyserrulate ........................................... 140a. var. acuminatus

1b. Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyxpuberulous; leaf margin coarselyserrate ................................................. 140b. var. puberulus

140a. Rubus acuminatus var. acuminatus

尖叶悬钩子(原变种) jian ye xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus betulinus D. Don.

Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx often glabrous. Leafmargin sharply serrulate.

Bamboo thickets, stream sides, roadsides; below 3000 m. Yunnan[Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam].

140b. Rubus acuminatus var. puberulus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 308. 1982.

柔毛尖叶悬钩子 rou mao jian ye xuan gou zi

Pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx puberulous. Leaf mar-gin coarsely serrate.

● Thickets, sparsely forested slopes; 1000�1500 m. Guizhou.

141. Rubus brevipetiolatus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phyto-tax. Sin. 20: 453. 1982.

短柄悬钩子 duan bing xuan gou zi

Shrubs. Branchlets brownish to dark brown, terete, pu-bescent, glabrescent, with sparse, curved minute prickles.Leaves simple; petiole 7�10 mm, pubescent, with sparse,curved minute prickles; stipules free, brown, oblong-lanceolateor elliptic-lanceolate, 1�1.4 cm × 3�5 mm, margin entire orsparsely shallowly serrate; blade oblong-lanceolate, 7�13 × 2�3cm, lateral veins 8�11 pairs, prominent abaxially, abaxiallysparsely pubescent only along veins, with remote curved minuteprickles along midvein, adaxially glabrous except pubescentalong midvein, base rounded, margin coarsely sharply serrate,apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, narrowcymose panicles, few flowered, axillary ones shorter, or flow-ers few in clusters; rachis and pedicels pubescent, with sparse,curved minute prickles; bracts similar to stipules but sometimesapically lobed; lobes linear to lanceolate, apex acuminate. Pedi-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

cel 5�8 mm. Flowers 7�9 mm in diam. Calyx abaxially pubes-cent; sepals ovate-lanceolate, margin tomentose, apex acumi-nate; outer sepals often laciniate at apex, lobes lanceolate orlinear, inner sepals entire. Petals elliptic or spatulate, shorterthan sepals, base narrowly long clawed. Stamens many, un-equal in length; filaments linear. Pistils ca. 10�15, nearly aslong as stamens; style and ovary glabrous. Fl. summer, fr. un-known.

● Thickets; low elevations. Guangxi.

142. Rubus yunanicus Kuntze, Meth. Sp.-Beschr. Rubus, 71.1879.

云南悬钩子 yun nan xuan gou zi

Shrubs. Branchlets purplish brown, terete, glabrous, withsparse, curved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2 cm, thinlypubescent, with remote, curved minute prickles; stipules earlycaducous, 6�8 mm, pubescent, margin laciniate, lobes linear orlanceolate; blade elliptic or oblong, 6�12 × 3�7 cm, lateralveins 7 or 8 pairs, slightly raised abaxially, glabrous exceptveins on both surfaces pubescent, base subtruncate to slightlycordate, margin unevenly coarsely obtusely dentate, apex short-ly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, terminal onesnarrow cymose panicles, 10�14 cm, many flowered, axillaryones subracemes, shorter; rachis and pedicels thinly pubescent;bracts caducous, lanceolate, 5�7 mm, pubescent, apex laciniate,lobes linear or lanceolate. Pedicel ca. 1 cm. Flowers 7�10 mmin diam. Calyx abaxially thinly pubescent; sepals ovate or tri-angular-ovate, 2.5�3.5 × 2�3 mm, margin tomentose, undi-vided, apex obtuse, rarely acute. Petals obovate or oblong, 3�4× 2.5�3.5 mm, thinly pubescent basally, base clawed. Stamensmany, nearly as long as or slightly shorter than petals; filamentslinear, broader toward base. Pistils ca. 10�15, longer than sta-mens; style and ovary glabrous. Fruit unknown.

● Mountainous regions; low elevations. NW Yunnan.

143. Rubus poliophyllus Kuntze, Meth. Sp.-Beschr. Rubus, 68.1879.

毛叶悬钩子 mao ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 2�5 m tall. Branchlets brownish to pur-plish brown, yellowish sericeous-villous, glabrescent, with re-mote complanate curved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 0.4�1cm, longer on old branches, yellowish sericeous-villous whenyoung, glabrate in age; stipules free, 8�10 mm, pinnate-lacini-ate; lobes lanceolate or linear, sericeous-villous; blade oblong,ovate-oblong, or elliptic, 8�14 × 4�6.5 cm, lateral veins 7 or 8pairs, veins brown, raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, thick,abaxially yellowish sericeous-villous, glabrescent, adaxiallysericeous-villous only along veins, base subtruncate to shallow-ly cordate, margin with unequal sharp teeth, apex acuminate.Inflorescences terminal and axillary, cymose panicles, 12�25(�27) cm, many flowered, axillary ones shorter, racemose;rachis and pedicels densely yellowish sericeous-villous; bracts5�9 mm, margin laciniate above middle, lobes linear to lan-ceolate, sericeous-villous. Pedicel (0.3�)1�2 cm. Flowers 0.7�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yellowish sericeous-villous; tube shallowly cupular; sepals 5 or 6, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4�6 × 3�5 mm, margin tomentose and entire, apex

acuminate to caudate. Petals white, ovate to elliptic, 4�5 mm,puberulent, apex acute. Stamens numerous, slightly shorter thanor nearly as long as petals; filaments linear, basally pubescent.Pistils 20�25(�42), somewhat longer than stamens, glabrous.Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, 8�10 mm in diam., glabrous,with few drupelets, persistent sepals green; pyrenes coarsely ru-gose. Fl. Mar�Apr, fr. Apr�Jun.

Sunny slopes, sparse mixed forests, roadsides; 600�1500 m. Yun-nan [Sikkim].

Rubus poliophyllus is treated as a synonym of R. paniculatusSmith in Fl. Bhutan 1(3): 562. 1987.

1a. Petiole ca. 10 mm; pedicel 10�20mm; flowers ca. 15 mm in diam.;pistils 20�25 ................................... 143a. var. poliophyllus

1b. Petiole 4�6 mm; pedicel 3�7 mm;flowers 7�10 mm in diam.; pistils25�42 .............................................. 143b. var. ximengensis

143a. Rubus poliophyllus var. poliophyllus

毛叶悬钩子(原变种) mao ye xuan zou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus distentus Focke.

Petiole ca. 1 cm. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers ca. 1.5 cm indiam. Pistils 20�25.

Sunny slopes, sparse mixed forests; 600�1500 m. Yunnan [Sik-kim].

143b. Rubus poliophyllus var. ximengensis Y. Y. Qian, ActaPhytotax. Sin. 39: 466. 2001.

西盟悬钩子 xi meng xuan gou zi

Petiole 4�6 mm. Pedicel 3�7 mm. Flowers 7�10 mm indiam. Pistils 25�42.

● Forests on roadsides; ca. 1200 m. SW Yunnan (Ximeng Xian).

144. Rubus forrestianus Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 490.1933.

贡山蓬蘽 gong shan peng lei

Shrubs lianoid, to 2 m tall. Branchlets brownish, terete,densely pubescent and glandular, with curved minute prickles.Leaves simple; petiole 2�3.5 cm, densely pubescent and gland-ular, with sparse, curved minute prickles; stipules caducous,free, to 1 cm, deeply lobed, lobes linear to linear-lanceolate,with short hairs and glands; blade broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, 5�12 × 4�9 cm, both surfaces sparsely pubescent anddensely glandular, abaxially with sparse, curved small pricklesalong midvein, base cordate, margin 3�5-lobed or slightly un-dulate, densely sharply serrate, apex shortly acuminate. Inflo-rescences terminal and axillary, terminal ones cymose panicles,7�12 cm, axillary ones subracemes, sometimes flowers severalin clusters in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels densely pubescentand glandular; bracts 6�8 mm, lobed; lobes linear to linear-lan-ceolate, pubescent, glandular. Pedicel 4�8 mm. Flowers 6�8mm in diam. Calyx tube shallowly campanulate; sepals triang-ular-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5�7 × 2�3 mm, marginentire, apex caudate. Petals white, spatulate or rhombic-elliptic,

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

4�6 × 3�4 mm, both surfaces pubescent, base broadly shortlyclawed, apex obtuse to ± acute. Stamens many, slightly shorterthan petals; filaments broad, complanate. Pistils few, slightlyshorter than or ca. as long as stamens; style and ovary usuallyglabrous. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, 5�7 mm when im-mature, glabrous, with few drupelets; pyrenes 1.5�2 mm, rugu-lose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● River valleys; 1000�2000 m. W Yunnan.

145. Rubus laxus Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 68. 1910.

疏松悬钩子 shu song xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing. Branchlets brownish to purplish black,tomentose-villous, nearly unarmed or with sparse, curved mi-nute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 3�5 cm, tomentose-vil-lous, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules caducous, narrower,margin deeply laciniate, lobes linear, hairy; blade narrowlyovate, 7�11 × 4�7 cm, lateral veins 6 or 7 pairs, abaxiallydensely pilose, adaxially less densely so, base cordate, marginundivided or 3�5-lobed, irregularly thinly serrate, apex acuteto shortly acuminate. Inflorescences usually terminal, cymosepanicles, lax, to 20 cm; rachis and pedicels tomentose-villous;bracts caducous, margin laciniate, lobes lanceolate or linear,hairy. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Calyx abax-ially tomentose-villous; sepals ovate or ovate-triangular, 4�6mm and nearly as broad, apex acute to shortly acuminate; outersepals pinnately laciniate, lobes linear to lanceolate, inner se-pals usually entire. Petals white, obovate to elliptic, slightlylonger than sepals, base slightly pubescent and shortly clawed.Stamens many, slightly shorter than petals; filaments linear,hairy in basal part. Pistils to 50, somewhat shorter than stamens;ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit small, enclosed in persistentcalyx. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct.

● Montane valleys, slopes, sparse forests; 800�1800 m. Yunnan.

146. Rubus lambertianus Seringe in Candolle, Prodr. 2: 567.1825.

高粱泡 gao liang pao

Shrubs lianoid, semideciduous, to 3 m tall. Branchletsbrown or reddish brown, terete, thinly pubescent or subgla-brous, with sparse, curved minute prickles. Leaves simple; peti-ole 2�4(�5) cm, thinly pubescent or subglabrous, with sparse,minute prickles; stipules caducous, free, to 1 cm, laciniate-part-ed nearly to base, lobes linear to lanceolate, thinly pubescent orsubglabrous; blade broadly ovate, rarely oblong-ovate, 5�10(�12) × 4�8 cm, 5-veined, abaxially pilose, more densely soalong veins, rarely glabrous, with sparse, minute prickles alongmidvein, adaxially pilose or hairy only along veins, base cor-date, margin distinctly 3�5-lobed or undulate, serrulate, apexacuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, terminal onesusually cymose panicles, 10�15 cm, axillary ones often sub-racemes, shorter, sometimes flowers few in clusters in leafaxils; rachis and pedicels thinly pubescent, subglabrous, or gla-brous; bracts 6�9 mm, margin laciniate lobed; lobes linear, pu-berulous. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Flowers 7�9 mm in diam. Calyxabaxially thinly pubescent; sepals ovate-lanceolate or triangu-lar-lanceolate, 5�8 × 2.5�4 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate,

margin of inner sepals gray tomentose. Petals white, obovate,glabrous, slightly shorter than or nearly as long as sepals, baseclawed. Stamens many, somewhat shorter than petals; filamentsbroad, complanate. Pistils ca. 15�20, slightly shorter than or ca.as long as stamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit red at maturity,subglobose, 6�8 mm in diam., glabrous, with many drupelets;pyrenes small, ca. 2 mm, prominently rugose. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr.Sep�Nov. 2n = 28.

Slopes, roadsides, montane valleys, stony ravines, grasslands,thickets, sparse forests, forest margins, moist places; 200�2500 m. An-hui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan,Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan,Zhejiang [Japan, Thailand].

Rubus urophyllus Y. C. Liu & F. Y. Lu (Quart. J. Chin. Forest.9(2): 133. 1976) was treated in Fl. Taiwan is an uncertain species thatmight be only varietally distinct from R. lambertianus.

1a. Leaf blade and inflorescences thinly pilose.2a. Branchlets, petioles, inflorescences,

and abaxial surface of calyxwithout glandular hairs andbristles .................................. 146a. var. lambertianus

2b. Branchlets, petioles, inflorescences,and abaxial surface of calyxwith glandular hairs orbristles ............................. 146b. var. paykouangensis

1b. Leaf blade glabrous or slightlypilose only along veins adaxially;inflorescences glabrous or subglabrous.3a. Inflorescences without glandular

hairs ................................................. 146c. var. glaber3b. Inflorescences wholly or partly, or

abaxial surface of calyx withminute glandular hairs ............ 146d. var. glandulosus

146a. Rubus lambertianus var. lambertianus

高粱泡(原变种) gao liang pao (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus ochlanthus Hance; R. pycnanthus Focke.

Leaf blade and inflorescences thinly pubescent. Branch-lets, petioles, inflorescences, and abaxial surface of calyx with-out glandular hairs and bristles.

Slopes, roadsides, montane valleys, grasslands, thickets, forestmargins; low to medium elevations. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guang-xi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan,Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].

146b. Rubus lambertianus var. paykouangensis (H. Léveillé)Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 489. 1933.

毛叶高粱泡 mao ye gao liang pao

Rubus paykouangensis H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov.Regni Veg. 4: 333. 1907; R. viscidus Focke.

Leaf blade and inflorescences thinly pubescent. Branch-lets, petioles, inflorescences, and abaxial surface of calyx withglandular hairs or with intermixed bristles.

Thickets on slopes; 300�2200 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Yun-nan [Thailand].

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

146c. Rubus lambertianus var. glaber Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc.,Bot. 23: 233. 1887.

光滑高粱泡 guang hua gao liang pao

Rubus ampelinus Focke; R. hakonensis Franchet & Sava-tier; R. lambertianus subsp. hakonensis (Franchet & Savatier)Focke; R. lambertianus var. hakonensis (Franchet & Savatier)Rehder.

Leaf blade glabrous or slightly pilose only along veinsadaxially. Inflorescences glabrous or subglabrous, withoutglandular hairs.

Slopes, stony ravines, forest margins; 200�2500 m. Gansu, Gui-zhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].

146d. Rubus lambertianus var. glandulosus Cardot, Notul.Syst. (Paris) 3: 293. 1914.

腺毛高粱泡 xian mao gao liang pao

Rubus adenothyrsus Cardot; R. gelatinosus Sasaki; R.lambertianus var. mekongensis Handel-Mazzetti; R. lamberti-anus var. minimiflorus (H. Léveillé) Cardot; R. lambertianusvar. morii (Hayata) S. S. Ying; R. minimiflorus H. Léveillé; R.morii Hayata; R. tiponensis Hosokawa.

Leaf blade glabrous or slightly pilose only along veinsadaxially. Inflorescences wholly or partly glabrous or subgla-brous. Abaxial surface of calyx with minute glandular hairs. 2n= 28*.

Sparse forests in valleys, moist places in thickets; mostly below2000 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Japan].

147. Rubus calycacanthus H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov.Regni Veg. 8: 58. 1910.

猬莓 wei mei

Rubus echinoides F. P. Metcalf; R. labbei H. Léveillé &Vaniot.

Shrubs scandent, 0.5�1.5 cm tall. Branchlets grayishbrown or brownish, with soft hairs and curved minute prickles,sometimes with sparse, short glandular hairs. Leaves simple;petiole 2�4 cm, soft villous, with sparse, short glandular hairs;stipules narrower, 0.8�1.2 cm, margin fimbriately to pinnatelylobed; lobes linear-lanceolate, soft villous, with sparse, shortglandular hairs; blade ovate-orbicular, rarely ovate, 6�9 × 5�7cm, lateral veins 5 pairs, raised abaxially, slightly impressedadaxially, abaxially soft villous, more densely so along veins,adaxially sparsely soft hairy, base deeply cordate, margin 3�5-lobed, rarely undulate, coarsely serrate, apex triangular-acute,rarely obtuse. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, narrowcymose panicles or subracemes, 6�12 cm, sometimes flowersseveral in leaf axils or solitary; rachis and pedicels tomentose-villous, with sparse, short glandular hairs; bracts 7�10 mm, fim-briately to pinnately lobed; lobes linear, soft villous, withsparse, short glandular hairs. Pedicel 5�8 mm. Flowers 1�1.5cm in diam. Calyx abaxially tomentose-villous and with dense,short needle-like prickles; sepals broadly ovate, 6�8 × 3�5(�6)mm, apex acuminate; outer sepals pinnately divided, lobes lan-ceolate, inner sepals entire or only apically slightly lobed. Petals

white, spatulate-obovate, 7�9 × 5�6 mm, base soft hairy, claw-ed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments broadened andflattened, villous; anthers glabrous. Pistils numerous, shorterthan or nearly as long as stamens; style and ovary glabrous. Ag-gregate fruit red, subglobose, 1�1.2 cm in diam. Fl. Jun�Aug,fr. Sep�Oct.

● Slopes, montane valleys, dense forests, thickets; 1000�1500 m.Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.

148. Rubus gongshanensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phyto-tax. Sin. 20: 457. 1982.

贡山悬钩子 gong shan xuan gou zi

Shrubs 1�1.5 m tall, stipitate glandular or not. Branchletsdark brown to purplish brown, slightly angled, pubescent, withminute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 5�11 cm, pubescent,with minute prickles; stipules and bracts early caducous; bladesovate-orbicular, 10�17 × 15�20 cm, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs,prominent abaxially, impressed adaxially, both surfaces pu-bescent, more densely so along veins, base deeply cordate,margin lobed; lobes triangular, margin irregularly coarsely ser-rate, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal or sometimes axil-lary, narrow cymose panicles or subracemes, to 18 cm, denselyor sparsely flowered, axillary flowers usually several in clus-ters; rachis and pedicels pubescent, with needle-like pricklesor not. Pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm. Calyx abaxially densely gray pu-bescent, with needle-like prickles or not; tube pelviform or shal-lowly cupular; sepals erect after anthesis, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 8�10(�12) × 4�5(�6) mm, apex caudate; outer se-pals apically shallowly 2- or 3-laciniate, inner sepals entire.Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, 1.4�1.8 cm in diam., glabrous,enclosed in persistent calyx. Fl. summer, fr. Sep�Oct.

● Bamboo thickets on slopes, forested slopes; below 3500 m. NWand SE Yunnan.

1a. Plants not stipitate glandular ........ 148c. var. eglandulosus1b. Plants stipitate glandular.

2a. Rachis, pedicels, andabaxial surface of calyxpubescent, with needle-like prickles ........................ 148a. var. gongshanensis

2b. Rachis, pedicels, andabaxial surface of calyxpubescent, withoutneedle-like prickles .............. 148b. var. qiujiangensis

148a. Rubus gongshanensis var. gongshanensis

贡山悬钩子(原变种) gong shan xuan gou zi (yuan bianzhong)

Plants stipitate glandular. Rachis, pedicels, and abaxialsurface of calyx pubescent, with needle-like prickles.

● Bamboo thickets on slopes; below 3500 m. NW Yunnan.

148b. Rubus gongshanensis var. qiujiangensis T. T. Yu & L.T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 457. 1982.

无刺贡山悬钩子 wu ci gong shan xuan gou zi

Plants stipitate glandular. Rachis, pedicels, and abaxialsurface of calyx pubescent, without needle-like prickles.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

● Forested slopes; below 3500 m. NW Yunnan.

148c. Rubus gongshanensis var. eglandulosus Y. Gu & W. L.Li, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 20: 122. 2000.

无腺贡山悬钩子 wu xian gong shan xuan gou zi

Plants not stipitate glandular.

● Slopes; 1800�2000 m. SE Yunnan.

149. Rubus menglaensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 456. 1982.

勐腊悬钩子 meng la xuan gou zi

Shrubs ca. 1 m tall. Branchlets grayish brown or reddishbrown, cylindric, brownish yellow pubescent, soft bristly, withsparse, curved minute prickles and glandular hairs; petiole 2�3cm, pubescent, soft bristly, with sparse, curved minute pricklesand glandular hairs; stipules free, brownish, to 1 cm, pubescent,soft bristly, deeply pinnate-laciniate; lobes linear; blade narrow-ly ovate or broadly oblong, 7�13 × 5�8 cm, lateral veins 5 or 6pairs, both surfaces pubescent, soft bristly, with sparse, curvedminute prickles along veins, base deeply cordate, margin undi-vided or somewhat undulate, densely thin sharply serrate, apexacute. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, subracemes or narrowpanicles, 6�10 cm, few flowered; rachis and pedicels denselypubescent, sparsely soft bristly, with glandular hairs; bracts lessthan 1 cm, pubescent, soft bristly, deeply pinnate-laciniate;lobes linear. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Ca-lyx densely brownish yellow soft bristly, pubescent, withsparse, intermixed glandular hairs; tube pelviform; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 6�8 × 3�5 mm, apex caudate; outer sepals apicallyoften shallowly laciniate. Petals suborbicular, 5�6 mm in diam.,shorter than sepals, adaxially puberulous, base shortly clawed,margin crenate. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filamentsbroad, complanate, glabrous. Pistils ca. 40 or slightly more,longer than stamens; ovary pubescent. Aggregate fruit red, sub-globose. Fl. May�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Disturbed places on mountains; 500�600 m. S Yunnan.

150. Rubus ichangensis Hemsley & Kuntze, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.23: 231. 1887.

宜昌悬钩子 yi chang xuan gou zi

Rubus eugenius Focke; R. ichangensis var. latifolius Car-dot; R. papyrus H. Léveillé.

Shrubs scandent, deciduous or semievergreen, to 3 m tall.Branchlets greenish to greenish brown, terete, glabrous or sub-glabrous, with glandular hairs when young, glabrescent, withsparse, curved short prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 2�4 cm,glabrous, usually with sparse, glandular hairs and short prickles;stipules caducous, subulate or linear-lanceolate, 4�8 mm, gla-brous, with sparse, short glandular hairs marginally, marginentire or only apically shallowly laciniate; blade ovate-lanceo-late, 8�15 × 3�6 cm, subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, abax-ially with sparse, small prickles along midvein, base deeplycordate, with broad basal incision, margin shallowly undulateor lobulate near base, sparsely serrulate, apex acuminate. Inflo-rescences terminal and axillary, terminal ones narrow cymosepanicles, 15�25 cm, axillary ones subracemes, shorter; rachis

and pedicels sparsely pubescent, with glandular hairs, some-times intermixed with small prickles; bracts subulate to linear-lanceolate, 4�6 mm, margin entire or apically laciniate, withsparse, glandular hairs. Pedicel 3�6 mm. Flowers 6�8 mm indiam. Calyx abaxially sparsely pubescent, with glandular hairs;sepals ovate, 3�5 × 2�3 mm, margin sometimes gray pubescent,apex acute to shortly acuminate. Petals white, elliptic, shorterthan or nearly as long as sepals. Stamens many, shorter thanpetals; filaments somewhat broadened and flattened. Pistils 12�30, slightly shorter than or ca. as long as stamens, glabrous. Ag-gregate fruit red, subglobose, 6�8 mm in diam., glabrous; pyre-nes rugulose. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct. 2n = 28*.

● Slopes, fallow fields, dense forests in valleys, thickets; 800�2500 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan,Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

The fruit are sweet and edible, the roots are used in medicine, andtannin is extracted from the roots and stems.

151. Rubus latoauriculatus F. P. Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 19:27. 1940.

耳叶悬钩子 er ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs to 2 m tall. Branchlets dark purplish brown whenyoung, later grayish brown, terete, with sparse, curved prickles.Leaves simple; petiole 1�2 cm, glabrous or slightly pubescentalong groove, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules caducous,free, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 7�9 mm, glabrous,palmatifid, lobes linear; blade lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,8�14 × 1.8�3.5 cm, lateral veins 7�10 pairs, prominent adax-ially, abaxially glabrous, with sparse, curved small pricklesalong midvein, adaxially glabrous except slightly hairy alongveins, base cordate-auriculate, basal incision narrow, marginthinly sharply serrate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal,narrow cymose panicles, 7�11 cm; rachis and pedicels gla-brous; bracts oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5�8 mm,glabrous, palmatifid; lobes linear. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Flowers 6�8 mm in diam. Calyx abaxially glabrous except sparsely stipi-tate glandular; sepals erect in fruit, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-late, 6�10 mm, glabrous, margin entire or lobed, sometimesinner sepals with gray tomentose margin, apex caudate. Petalssuborbicular, basally pubescent adaxially, apex abruptly point-ed. Stamens many; filaments short, slender. Pistils glabrous.Aggregate fruit red, less than 1 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenesrugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Jul�Sep.

● Montane valleys, mountain summits, near water courses, denseforests; below 1000 m. S Guangxi.

152. Rubus howii Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 5: 71. 1940.

裂叶悬钩子 lie ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets brown or reddish brown, te-rete, densely yellowish brown villous, with curved minute prick-les. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2 cm, densely yellowish brownvillous, with few small prickles; stipules caducous, free, 6�9mm, deeply lobed, lobes linear, yellowish brown villous; bladeoblong to ovate-oblong, 7�14 × 2�5 cm, lateral veins 6�8 pairs,prominent abaxially, impressed adaxially, both surfaces yellow-ish brown villous along veins, abaxially with sparse, minuteprickles along midvein, base cordate, margin irregularly coarse-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

ly serrate, with 1 or 2 broadly ovate shallow lobes on each sidebelow middle; lobes unequal, longer ones to 1.5 cm, apex acuteto shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, subracemes, 5�8cm, 1- or few flowered, or flowers several in clusters in leafaxils; rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyx densely yel-lowish brown villous, with sparse, needle-like prickles; bractscaducous, 5�8 mm; lobes linear, yellowish brown villous. Pedi-cel ca. 1 cm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Sepals ovate-lanceolateto oblong-lanceolate, 6�8 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate,outer sepals gray tomentose marginally. Petals yellowish brown,elliptic, 5�7 × 4�5 mm, base shortly clawed, apex obtuse. Sta-mens many, shorter than petals; filaments glabrous. Pistils gla-brous, longer than stamens. Fruit not seen. Fl. Apr�May.

● Mixed forests; medium elevations. Hainan.

153. Rubus hypopitys Focke, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-burgh 5: 72. 1911.

滇藏悬钩子 dian zang xuan gou zi

Subshrubs low, nearly creeping. Branchlets reddish brown,slender, villous when young, glabrescent, with sparse, minuteneedle-like prickles. Leaves simple; petiole reddish brown, 4�6cm, sparsely villous, with needle-like prickles; stipules free,greenish brown, to 1 cm, palmatipartite; lobes linear, villous;blade suborbicular, 5�10 cm in diam., both surfaces villous,more densely so abaxially, sometimes with sparse, needle-likeprickles along veins, base cordate, margin 3�5-lobed; lobescoarsely obtusely serrate, apex obtuse or acute. Inflorescencesterminal, short subracemes, few flowered, or flowers solitary inleaf axils; rachis and pedicels densely yellowish villous, withsparse, needle-like prickles; bracts greenish brown, less than 1cm, palmatipartite; lobes linear, villous. Pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm.Flowers 2�3 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yellowish vil-lous and tomentose, or with sparse prickles; sepals erect afteranthesis, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1�1.4 cm × 5�8 mm,apex caudate, outer sepals irregularly laciniate above middle;lobes linear or lanceolate. Petals white or reddish, narrowlyobovate, 0.9�1.3 cm × 7�10 mm, base slightly villous, shortlyclawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments broadertoward base. Pistils nearly as long as stamens, glabrous. Ag-gregate fruit red, subglobose, to 1 cm in diam., glabrous; pyre-nes shallowly rugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Foothills, coniferous forests on slopes, thickets, forest margins;2000�3000 m. S Xizang, W Yunnan.

1a. Plants without glandular hairs; leaflobes obtuse ......................................... 153a. var. hypopitys

1b. Plants with glandular hairs; leaflobes acute ........................................ 153b. var. hanmiensis

153a. Rubus hypopitys var. hypopitys

滇藏悬钩子(原变种) dian zang xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus subumbellatus Cardot.

Plants without glandular hairs. Leaf lobes obtuse apically.

● Foothills, coniferous forests on slopes, thickets; 2000�3000 m.S Xizang, W Yunnan.

153b. Rubus hypopitys var. hanmiensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 458. 1982.

汉密悬钩子 han mi xuan gou zi

Plants with glandular hairs. Leaf lobes acute apically.

● Forest margins; ca. 2200 m. SE Xizang.

154. Rubus yiwuanus W. P. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 2: 85.1952.

奕武悬钩子 yi wu xuan gou zi

Shrubs 2�3 m tall. Branchlets brownish to reddish brown,gray tomentose initially, finally glabrous, unarmed. Leaves sim-ple; petiole 2�3.5 cm, brown, gray tomentose when young, gla-brate in age, unarmed; stipules caducous, free, brown, oblong-lanceolate, 2�4(�5) × 0.5�0.8 cm, tomentose when young, gla-brescent, margin sharply serrate apically, or rarely laciniate;blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, rarely suborbicular, 10�17 × 5�10 cm, palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 2�4 pairs, prominentlyraised abaxially, impressed adaxially, abaxially densely gray oryellowish gray tomentose, adaxially dark green, glabrous, basebroadly cuneate to rounded, margin irregularly narrowly lobedabove middle; lobes unevenly sharply serrate, apex caudate. In-florescences terminal or axillary, terminal ones narrow cymosepanicles, to 8 cm, axillary ones subracemes, to 2�3 cm, or flow-ers several in clusters in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels denselygray tomentose; bracts caducous, oblong-lanceolate, (1�)1.5�2(�3) cm, tomentose when young, later glabrate, margin lacini-ate apically, or entire. Pedicel 5�9 mm. Flowers ca. 1 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially densely gray tomentose; tube campanu-late; sepals triangular or ovate-lanceolate, 6�9 × 3�5 mm, apexacute or shortly acuminate; outer sepals apically divided or ser-rate, inner sepals entire. Petals white, obovate, 7�9 × 3�4 mm,base clawed and slightly soft hairy, apex acute. Stamens many,shorter than petals; filaments short, broad, complanate. Pistils30�50, longer than stamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit reddishbrown, subglobose, 7�9 mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr.Aug�Sep.

● Forest margins by river- and stream sides, shaded valleys;1000�2200 m. C Sichuan (Emei Shan).

155. Rubus stipulosus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 460. 1982.

巨托悬钩子 ju tuo xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing. Branchlets dark brown, pubescent, withsparse, short prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 4�8 cm, pubes-cent, with minute prickles; stipules free, leaflike, broadly ovateor broadly narrowly ovate, 1.5�2 × 1�1.5 cm, palmately 5-veined, abaxially pubescent, margin lobed or serrate; blade sub-orbicular or broadly ovate, abaxially densely yellowish browntomentose and pubescent along veins, adaxially glabrous orpubescent only along veins, base cordate, margin irregularlyshallowly serrate, teeth abruptly pointed, 5�7-lobed; lobes tri-angular, terminal one largest, apex acute. Inflorescences ter-minal, subracemes, few flowered, or flowers in clusters in leafaxils, rarely flowers solitary; rachis and pedicels densely vil-lous; bracts brown, broadly ovate or narrowly ovate, 1�1.8 ×0.9�1.6 cm, soft hairy, margin lobed or serrate above middle.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Pedicel 5�7 mm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx to 2 cm,abaxially densely villous; sepals ovate-lanceolate, apex acumi-nate, outer sepals usually laciniate apically; lobes lanceolate.Petals broadly ovate or suborbicular, glabrous, base shortlyclawed, margin undulate or erose, apex abruptly pointed. Sta-mens many, much shorter than petals; filaments slightly broad-ened basally. Pistils 50�70 or more, much longer than stamens,glabrous. Fruit unknown. Fl. May�Jun.

● Rocky slopes, shaded places in forests; ca. 1200 m. EC Guangxi(Dayao Shan).

156. Rubus irenaeus Focke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 394. 1900.

灰毛泡 hui mao pao

Shrubs 0.5�2 m tall, evergreen. Branchlets brownish, red-dish brown, or grayish brown, densely gray tomentose-villous;flowering branches arising from rhizomes, sometimes withsmall prickles. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 5�10 cm,densely tomentose-villous, unarmed or with sparse, small prick-les; stipules leaflike, brownish, oblong, 2�3 × 1�2 cm, tomen-tose-villous, broader and incised-laciniate near apex; lobes lan-ceolate; blade suborbicular, 8�14 cm in diam., palmately 5-veined, veins yellowish brown and prominently raised abaxi-ally, impressed adaxially, subleathery, abaxially densely gray oryellowish gray tomentose, with long hairs along veins, adaxi-ally glabrous, base deeply cordate, margin undulate or lobed;lobes unevenly coarsely sharply serrate, apex obtuse or acute.Inflorescences terminal, corymbs or subracemes, (3�)4�6 cm,few flowered, sometimes flowers several in clusters or flowerssolitary in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels densely tomentose-villous; bracts oblong, 1.5�2.5 × 1�1.5 cm, tomentose, marginor apex incised-laciniate. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm. Flowers 1.5�2 cmin diam. Calyx abaxially densely tomentose-villous; sepals re-flexed in fruit, broadly ovate, 6�10 × (4�)5�7 mm, apex shortlyacuminate; outer sepals with margin and apex laciniate; lobeslinear-lanceolate, inner sepals entire. Petals white, suborbicular,7�11 mm in diam., slightly longer than sepals, base clawed.Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments linear, with slight-ly broad bases; anthers villous. Pistils 30�60, longer than sta-mens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit red, globose, 1�1.5 cm indiam., glabrous; pyrenes reticulate. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Forests, slopes, forest understories with rich humus; 500�1500m. Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan,Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

The fresh fruit are used for jam, candy, drinks, and wine. Theroots and young plants are used in traditional Chinese medicine.

1a. Branchlets unarmed or with sparse,minute prickles; leaf margin undulateor inconspicuously lobed, lobesobtuse, rarely acute .............................. 156a. var. irenaeus

1b. Branchlets with more dense, minuteprickles; leaf margin distinctly3�5-lobed, lobes acute ......................... 156b. var. innoxius

156a. Rubus irenaeus var. irenaeus

灰毛泡(原变种) hui mao pao (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus jaminii H. Léveillé & Vaniot.

Branchlets unarmed or with sparse, minute prickles. Leafmargin undulate or inconspicuously lobed; lobes obtuse, rarelyacute.

● Forested slopes, forest understories with rich humus; 500�1300m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

156b. Rubus irenaeus var. innoxius (Focke) T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 37: 182. 1985.

尖裂灰毛泡 jian lie hui mao pao

Rubus innoxius Focke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 395. 1900.

Branchlets with more dense, minute prickles. Leaf margindistinctly 3�5-lobed; lobes acute.

● Sandy slopes, forests; below 1500 m. Chongqing (Jinfo Shan).

157. Rubus pacificus Hance, J. Bot. 12: 259. 1874.

太平莓 tai ping mei

Shrubs 40�100 cm tall, evergreen. Branchlets brown orreddish brown, terete, slender, slightly arching, soft hairy, gla-brate in age, with sparse, minute prickles. Leaves simple; peti-ole 4�8 cm, villous when young, glabrescent, with sparse,minute prickles; stipules brownish, oblong, to 2.5 cm, villous,broader and incised-laciniate near apex, lobes lanceolate; bladebroadly ovate to narrowly ovate, 8�16 × 5�13 cm, palmately 5-veined, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, brownish, distinctly raisedabaxially, impressed adaxially, leathery, abaxially densely graytomentose, adaxially glabrous, base cordate, margin inconspicu-ously lobed, irregularly abruptly pointed sharply serrate, apexacuminate. Inflorescences terminal, short racemes or corym-bose, 3�6-flowered, or flowers solitary in leaf axils; rachis andpedicels densely soft hairy; bracts oblong, to 1.8 cm, villous,apex lobed; lobes lanceolate. Pedicel 1�3 cm. Flowers 1.5�2 cmin diam. Calyx abaxially soft hairy; sepals reflexed in fruit,rarely erect, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 0.9�1.4 cm × 5�8 mm,apex acuminate; outer sepals apically laciniate, inner sepals en-tire. Petals white, suborbicular, slightly longer than or nearly aslong as sepals, base shortly clawed, apex slightly incised. Sta-mens shorter than petals; filaments broad, flat; anthers villous.Pistils numerous, somewhat longer than stamens. Aggregatefruit red, globose, 1.2�1.6 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes ru-gose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Roadsides, mixed forests, mountainous areas; 300�1000 m. An-hui, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

158. Rubus crassifolius T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 460. 1982.

厚叶悬钩子 hou ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scrambling or scandent, to 0.5 m tall. Branchletsdark brown, terete, densely yellowish brown sericeous-villous,unarmed. Leaves simple; petiole 2�3.5 cm, yellowish brownsericeous-villous; stipules free, brownish, suborbicular orbroadly ovate, (1�)1.5�2 cm and ca. as broad, sparsely serice-ous-villous, margin laciniate, lobes lanceolate; blade suborbicu-lar, 3�7 cm in diam., palmately 5-veined, veins brownish, later-al veins 2 or 3 pairs, prominently raised abaxially, impressedadaxially, thickly leathery, abaxially densely sericeous-villous,

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

adaxially prominently rugulose, sparsely sericeous-villous, basecordate, margin somewhat undulate or 3�5-lobed; lobes shal-lowly obtusely serrate, apex obtuse, rarely acute. Inflorescencesterminal or axillary, 1-flowered, rarely flowers in clusters of 2or 3; bracts brownish, suborbicular or broadly ovate, smallerthan stipules, with sparse, long silky hairs, margin laciniate;lobes lanceolate. Pedicel ca. 1 cm, yellowish brown sericeous-villous. Flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam. Calyx to 1.5 cm, abaxiallyyellowish brown sericeous-villous; sepals leaflike, ovate, outersepals broader, deeply divided or deeply incised-serrate nearlyabove middle, inner sepals narrower, entire or sparsely serrate,apex acute. Petals broadly ovate, base shortly clawed, marginundulate, apex obtuse or emarginate. Stamens numerous, in 2 or3 whorls, unequal in length, shorter than petals; filaments line-ar, slender. Pistils shorter than stamens; style and ovary gla-brous. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, glabrous, with manydrupelets, enclosed in leaflike persistent calyx; pyrenes rugose.Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Grasslands on mountain summits, margins of dense forests,rock crevices; 1600�2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi.

159. Rubus wangii F. P. Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 19: 35. 1940.

大苞悬钩子 da bao xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, to 5 m tall. Branchlets brownish to gray-ish brown, terete, initially gray tomentose, glabrescent, withsparse, curved minute prickles. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole3�5 cm, grayish yellow tomentose, with sparse, curved minuteprickles; stipules free, leaflike, brown, broadly to narrowlyovate, 2�3 × 1.5�2 cm, thinly tomentose when young, marginentire or sparsely shallowly thin serrate; blade suborbicular, 11�15 cm in diam., palmately 5-veined, veins prominent abaxially,both surfaces glabrous except soft hairy along veins, base cor-date, margin lobed; lobes unevenly sharply serrate, apex acuteor obtuse. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, terminal onesnarrow panicles, 10�15 cm, many flowered, axillary ones sub-racemes, shorter; rachis and pedicels grayish yellow tomentose,subglabrescent; bracts in basal part of inflorescence broader,broadly ovate or elliptic, 2�2.8 × 1.5�2 cm, those in apical partof inflorescences narrower, elliptic to broadly linear, 1�1.5 ×0.6�1 cm, thinly tomentose, margin entire, shallowly serrate, orlobed apically. Pedicel 0.8�1.5 cm. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam.Calyx to 1.4 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose; sepals us-ually reflexed in fruit, ovate-lanceolate, 5�8 × 2.5�3.5 mm,margin entire, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Petals white,obovate, shorter than sepals. Stamens many, shorter than petals;filaments broad, complanate, glabrous. Pistils 25�50, slightlylonger than stamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose,not more than 1 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes rugulose. Fl.Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Oct.

● Sunny rocky slopes, montane valleys, sparse forests; 900�1500m. Guangdong, Guangxi.

160. Rubus playfairianus Hemsley ex Focke, Biblioth. Bot.17(Heft 72): 45. 1910.

五叶鸡爪茶 wu ye ji zhao cha

Rubus cochinchinensis Trattinnick var. stenophyllus Fran-chet; R. playfairianus var. stenophyllus (Franchet) Cardot.

Shrubs climbing or scrambling, deciduous or semiever-green. Branchlets dark brown to blackish brown, initially to-mentose, glabrescent, with sparse, curved minute prickles.Leaves palmately compound, 3�5-foliolate; petiole 2�4 cm, to-mentose-villous, with sparse, curved small prickles, terminalleaflet sometimes very shortly petiolulate, lateral leaflets sub-sessile; stipules caducous, free, oblong, 8�11 mm, tomentose-villous, palmatipartite, lobes lanceolate or linear; blade of leaf-lets elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5�12 × 1�3 cm, ter-minal leaflet much larger than lateral leaflets, abaxially denselygray or yellowish gray appressed tomentose, adaxially glabrous,base cuneate, margin unevenly sharply serrate, lateral leafletssometimes 2-lobed basally, apex acuminate. Inflorescences ter-minal or axillary, racemes, 6�9 cm, to 15 cm in fruit; rachis andpedicels gray or yellowish gray tomentose-villous, with fewsmall prickles; bracts oblong, 6�9 mm, tomentose-villous, pal-matipartite; lobes linear to lanceolate. Pedicel 1�2 cm. Flowers1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely yellowish gray togray tomentose-villous; sepals ovate-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, 6�10 × 4�6 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate tocaudate. Petals ovate, 6�8 × 4�6 mm, apex acute. Stamensmany, slightly shorter than petals, soft hairy when young, gla-brate in age; filaments not inflated. Pistils ca. 60, slightly longerthan or nearly as long as stamens, villous. Aggregate fruit redwhen immature, black at maturity, subglobose, villous, withmany drupelets; pyrenes prominently rugose. Fl. Apr�May, fr.Jun�Jul.

● Slopes, roadsides, stream sides, thickets; 300�2400 m. Guizhou,Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

161. Rubus bambusarum Focke, Hooker�s Icon. Pl., ser. 3,10: sub t. 1952. 1891.

竹叶鸡爪茶 zhu ye ji zhao cha

Rubus henryi Hemsley & Kuntze var. bambusarum(Focke) Rehder.

Shrubs scandent, evergreen. Branchlets reddish brown tograyish brown, terete, with slightly curved prickles, tomentose-villous when young, glabrescent, glabrous in age. Leaves pa-lmately compound, 3�5-foliolate; petiole 2.5�5.5 cm, tomen-tose at first, gradually glabrescent, finally glabrous, leaflets sub-sessile; stipules early caducous, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm × 3�5 mm, submembranous, soft hairy, margin usuallyentire, apex acute to shortly acuminate; blade of leaflets nar-rowly lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 7�13 × 1�3 cm; midveinbrownish, raised abaxially, leathery, abaxially densely gray oryellowish gray tomentose, adaxially glabrous, base broadlycuneate, margin sparsely inconspicuously serrulate, apex acu-minate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, subracemes, 8�12 ×4�7 cm; rachis and pedicels gray or yellowish gray villous, withsparse, minute prickles, sometimes with intermixed glandularhairs; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 0.8�1.2 cm × 2�4 mm, membra-nous, soft hairy, margin entire or apically serrate. Pedicel to 1cm. Calyx densely sericeous-villous; tube campanulate; sepalsoften reflexed in fruit, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate,7�10 × 3�5 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate to caudate.Flowers 1�2 cm in diam. Petals purplish red to reddish, obovateor broadly elliptic, 5�7 × 4�6 mm, basally puberulous. Stamensmany, soft hairy. Pistils 25�40, slightly longer than stamens;

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

styles villous. Aggregate fruit red to reddish black, subglobose,with persistent villous styles. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Clearings on hills, forests; 1000�3000 m. Guizhou, Hubei,Shaanxi, Sichuan.

The young leaves are used for tea.

162. Rubus henryi Hemsley & Kuntze, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23:231. 1887.

鸡爪茶 ji zhao cha

Shrubs climbing, to 6 m tall, evergreen. Branchlets brownor reddish brown, densely tomentose at first, subglabrescent,with sparse, slightly curved small prickles. Leaves simple; peti-ole 3�6 cm, slender, tomentose; stipules oblong or oblong-lan-ceolate, free, 1�1.8 cm × 3�7 mm, membranous, villous, mar-gin entire or apically with 2 or 3 teeth, apex acuminate; blade8�15 × 7�14 cm, leathery, abaxially densely gray or yellowishgray tomentose, sometimes with sparse, minute prickles onraised veins, adaxially lucid-green, glabrous, base broadly cune-ate to subrounded or cordate, palmately 3�5-lobed; lobes lan-ceolate or narrowly oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 7�11 × 1.5�2.5cm, margin with sparse, coarse or thin sharp serrations, apexacuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemes, 7�12cm, 9�20-flowered; rachis and pedicels densely gray or yellow-ish white tomentose and villous, with few minute needle-likeprickles; bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm × 4�7mm, membranous, villous, margin entire or apically with fewteeth, apex acuminate. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Calyx ca. 1.5 cm,gray or yellowish white tomentose and villous, sometimes withintermixed glandular hairs; sepals reflexed after anthesis, nar-rowly triangular, 6�10 × 3�5 mm, margin entire, apex acumi-nate to caudate. Petals reddish, narrowly ovate, 7�9 × 3�6 mm,both surfaces pilose, base shortly clawed, margin erose or mi-nutely crenate, apex obtuse. Stamens many, nearly as long aspetals, villous. Pistils slightly longer than stamens, villous. Ag-gregate fruit black, subglobose, 1.3�1.5 cm in diam.; persistentstyles reddish, villous; pyrenes somewhat reticulate. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Slopes, mountainous areas, valleys, forests, thickets; below 2500m. Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan.

The young leaves are used for tea.

1a. Leaf blades palmately 3�5-parted to 2/3or more, lobes narrower, longer,lanceolate or narrowly oblong, basenarrower, broadly cuneate to subrounded,rarely subcordate, margin with thinsharp serrations; calyx sometimeswith glandular hairs abaxially .................. 162a. var. henryi

1b. Leaf blades palmately 3�5-parted to1/3�1/2, lobes broader, shorter, ovate-lanceolate, base broader, subcuneateto cordate, margin with coarse sharpserrations; calyx without glandularhairs abaxially .................................... 162b. var. sozostylus

162a. Rubus henryi var. henryi

鸡爪茶(原变种) ji zhao cha (yuan bian zhong)

Leaf blades palmately 3�5-parted to 2/3 or more, lobes

narrower, longer, lanceolate or narrowly oblong, base narrower,broadly cuneate to subrounded, rarely subcordate, margin withthin sharp serrations. Calyx abaxially sometimes with glandularhairs.

● Slopes, montane forests; below 2000 m. Hubei, Hunan.

162b. Rubus henryi var. sozostylus (Focke) T. T. Yu & L. T.Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 37: 185. 1985.

大叶鸡爪茶 da ye ji zhao cha

Rubus sozostylus Focke, Hooker�s Icon. Pl., ser. 3, 10: subt. 1952. 1891; R. fargesii Franchet; R. sozostylus var. fargesii(Franchet) Cardot.

Leaf blades palmately 3�5-parted to 1/3�1/2, lobes broad-er, shorter, ovate-lanceolate, base broader, subcuneate to cor-date, margin with coarse sharp serrations. Calyx abaxially with-out glandular hairs.

● Mountainous areas, valleys, sparse forests, thickets; below 2500m. Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan.

163. Rubus huangpingensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phyto-tax. Sin. 20: 461. 1982.

黄平悬钩子 huang ping xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing. Branchlets dark brown, tomentose at first,gradually glabrescent, finally glabrous, with sparse, curved mi-nute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 3�4 cm, tomentose, some-times glabrescent; stipules free, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1�1.6 cm × 4�6 mm, membranous, glabrous or sparsely puberu-lous, usually lobed or with few teeth apically; blade 7�11 cmand ca. as broad, subleathery, abaxially densely pale rust color-ed tomentose, adaxially glabrous, base truncate to cordate, pal-mately 3-parted to 2/3; lobes elliptic or oblong, 3.5�8 × 2�4 cm,veins raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, marginwith uneven coarse sharp serrations, apex acuminate. Inflores-cences terminal, racemes; rachis and pedicels densely pubes-cent, with sparse, intermixed stipitate glands and with smallneedle-like prickles; bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, small-er than stipules, glabrous or slightly puberulous, margin entireor slightly lobed or with few teeth, apex acuminate. Pedicel 1�1.4 cm. Calyx densely pubescent, with sparse, glandular hairs;sepals reflexed, rarely erect in fruit, narrowly triangular or tri-angular-lanceolate, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate. Sta-mens many; filaments linear, basally broad and flat. Pistils nu-merous, longer than stamens; style and ovary villous. Aggre-gate fruit red, compressed globose, 1�1.4 cm in diam.; persis-tent styles villous; pyrenes slightly reticulate. Fl. May�Jun, fr.Jul�Aug.

● Thickets at mountain summits. S. Guizhou.

164. Rubus dunnii F. P. Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 19: 22. 1940.

闽粤悬钩子 min yue xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets brown or grayish brown, ter-ete, initially yellowish brown tomentose, glabrescent, withsparse, curved minute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2 cm,tomentose when young, glabrate in age, with sparse, shortprickles; stipules caducous, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly ellip-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

tic, 6�9 mm, tomentose, apex acuminate; blades broadly ovate,5�10 × 3�6 cm, lateral veins 7�9 pairs, prominent abaxially,leathery, abaxially densely yellowish brown to rust colored to-mentose, adaxially green brown, glabrous, base cordate, marginshallowly obtusely coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Inflores-cences terminal or axillary, racemes, 4�8 cm, few flowered;rachis, pedicels, and calyx yellowish white tomentose-villous,with sparse, needle-like prickles, with intermixed glandularhairs 1.5�2.5 cm; bracts narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate-lan-ceolate, abaxially tomentose-villous, with intermixed glandularhairs, adaxially sparsely hairy, margin entire or lobed, apex acu-minate. Pedicel 2�4 cm. Sepals erect after anthesis, lanceolate,7�11 × 3�5(�7) mm, margin entire or 2-lobed, apex acuminate.Petals obovate, 7�10 × 4�6 mm, base tomentose, clawed, apexobtuse. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments broad,complanate, glabrous. Pistils much longer than stamens. Aggre-gate fruit red, subglobose, to 1.5 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenessmooth or slightly rugose. Fl. Mar�Apr, fr. Jun�Jul.

● Slopes, roadsides, rocks, thickets. Fujian, Guangdong.

1a. Leaf blades tomentose abaxially, notglabrescent ............................................... 164a. var. dunnii

1b. Leaf blades tomentose abaxiallywhen young, glabrescent ................ 164b. var. glabrescens

164a. Rubus dunnii var. dunnii

闽粤悬钩子(原变种) min yue xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Leaf blades tomentose abaxially, not glabrescent.

● Slopes, roadsides, rocks. Fujian, Guangdong.

164b. Rubus dunnii var. glabrescens T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 461. 1982.

光叶闽粤悬钩子 guang ye min yue xuan gou zi

Leaf blades tomentose abaxially when young, graduallyglabrescent.

● Thickets. S Fujian (Zhangzhou Shi).

165. Rubus swinhoei Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 5, 5: 211.1866.

木莓 mu mei

Rubus adenanthus Finet & Franchet; R. adenotrichopodusHayata; R. hupehensis Oliver; R. swinhoei var. hupehensis (Oli-ver) F. P. Metcalf.

Shrubs scandent, 1�4 m tall, deciduous or semievergreen.Branchlets brown to purplish brown, terete, slender, shortlygray tomentose at first, glabrescent, with few to many curvedprickles 1�3 mm. Leaves simple; petiole 5�10(�15) mm, graytomentose, sometimes with curved minute prickles; stipulescaducous, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 5�8 × 3�4 mm,membranous, slightly hairy, margin entire or serrate apically;blade ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 5�11 × 2.5�5 cm, veins raisedabaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, papery, abaxially graytomentose, or subglabrous, hairs usually persistent on sterilebranchlets, flowering and fruiting branchlets glabrate, withsparse, curved small prickles along midvein, adaxially glabrousexcept pubescent along midvein, base rounded or truncate to

shallowly cordate, margin unevenly serrate to doubly serrate,rarely incised, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, shortracemes, 5�8 cm, (1- or)5�7-flowered, or flowers several inclusters; rachis and pedicels tomentose-villous, with sparse,needle-like prickles, with intermixed purplish brown glandularhairs 1�3 mm; bracts caducous, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate,4�6 mm, sparsely villous, margin entire or serrate apically.Pedicel 1�3 cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxiallygray tomentose-villous, with intermixed purplish brown gland-ular hairs 1�3 mm; sepals reflexed in fruit, ovate to triangular-ovate, 5�8 × 2.5�4.5 mm, margin entire, apex acute to shortlyacuminate. Petals white, broadly obovate to suborbicular, 5�7 ×4�6 mm, both surfaces thinly pubescent, base shortly clawed,apex obtuse, undulate. Stamens many; filaments inflated basal-ly, glabrous. Pistils much longer than stamens; style and ovaryglabrous. Aggregate fruit purplish black at maturity, globose,1�1.5 cm in diam., with many drupelets, glabrous; pyrenesdistinctly rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 28*.

Mixed forests, thickets, slopes, valleys, stream sides; 300�1500 m.Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan (Ryukyu Islands)].

166. Rubus doyonensis Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 487.1933.

白薷 bai ru

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets brownish to dark reddishbrown, initially grayish yellow tomentose, glabrescent, withsparse, curved minute prickles; flowering branchlets shortlystipitate glandular. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2 cm, grayishyellow tomentose-villous, glabrescent, with shortly stipitateglands; stipules oblong-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm × 3�5 mm,membranous, pubescent, margin entire, apex acute or obtuse;blade ovate or broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 6�9 × 4�6 cm;lateral veins 7�9 pairs, slightly raised abaxially, abaxially usu-ally persistently densely gray tomentose, adaxially glabrous ex-cept slightly pubescent along midvein, base rounded or truncateto shallowly cordate, margin shallowly undulate, rarely incon-spicuously lobed, with irregular minute sharp serrations, apexshortly acuminate to caudate. Inflorescences terminal, rarelyaxillary, narrow racemes, 6�10 cm, 6�15(�20) flowered; rachisand pedicels tomentose-villous, with shortly stalked glands 1�2mm; bracts oblong-lanceolate, 0.8�1.4 cm × 3�4 mm, membra-nous, pubescent, margin entire, apex ± obtuse. Pedicel 1�1.5cm. Calyx abaxially tomentose-villous, stipitate glandular; se-pals often reflexed in fruit, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate,1�1.2 cm, margin entire, apex shortly caudate. Petals white,obovate or orbicular, nearly as long as sepals, slightly pubes-cent, base clawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filamentslinear or with broad flat base, glabrous or slightly soft hairyonly on anthers. Pistils many, slightly longer than stamens;style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit black at maturity, sub-globose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam.; pyrenes reticulate. Fl. May�Jul, fr.Aug�Sep.

● Mixed forests, valleys, ravines; 2000�3200 m. N Yunnan.

The seeds are widely used medicinally in Yunnan.

167. Rubus hanceanus Kuntze, Meth. Sp.-Beschr. Rubus, 72.1879.

华南悬钩子 hua nan xuan gou zi

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Rubus fordii Hance; R. hirtiflorus Cardot; R. prandianusHandel-Mazzetti.

Shrubs lianoid or scandent, ca. 1 m tall. Branchlets brownor reddish brown, terete, densely gray tomentose, glabrescent,with sparse, curved minute prickles or stipitate glands. Leavessimple; petiole 1�2 cm, gray tomentose at first, gradually glab-rescent, with sparse, minute prickles; stipules early caducous,free, oblong or elliptic, villous, stipitate glandular, margin entireor apically laciniate; blade broadly ovate, 6�11 × 4�8 cm; veins5�7 pairs, prominent abaxially, somewhat impressed adaxially,not leathery, abaxially densely gray or yellowish gray tomen-tose, adaxially dark brown, glabrous except soft hairy alongveins, base cordate, margin lobed, unevenly sharply serrate,apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, racemes, 6�9 cm,loosely few flowered; rachis and pedicels tomentose-villous,with stipitate glands 2�4 mm and sparse, needle-like prickles;bracts caducous, oblong or elliptic, 5�8 mm, membranous, vil-lous, with sparse, intermixed stipitate glandular hairs, marginentire or apically lobed. Pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cmin diam. Calyx abaxially densely tomentose-villous, with pur-plish brown long stalked glands and needle-like prickles; sepalserect, rarely reflexed in fruit, broadly ovate, 1�1.2 cm × 4�6mm, margin entire, apex caudate. Petals broadly elliptic, 8�11 ×5�7 mm, soft hairy, base shortly clawed, apex obtuse. Stamensmany, shorter than petals; filaments short, broad, complanate;anthers slightly villous. Pistils much longer than stamens; styleand ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit black, subglobose, 1�1.5cm in diam., glabrous; drupelets subreniform or semiglobose;pyrenes somewhat rugose. Fl. Mar�May, fr. Jun�Jul.

● Sparse mixed forests in valleys, bamboo thickets, shaded rockyplaces; low elevations. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan.

168. Rubus gressittii F. P. Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 19: 25.1940.

江西悬钩子 jiang xi xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 1�3 m tall. Branchlets brownish to red-dish brown, slender, gray or yellowish white tomentose whenyoung, finally glabrate, with sparse, slightly curved small prick-les. Leaves simple; petiole 1�1.5 cm, tomentose-villous; stip-ules caducous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 7�11 mm, softhairy; blade lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 5�9 × 2.5�4 cm,veins prominent abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, abax-ially densely rusty tomentose, adaxially glabrous, base roundedto truncate, rarely shallowly cordate, margin shallowly obtuselyserrate, apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axil-lary, racemes, 4�8 cm, 4�9-flowered; rachis and pedicelsyellowish tomentose-villous, shortly stipitate glandular, withsparse, needle-like prickles; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceo-late, 5�8 mm, puberulous, without stipitate glands. Pedicel to2.5 cm. Flowers 0.8�1.2 cm in diam. Calyx densely pale rustytomentose, sparsely shortly stipitate glandular; sepals erect,rarely reflexed in fruit, ovate to triangular-ovate, 4�7 × 2�4mm, margin entire, apex acute. Petals white, tinged yellow,ovate or suborbicular, 5�6 × 4.5�5.5 mm, both surfaces thinlypubescent basally, base shortly clawed, apex obtuse. Stamensmany, shorter than petals; filaments broad, flat, glabrous. Pistilsnumerous, longer than stamens; style and ovary glabrous. Ag-gregate fruit dark red, globose, 8�10 mm in diam, glabrous,

with many drupelets; pyrenes distinctly rugose. Fl. Apr�May,fr. Jun�Jul.

● Thickets on slopes, forest margins, roadsides, grasslands; 500�1200 m. Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi.

169. Rubus lichuanensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 462. 1982.

黎川悬钩子 li chuan xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing, ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets dark brown;young shoots rust colored tomentose, glabrate in age, withsparse, curved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 1.5�2 cm, rustytomentose, glabrescent; stipules early caducous, lanceolate tooblong-lanceolate, tomentose-villous; blade ovate to ovate-lan-ceolate, 5�8 × 3�4 cm, abaxially densely rusty tomentose, adax-ially pilose, base cordate, margin lobed or undulate, irregularlyobtusely coarsely serrate to doubly serrate, apex acuminate. In-florescences terminal or axillary, racemes, few flowered; rachisand pedicels rusty tomentose-villous, with short glandular hairs,with sparse, needle-like prickles; bracts caducous, lanceolate tooblong-lanceolate, smaller than stipules, tomentose-villous.Pedicel 2�3 cm. Flowers more than 1 cm in diam. Calyx abax-ially densely rusty tomentose-villous; sepals erect, rarely reflex-ed in fruit, narrowly ovate to triangular-ovate, margin entire,apex acute. Stamens many; filaments broad, flat, glabrous. Pis-tils numerous. Aggregate fruit black, subglobose, 1�1.6 cm indiam., glabrous, with many drupelets; pyrenes prominently ru-gose. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jun�Jul.

● Bamboo forests. E Jiangxi (Lichuan Xian).

170. Rubus refractus H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. RegniVeg. 4: 332. 1907.

曲萼悬钩子 qu e xuan gou zi

Rubus refractus var. latifolius Cardot; R. rocheri H. Lé-veillé.

Shrubs scandent, to 3 m tall. Branchlets brown to blackishbrown, villous, glabrescent, with curved minute prickles.Leaves simple; petiole 1.5�3 cm, gray or yellowish gray vil-lous, with sparse, slightly curved prickles; stipules obovate, 7�10 × 5�7 mm, membranous, gray or yellowish gray villous,palmatipartite nearly to base; lobes linear to linear-lanceolate;blade narrowly ovate, 6�11 × 3�3.5 cm, abaxially densely grayor yellowish gray tomentose, with intermixed long hairs alongveins, adaxially sparsely villous, base deeply cordate, marginlobed, often with 2�4 prominent lobes near base, with unevencoarse sharp serrations to doubly serrate, apex shortly acumi-nate. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, lax racemes; rachisand pedicels densely gray or yellowish gray villous, withsparse, glandular hairs, unarmed or with few needle-like prick-les on pedicel; bracts obovate, 6�9 × 4�6 mm, villous, pal-matipartite; lobes linear, margin with sparse, glandular hairs.Pedicel 1�2(�3) cm. Flowers 1�1.5(�2) cm in diam. Calyxdensely gray to yellowish gray villous, with sparse, glandularhairs; sepals reflexed in fruit, triangular to ovate-triangular, 8�11 × 4�6 mm, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate. Petalswhite, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 7�10 × 5�8 mm, baseshortly clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens many, shorter than petals;filaments broad, complanate, glabrous. Pistils numerous, muchlonger than stamens, glabrous. Fruit unknown. Fl. Mar�Apr.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

● Mixed forests; below 2000 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.

171. Rubus fujianensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 20: 462. 1982.

福建悬钩子 fu jian xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 2�4 m tall. Branchlets dark brown,terete, glabrous. Leaves simple; petiole 1�1.5 cm, initially rustcolored tomentose, glabrescent; stipules caducous, oblong-lan-ceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.3 cm, appressed pubescentwhen young, glabrescent, margin usually entire; blade oblongto oblong-lanceolate, 13�17 × 2.5�4.5 cm, lateral veins 8�10pairs, raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, leathery,abaxially densely yellowish brown tomentose, adaxially gla-brous, base rounded to truncate, margin entire basally, withsparse, shallow small serrations on apical 1/2, apex acuminate.Inflorescences terminal or axillary, short racemes; rachis andpedicels densely yellowish brown tomentose-villous and withneedle-like prickles; bracts oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-late, yellowish brown tomentose when young, glabrescent, mar-gin usually entire. Pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm. Flowers to 2 cm in diam.Calyx abaxially yellowish brown tomentose-villous, with nee-dle-like prickles; sepals usually erect in fruit, broadly lanceo-late, 1�1.4 cm × 5�7 mm, apex shortly acuminate. Aggregatefruit red, subglobose, 1�1.2 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes ru-gose. Fl. Apr�May, fr. Jul.

● Slopes, mixed forests; ca. 1400 m. N Fujian (Chong�an Xian),Zhejiang.

172. Rubus oblongus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin.20: 462. 1982.

长圆悬钩子 chang yuan xuan gou zi

Shrubs climbing. Branchlets grayish brown or brown, yel-lowish to grayish yellow tomentose, gradually glabrescent, withsparse, curved small prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 0.8�1.5cm, yellowish or yellowish gray tomentose, glabrate in age,with sparse, curved minute prickles; stipules oblong-lanceolate,ca. 1 cm in diam., tomentose-villous when young, glabrescent,margin entire, rarely apically lobed; blade narrowly oblong oroblong-lanceolate, 10�15 × 1.5�3(�4) cm, lateral veins 8�11pairs, prominent abaxially, leathery, abaxially densely yellow-ish tomentose, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin withsparse, shallow sharp serrations, apex caudate. Inflorescencesterminal and axillary, short racemes, axillary ones 3�4 cm, ter-minal ones longer; rachis and pedicels densely yellowish to-mentose; bracts oblong-lanceolate, 5�9 mm, tomentose-villous,margin entire, rarely lobed. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm. Calyx abaxiallydensely tomentose-villous; sepals ovate-lanceolate or triangu-lar-lanceolate, 6�9 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate toshortly caudate. Petals suborbicular, shorter than sepals, slightlypubescent basally, claws nearly absent. Stamens many; fila-ments broad, complanate, soft hairy or long hairy only on an-thers. Pistils longer than stamens; style and ovary glabrous. Ag-gregate fruit red at maturity, subglobose, glabrous; pyrenesrugulose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Dense forested slopes, thickets; 1700�2100 m. Guizhou, Yun-nan.

173. Rubus liui Yuen P. Yang & S. Y. Lu, Quart. J. Chin. For-est. 9(2): 111. 1976.

柳氏悬钩子 liu shi xuan gou zi

Rubus ilanensis Y. C. Liu & F. Y. Lu.

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets brownish green, thinly floc-cose-tomentose at first, glabrescent, with short retrorse prickles.Leaves simple; petiole 1.5�3 cm, tomentose, with few prickles;stipules oblong-lanceolate, to 1 cm, margin villous, usuallyapically laciniate; blade oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 7�11 ×1.5�2.5 cm, lateral veins 7�9 pairs, midvein distinctly raisedand abaxially with prickles, impressed adaxially, thickly pa-pery, abaxially yellowish brown tomentose, adaxially dark, gla-brous, base rounded, margin finely remotely serrate, apex acu-minate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemes, loosely 7�2-flowered; rachis and pedicels tomentose, prickly; bracts ob-long-lanceolate, nearly as long as stipules, with few teeth alongmargin. Pedicel 1�1.9 cm. Calyx abaxially tomentose; tube cup-ular; sepals narrowly triangular, 3�4 × 2�3 mm, apex cuspidate.Petals pink, rhombic-orbicular to obovate, 2�3 mm, hairy, apexmucronate. Stamens numerous, shorter than petals; filamentssparsely hairy; anthers with few hairs at apex of connectives.Pistils longer than stamens; styles to 8 mm, hairy; ovaries hairyapically. Aggregate fruit reddish to red at maturity, globose, 8�10 mm in diam., with persistent styles; drupelets reniform, hairyapically. Fl. May�Aug, fr. Jun�Sep. 2n = 28*.

● Forests; 1400�1600 m. NE Taiwan.

174. Rubus caudifolius Wuzhi, Fl. Hupeh. 2: 188. 1979.

尾叶悬钩子 wei ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets densely grayish yellow togray tomentose, glabrescent, with sparse, short curved prickles.Leaves simple; petiole 1.5�2.5 cm, grayish yellow to gray to-mentose; stipules late caducous, oblong-lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm,membranous, tomentose when young, gradually glabrescent,margin entire, rarely lobed apically; blade oblong-lanceolate toovate-lanceolate, 7�14 × 3�5 cm, veins 5�8 pairs, raised abaxi-ally, slightly impressed adaxially, leathery, abaxially denselyrusty tomentellate, adaxially glabrous, base rounded, marginwith shallow minute serrations or coarsely serrate on vegetativebranchlets, apex caudate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary,racemes, 8�14 cm; rachis and pedicels densely grayish yellowtomentose-villous; bracts caducous, oblong-lanceolate, 1�1.4cm, tomentose-villous when young, margin entire, rarely lobed.Pedicel 1�1.5 cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx purplishred, abaxially densely grayish yellow tomentose-villous; tubeshallowly cupular; sepals triangular-ovate to triangular-lanceo-late, margin entire, apex shortly caudate. Petals red, oblong,slightly shorter than sepals, both surfaces puberulous. Stamensmany, slightly pubescent or only anthers sparsely villous. Pistilslonger than stamens; styles villous. Aggregate fruit red whenimmature, black at maturity, compressed globose, glabrous;pyrenes rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Forested slopes, roadsides, thickets; 800�2200 m. Fujian,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang.

175. Rubus hemithyrsus Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 488.1933.

半锥莓 ban zhui mei

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Shrubs scandent, 2�3 m tall. Branchlets brown to grayishbrown, terete, tomentose-villous when young, gradually glabre-scent, with sparse, curved minute prickles. Leaves simple;petiole ca. 1 cm, tomentose-villous, with sparse, curved smallprickles; stipules early caducous, free, brown, ovate-lanceolate,7�8 mm, membranous, tomentose-villous; blade oblong-ovate,6�12 × 4�6 cm, lateral veins 8�10 pairs, raised and purplishabaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, papery, abaxially dense-ly gray tomentose, adaxially dark green, glabrous or slightlyvillous along veins, base subtruncate to shallowly cordate, mar-gin with dense coarse abruptly sharp serrations, apex shortlyacuminate. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, racemes, 6�10cm, few flowered, axillary ones shorter, flowers sometimes sev-eral in clusters in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels densely tomen-tose-villous; bracts brown, ovate-lanceolate, 7�10(�12) mm,subglabrous, margin entire or with few teeth apically. Pedicel1.5�3.5 cm. Calyx abaxially densely tomentose-villous; tube 6�7 mm in diam.; sepals narrowly ovate or ovate-triangular, 8�11× 4�6 mm, apex of outer sepals shortly acuminate, laciniate,inner sepals mucronate, entire. Petals white, broadly obovate,7�9 × 5�7 mm, both surfaces thinly pubescent, base clawed,margin undulate. Stamens many; filaments ca. 5 mm, glabrous;anthers few barbed. Pistils many, glabrous; ovary glabrous;styles ca. 7 mm, slender. Aggregate fruit red. Fl. and fr. sum-mer.

● Forests; 1700�3000 m. W Yunnan.

176. Rubus preptanthus Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 42.1910.

早花悬钩子 zao hua xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets brownish to grayish brown,gray tomentose when young, gradually glabrescent, with sparse,curved minute prickles or nearly unarmed. Leaves simple; peti-ole (0.3�)1�2 cm, tomentose, usually unarmed; stipules cadu-cous, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 0.8�1.4 cm × 2.5�5 mm,membranous, appressed villous; blade oblong-ovate or broadlyovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 6�12 × (1�)3�5.5 cm,lateral veins 6�9 pairs, prominent abaxially, papery, abaxiallydensely gray to yellowish gray appressed tomentose, adaxiallyglabrous, base rounded to subtruncate, margin unevenly incisedcoarsely sharply serrate or sparsely so, rarely doubly serrate,apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, racemes, 4�8 cm, sev-eral to more than 10-flowered; rachis and pedicels densely grayto yellowish gray tomentose-villous; bracts caducous, lanceo-late to linear-lanceolate, 0.8�1.2 cm × 2�4 mm, membranous,villous. Pedicel 7�10 mm. Calyx abaxially densely gray to yel-lowish gray tomentose-villous; tube pelviform; sepals triang-ular-ovate to lanceolate, 8�10 × 3�5 mm, margin entire, apexacuminate. Petals white, obovate, 5�7 × 4�6 mm, both surfacespuberulous. Stamens many, shorter than sepals, glabrous orhairy when young, or only anthers slightly villous; filaments in-flated at base. Pistils slightly longer than or nearly as long asstamens; ovary glabrous; style glabrous. Aggregate fruit pur-plish black at maturity, semiglobose, 8�10 mm in diam., gla-brous; pyrenes slightly rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Forests, bamboo forest margins, thickets, gravelly slopes; 1000�3100 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

1a. Leaf blade oblong-ovate or broadlyovate-lanceolate, 3�5.5 cm wide,margin with dense serrations;petiole 10�20 mm ........................... 176a. var. preptanthus

1b. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate,1�2 cm wide, margin with sparseserrations; petiole 3�5 mm ...................... 176b. var. mairei

176a. Rubus preptanthus var. preptanthus

早花悬钩子(原变种) zao hua xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Leaf blade oblong-ovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate, 3�5.5 cm wide, margin with dense serrations; petiole 1�2 cm.

● Bamboo forest margins, thickets; 1000�2800 m. Sichuan, Yun-nan.

176b. Rubus preptanthus var. mairei (H. Léveillé) T. T. Yu& L. T. Lu, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 37: 194. 1985.

狭叶早花悬钩子 xia ye zao hua xuan gou zi

Rubus mairei H. Léveillé, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22:232. 1912, not H. Léveillé (1913).

Leaf blades narrowly lanceolate, 1�2 cm wide, margin withsparse serrations; petiole 3�5 mm.

● Forests, thickets, gravelly slopes; ca. 3100 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

177. Rubus malifolius Focke, Hooker�s Icon. Pl., ser. 3, 10: t.1947. 1891.

棠叶悬钩子 tang ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 1.5�3.5 m tall. Branchlets brown to pur-plish brown, soft hairy when young, glabrate in age, with sparse,somewhat curved prickles. Leaves simple; petiole (0.6�)1�1.5cm, tomentose-villous at first, later glabrate, sometimes withfew small needle-like prickles; stipules caducous, brownish, li-near-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 0.8�1.4 cm, membranous, ap-pressed pubescent when young; blade elliptic or oblong-elliptic,5�12 × 2.5�5 cm, lateral veins 8�10 pairs, prominent abaxially,abaxially gray appressed tomentose, hairs persistent, but decid-uous on fruiting branchlets, adaxially glabrous or pilose alongveins, base subrounded, margin inconspicuously shallowly ser-rate or coarsely serrate, apex acuminate, rarely acute. Inflores-cences terminal, racemes, 5�10 cm; rachis and pedicel denselytomentose-villous, gradually glabrescent, finally glabrous;bracts caducous, linear-oblong, 7�11 mm, pubescent initially,apex acute to shortly acuminate. Pedicel 1�1.5 cm. Flowers to2.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially densely tomentose-villous;tube pelviform; sepals ovate to triangular-ovate or lanceolate,8�12(�25) × 3�6 mm, margin entire, apex acuminate. Petalswhite or white with pink spots, obovate to suborbicular, 0.8�1.2cm × 7�10 mm, both surfaces thinly pubescent, base shortlyclawed. Stamens many; filaments subulate, broadened basally,slightly villous; anthers hirtose. Pistils much longer than sta-mens; ovary glabrous; styles glabrous, apex clavate. Aggregatefruit purplish black at maturity, compressed globose, glabrous,with many drupelets; pyrenes slightly rugose or somewhatsmooth. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Slopes, ravines, stream sides, montane valleys, forests, thickets;

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

400�2200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan,Yunnan.

1a. Sepals ovate to triangular-ovate,8�12(�14) mm .................................... 177a. var. malifolius

1b. Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,to 25 mm ....................................... 177b. var. longisepalus

177a. Rubus malifolius var. malifolius

棠叶悬钩子(原变种) tang ye xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus arbor H. Léveillé & Vaniot; R. limprichtii Pax &K. Hoffmann.

Sepals ovate to triangular-ovate, 0.8�1.2(�1.4) cm.

● Slopes, ravines, mixed forests, thickets; 400�2200 m. Guang-dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan.

177b. Rubus malifolius var. longisepalus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu,Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 463. 1982.

长萼棠叶悬钩子 chang e tang ye xuan gou zi

Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, to 2.5 cm.

● Stream sides, montane valleys, forests; low elevations. NGuangxi (Longsheng Xian, Rongshui Xian, Xing�an Xian).

178. Rubus kawakamii Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo30(1): 91. 1911.

桑叶悬钩子 sang ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs erect, to 1.5 m tall. Branchlets brownish to reddishbrown, terete, tomentose-villous when young, later glabrate,with few small prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2 cm, slen-der, tomentose-villous when young, glabrate in age, unarmed orwith sparse, small prickles; stipules caducous, oblong, 6�10 ×2�4 mm, soft hairy, margin entire or with a few teeth; bladeoblong or ovate-oblong, 6�10 × 2.5�5 cm, lateral veins 7�10pairs, midvein and veins raised abaxially, slightly impressedadaxially, papery, abaxially slightly tomentose-villous alongveins, glabrate in age, adaxially glabrous but hirsute along mid-vein, base broadly cuneate to subcordate, margin undivided, un-evenly sharply serrate, apex long acuminate. Inflorescences ter-minal, corymbose racemes, 3�6 cm, 5�9-flowered; rachis andpedicels tomentose-villous, with small prickles, with few tomany shortly stalked glands; bracts narrowly oblong to ovate,6�9 × 2�4 mm, soft hairy, margin apically divided or with fewteeth along margin. Pedicel 1.5�2.5 cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm indiam. Calyx campanulate, abaxially tomentose, unarmed or withsparse, minute needle-like prickles, sometimes with shortlystalked glands; sepals erect-spreading after anthesis, triangular-ovate, 5�8 × 2�3 mm, margin usually undivided, apex acute.Petals obovate, 5�7 × 5�6 mm, both surfaces soft hairy, baseshortly clawed. Stamens numerous, shorter than petals; fila-ments linear, broadened and flattened basally. Pistils slightlyshorter than or nearly as long as stamens; style and ovary gla-brous. Aggregate fruit subglobose, 7�10 mm, glabrous; pyrenesreniform, smooth or somewhat shallowly rugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr.Aug�Sep. 2n = 28*.

● Mountains; 2000�2800 m. C Taiwan.

179. Rubus wardii Merrill, Brittonia 4: 84. 1941.

大花悬钩子 da hua xuan gou zi

Rubus gigantiflorus H. Hara; R. gigantiflorus var. chilio-canthus Handel-Mazzetti; R. gigantiflorus var. pluvialis Han-del-Mazzetti; R. hookeri Focke; R. macrocarpus King ex C. B.Clarke (1876), not Bentham (1844), nor Gardner (1847).

Shrubs or subshrubs, prostrate, low, ca. 80 cm tall. Branch-lets brown or reddish brown, terete, with soft hairs, glandularhairs, and sparse, needle-like or small curved prickles. Leavescompound, 3-foliolate; petiole 4�6 cm, petiolule of terminalleaflet to 1 cm, lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate, with sparse,soft hairs, intermixed glandular hairs and needle-like prickles;stipules free, brown, 8�10 mm, palmatipartite to middle orbase; lobes linear-lanceolate, soft hairy, with glandular hairs;blade of leaflets variable, terminal one rhombic-ovate, 6�10 ×4�6 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate to caudate, lateral leaf-lets suborbicular or ovate, ca. 1/2 as long and wide as terminalone or smaller, both surfaces soft hairy along veins, abaxiallywith minute prickles along veins, base obliquely rounded, mar-gin sometimes lobed, unevenly obtusely serrate, apex acute orobtuse. Inflorescences terminal, 1-flowered, rarely flowers inclusters of 2 or 3; bracts 7�9 mm, palmatipartite; lobes linear tolinear-lanceolate, with glandular hairs and soft hairs. Pedicel 3�4 cm, with soft hairs, glandular hairs, and needle-like prickles.Flowers 3�4 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially with sparse, softhairs, glandular hairs, and needle-like prickles; sepals erect, tri-angular-ovate, 1.5�2(�2.5) cm × 5�8 mm, apex caudate; outersepals usually apically laciniate; lobes linear, inner sepals some-times entire. Petals greenish white, suborbicular or obovate, 7�9mm in diam., much shorter than sepals. Stamens many, muchshorter than petals; anthers oblong. Pistils numerous, denselyglomerate; ovary densely tomentose-villous. Aggregate fruitsomewhat green at maturity, globose, 1.3�2(�2.5) cm in diam.,densely brownish yellow tomentose-villous, outer drupeletsdry, inner drupelets fleshy; pyrenes furrowed-rugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

Mixed forests, valleys, rocky slopes; 1800�3000 m. SE Xizang,NW Yunnan [Bhutan, N Myanmar, Sikkim].

180. Rubus metoensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 18: 498. 1980.

墨脱悬钩子 mo tuo xuan gou zi

Shrubs small. Branchlets arching, reddish brown, terete,with soft hairs and needle-like prickles. Leaves compound, 3-foliolate, sometimes simple at apex of flowering branchlets;petiole 2�3.5 cm, terminal leaflet shortly petiolulate, lateralleaflets subsessile, with soft hairs and needle-like prickles; stip-ules free, deeply lobed; lobes linear-lanceolate, soft hairy; bladeof leaflets 3.5�7 × 2�4.5 cm, lateral veins 5�7 pairs, slightlyraised abaxially, terminal one rhombic-ovate, apex shortly acu-minate, lateral leaflets ovate or elliptic, apex acute, abaxiallypubescent and with needle-like prickles along veins, adaxiallysparsely appressed pubescent, base cuneate to rounded, marginunevenly coarsely obtusely serrate. Inflorescences axillary, usu-ally 1-flowered in leaf axils; bracts smaller than stipules, deeplylobed; lobes linear-lanceolate, soft hairy. Pedicel ca. 1 cm, pu-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

bescent, with needle-like prickles. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam.Calyx purplish brown, abaxially sparsely pubescent; tube abax-ially with sparse, needle-like prickles; sepals triangular-lanceo-late, apex caudate and with 3 linear lobes, outer sepals some-times entire. Stamens many; filaments linear or slightly broaderbasally. Pistils few, shorter than stamens; ovary gray tomentose.Fruit not seen. Fl. Jul�Aug.

● Mixed forests, thickets; ca. 2500 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian).

181. Rubus jambosoides Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 4, 15:222. 1861.

蒲桃叶悬钩子 pu tao ye xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 1�3 m tall. Branchlets brownish or gray-ish brown, terete, glabrous, with sparse, curved prickles. Leavessimple; petiole robust, 5�10 mm, glabrous; stipules early cadu-cous, ovate or elliptic, glabrous; blade lanceolate, 8�12 × 1.5�3cm, veins obscure, lateral veins 6�8 pairs, leathery, both sur-faces glabrous, abaxially with sparse, curved prickles alongmidvein, base rounded or subtruncate, margin subentire or withsparse, smaller teeth, apex caudate. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered; bracts ovate or elliptic, glabrous, margin entire. Pedi-cel 5�10 mm, glabrous. Flowers 1�1.8 cm in diam. Calyxgreenish red, abaxially glabrous; sepals triangular-lanceolate,7�11 mm, outer sepals with gray tomentose margin, apex acu-minate. Petals white, oblong, longer than sepals, base clawed,

apex obtuse. Stamens shorter than petals; filaments purplishred, broad, complanate. Pistils 50�70 or slightly more, slightlyshorter than or nearly as long as stamens; ovary and base ofstyle densely finely pubescent. Aggregate fruit red, ovoid-glo-bose, ca. 1 cm in diam., densely finely gray pubescent; pyrenessmooth or slightly rugulose. Fl. Feb�Mar, fr. Apr�May.

● Roadsides on mountains, ravines; low elevations. Fujian,Guangdong, Hunan.

182. Rubus lohfauensis F. P. Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 19: 29.1940.

罗浮山悬钩子 luo fu shan xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent. Branchlets terete, yellowish tomentose,nearly unarmed. Leaves simple; petiole 2�2.5 cm, tomentose;stipules caducous; blade lanceolate, 9�12 × 3�4 cm, lateral veins8 or 9 pairs, abaxially whitish tomentose, adaxially remotelypapillose-pilose, minutely glandular, base deeply cordate tosubauriculate, margin aristate-serrate, apex acuminate. Inflores-cences 1-flowered, axillary, or terminal at apex of small re-duced branchlets. Pedicel ca. 1 cm, tomentose. Calyx abaxiallytomentose; sepals ovate. Petals obovoid to oblong, strigose.Aggregate fruit subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam., with few largedrupelets, glabrous. Fl. and fr. Aug.

● Cliffs. Guangdong (Luofu Shan).

This species is incompletely known.

5. Rubus sect. Dalibardastrum (Focke) T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 463. 1982.

刺毛莓组 ci mao mei zu

Rubus subgen. Dalibardastrum Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 39. 1910.

Shrubs or subshrubs, usually densely bristly, less often with needle-like or small prickles. Leaves simple; stipules persistent orcaducous, free, on stem near base of petiole, broad, divided. Flowers bisexual, usually in cymose panicles or short subracemes orseveral in clusters or solitary. Aggregate fruit adnate to torus, falling from base of torus at maturity, not hollow.

Eleven species (ten endemic) in China.

1a. Terminal inflorescences large broad cymose panicles with numerous flowers.2a. Leaves glabrous abaxially, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, not divided; flowers with petals ............ 185. R. wuzhianus2b. Leaves tomentose or pubescent abaxially, narrowly ovate or suborbicular; flowers with or without petals.

3a. Leaves narrowly ovate, abaxially tomentose, margin undivided or slightly undulate; flowers usuallyapetalous ............................................................................................................................................... 183. R. jinfoshanensis

3b. Leaves suborbicular, abaxially pubescent, margin 3�5-lobed, lobes triangular; flowers with petals ........... 184. R. lobatus1b. Terminal inflorescences subracemes with few flowers or flowers several in clusters or solitary.

4a. Leaves abaxially tomentose.5a. Leaves 3�5-lobed, suborbicular or broadly ovate, deciduously tomentose, but hairs persistent

abaxially in age; stipules broader, 1�1.5 cm, palmately parted ............................................................... 188. R. tsangorum5b. Leaves undivided or lobed, abaxially persistent tomentose; stipules narrowly ovate to ovate-

lanceolate, 1.5�2 cm, margin pinnately laciniate lobed.6a. Leaves ovate to oblong, bristly on both surfaces, not divided or somewhat undulate, coarsely

sharply serrate; stipules tomentose, villous; flowers 2�3 cm in diam. ................................................... 186. R. tricolor6b. Leaves suborbicular to ovate, bristly only abaxially, margin 3�5-lobed, sharply serrulate; stipules

tomentose; flowers 1�2 cm in diam. ................................................................................................ 187. R. multisetosus4b. Leaves abaxially pubescent or subglabrous.

7a. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2�4, terminal or axillary; leaves broadly ovate, undivided, rarelylobed;outer sepals usually not lobed.8a. Plants with stalked glands; leaves acute to acuminate apically, both surfaces glabrous or nearly

so; pedicel 2�4 cm; sepals triangular-lanceolate, 0.8�1.4 cm ......................................................... 192. R. ourosepalus8b. Plants without stalked glands; leaves obtuse, rarely acute apically, both surfaces sparsely villous;

pedicel 5�10 mm; sepals broadly ovate, 7�8 mm ............................................................................ 193. R. polyodontus

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

7b. Flowers 4�12 in terminal subracemes or several in clusters; leaves suborbicular or broadly narrowlyovate, lobed; outer sepals usually divided.9a. Leaves broadly narrowly ovate, terminal lobe several × as long as lateral lobes, apically shortly

acuminate, rarely acute, lateral lobes obtuse; flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam.; stipules deeply laciniate;sepals narrowly lanceolate; outer sepals 2- or 3-laciniate ................................................................ 191. R. amphidasys

9b. Leaves orbicular or suborbicular, terminal lobe slightly longer than or as long as lateral lobes,acute, obtuse, or rounded; flowers 1.5�2(�2.5) cm in diam.; stipules palmately parted to middleor nearly to base; sepals narrowly ovate, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, or broadly ovate-lanceolateto oblong-ovate; outer sepals leaflike, laciniate, pinnately divided, or dissected apically.10a. Leaves 3�5-lobed, terminal lobe acute apically, lateral lobes obtuse, rarely acute, margin

coarsely serrate; stipules palmatipartite nearly to base; sepals narrowly ovate or narrowlyovate-lanceolate; outer sepals leaflike, laciniate or pinnately divided .......................................... 189. R. treutleri

10b. Leaves 5(�7)-lobed, lobes obtuse to rounded apically, margin sharply serrate; stipulespalmatipartite to middle or ca. 1/3 their length; sepals broadly ovate-lanceolate tooblong-ovate; outer sepals dissected apically .................................................................. 190. R. fanjingshanensis

183. Rubus jinfoshanensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phyto-tax. Sin. 20: 463. 1982.

金佛山悬钩子 jin fo shan xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 2�5 m tall. Branchlets brownish to darkbrown, tomentose, bristly, bristles purplish red, sometimes withintermixed glandular hairs. Leaves simple; petiole 2�3.5 cm, to-mentose, bristly, bristles purplish red, or with intermixed glan-dular hairs; stipules caducous, free, lanceolate or ovate-lan-ceolate, 7�11 mm, margin laciniate, tomentose, bristly; bladenarrowly ovate, 8�12 × 5�9 cm, veins yellowish brown, raisedabaxially, abaxially densely yellowish gray tomentose, bristlyalong midvein, adaxially glabrous or soft hairy only alongveins, base cordate, margin unevenly coarsely sharply serrate,undivided or slightly undulate, apex shortly acuminate. Inflo-rescences terminal or axillary, terminal ones cymose panicles,to 24 cm, many flowered, axillary ones smaller; rachis and ped-icels bristly, bristles purplish red, tomentose or with glandularhairs; bracts lanceolate, 5�9 mm, margin shallowly laciniate,tomentose, bristly. Pedicel 5�8 mm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam.Petals usually absent. Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 6�9× 2�4 mm, both surfaces yellowish gray tomentose, marginentire, apex acuminate. Stamens many, shorter than sepals; fila-ments linear. Pistils less than 20, slightly shorter than or nearlyas long as stamens; ovary glabrous. Fruit unknown. Fl. Jun�Jul.

● Rocky slopes, forest margins; 1600�2100 m. Chongqing (JinfoShan), SE Yunnan (Hekou Xian).

184. Rubus lobatus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin.20: 464. 1982.

五裂悬钩子 wu lie xuan gou zi

Shrubs scandent, 1�2 m tall. Branchlets brownish, terete,densely villous, bristly, unevenly glandular hairy, with sparse,small basally broad prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 4�8 cm,with reddish purple glandular hairs, bristly, villous; stipulescaducous, free, brown, 1�1.5 cm, villous, with glandular hairs,palmatipartite; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; blade sub-orbicular, 10�20 cm in diam. and ca. as long, palmately 5-vein-ed, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, both surfaces soft hairy, withreddish brown glandular hairs and bristles along veins, basecordate, margin 3�5-lobed; lobes triangular, terminal lobeslightly larger than lateral lobes, irregularly sharply serrate,

apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal or axil-lary, terminal ones cymose panicles, large, to 20 cm, axillaryones narrow panicles or subracemes, shorter; rachis, pedicels,and abaxial surface of calyx with dense reddish brown glan-dular hairs, bristles and long hairs; bracts 1�1.4 cm, villous,with glandular hairs, palmatipartite; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Pedicel 0.8�1.5 cm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm in diam. Se-pals erect in fruit, narrowly lanceolate, 1�1.5 cm, margin slight-ly tomentose, apex caudate, outer sepals often shallowly lacini-ate; lobes linear. Petals white, broadly obovate, shorter thansepals, base clawed. Stamens many; filaments linear; anthersvillous. Ovary glabrous; styles longer than stamens. Aggregatefruit subglobose, red, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous, enclosed incalyx; pyrenes slightly rugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Roadsides in mountains, valleys, thickets; low to medium ele-vations. Guangdong, Guangxi.

185. Rubus wuzhianus L. T. Lu & Boufford, nom. nov.

锯叶悬钩子 ju ye xuan gou zi

Replaced synonym: Rubus serrulatus Wuzhi, Fl. Hupeh.2: 192. 1979, not Foerster (1878), nor Lindeberg ex Areschoug(1886); R. serratifolius T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu (1985), not P. J.Müller & Lefèvre (1859).

Shrubs scrambling, lianoid. Branchlets purplish brown,terete, with dense purplish red long bristles and stalked glands,with sparse, hooked minute prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 1�2cm, with dense purplish red long bristles and with sparse, smallprickles; stipules caducous, free, brown, oblong, 1�1.8 cm,apex entire or with few teeth; blade ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 12�17 × 5�9 cm, lateral veins 7�9 pairs, both sur-faces glabrous, abaxially with minute hooked prickles alongveins, base cordate, margin irregularly coarsely sharply serrate,apex caudate. Inflorescences terminal, lax cymose panicles,large; rachis and pedicels with dense purplish red long bristlesand stalked glands; bracts oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 1�1.6 cm,margin entire or serrate. Pedicel 2�4 cm. Flowers 1.2�2 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially densely yellowish tomentose, purplishred bristly, with stalked glands; sepals reflexed after anthesis,ovate-lanceolate, to 1 cm, apex caudate, outer sepals apically 2-or 3-laciniate, inner sepals entire. Petals white, suborbicular orbroadly elliptic, thinly pubescent, base barely clawed. Stamens

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

many; filaments linear or somewhat broader basally; antherssericeous-villous. Pistils nearly as long as or slightly longerthan stamens; ovary soft hairy apically, glabrescent. Aggregatefruit reddish black, subglobose, glabrous; pyrenes coarsely ru-gose. Fl. May�July, fr. July�Aug.

● Montane thickets, forest margins in valleys; 1000�1500 m.Hubei, Hunan.

186. Rubus tricolor Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 40. 1910.

三色莓 san se mei

Shrubs 1�4 m tall, with climbing or creeping branches.Branchlets brown to dark reddish brown, terete, tomentose, yel-lowish brown bristly or with intermixed glandular hairs. Leavessimple; petiole 1.5�3.5 cm, tomentose, bristly, with glandularhairs; stipules persistent, free, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly ob-long, 1�2 cm × 4�8 mm, margin pinnate-laciniate; lobes lan-ceolate, tomentose, with intermixed long hairs along veins, hairsdeciduous, sometimes sparsely bristly; blade ovate to oblong,6�12 × 3�8 cm, veins raised abaxially, abaxially yellowish graytomentose, yellowish brown bristly along veins, adaxially darkgreen, glabrous but sparsely bristly between veins, base sub-rounded to cordate, margin undivided or slightly undulate, un-evenly coarsely sharply serrate, apex shortly acuminate. Inflo-rescences terminal, short subracemes, 3�5 cm, several floweredor flowers solitary in leaf axils; rachis and pedicels tomentose,purplish red bristly, or with glandular hairs; bracts narrowlyovate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.9�1.6 cm × 4�7 mm, pinnate-la-ciniate; lobes linear to lanceolate, abaxially tomentose-villous,bristly, initially with glandular hairs. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Flowers2�3 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially yellowish brown tomentose,bristly; sepals lanceolate, 0.8�1.2 cm × 4�6 mm, margin entireor laciniate, apex acuminate. Petals white, obovate or obovate-oblong, 7�9 × 5�7 mm, base shortly clawed, apex emarginateor shortly pointed. Stamens many, shorter than petals. Pistilslonger than stamens, glabrous. Aggregate fruit bright red, sub-globose, 1.5�1.7 cm in diam.; pyrenes rugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr.Aug�Sep. 2n = 28*.

● Slopes, forests, thickets; 1800�3600 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.

187. Rubus multisetosus T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Fl. Reipubl.Popularis Sin. 37: 201. 1985.

刺毛悬钩子 ci mao xuan gou zi

Rubus polytrichus Franchet (1890), not Progel (1882).

Shrubs low, to 50 cm tall, with creeping branches. Branch-lets brown to grayish brown, terete, tomentose, yellowish brownbristly or with intermixed stipitate glands. Leaves simple; peti-ole 1.5�3 cm, tomentose, bristly, or stipitate glandular; stipulespersistent, free, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 1�1.6 cm ×5�9 mm, abaxially tomentose, bristly, shallowly pinnate-lacin-iate; blade ovate to suborbicular, 3�6 × 3�5.5 cm, veins raisedabaxially, abaxially densely yellowish white tomentose, yellow-ish brown bristly along veins, adaxially glabrous, base cordate,margin 3�5-lobed, sharply doubly serrulate, apex acute. Inflo-rescences terminal, short subracemes, 3�5 cm, several flowered,or flowers solitary in leaf axils; bracts ovate-lanceolate or nar-rowly ovate, 0.8�1.5 cm × 4�8 mm, tomentose when young,

bristly, laciniate. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Flowers 1�2 cm in diam.Calyx abaxially tomentose, bristly or stipitate glandular; sepalserect at anthesis, later enclosing fruit, lanceolate, 0.9�1.4 cm ×3.5�6 mm, apex acuminate, outer sepals usually laciniate apic-ally, inner sepals entire. Petals white, broadly ovate to oblong,7�11 × 5�8 mm, abaxially sparsely tomentose, base shortlyclawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments broad,complanate. Pistils slightly shorter than or nearly as long as sta-mens; ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit subglobose, glabrous,with many drupelets and persistent styles; pyrenes slightly ru-gose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Montane forests and valleys, grasslands, roadsides, near watercourses; 2200�3000 m. NW Yunnan.

188. Rubus tsangorum Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 485.1933.

东南悬钩子 dong nan xuan gou zi

Shrubs lianoid, low, 0.3�1.5 m tall. Branchlets brownish todark brown, terete, villous, unevenly with purplish red glandu-lar hairs and bristly, sometimes with sparse, needle-like prick-les. Leaves simple; petiole 4�8 cm, villous, with purplish redglandular hairs; stipules free, 1�1.5 cm, palmatipartite; lobes li-near or linear-lanceolate, villous, with glandular hairs; bladesuborbicular or broadly ovate, 6�14 cm in diam., abaxially thin-ly tomentose, with intermixed long hairs and sparse, glandularhairs along veins, glabrescent, adaxially villous, with sparse, in-termixed glandular hairs along midvein, base deeply cordate,margin distinctly 3�5-lobed, lateral lobes broadly triangular,apex obtuse or acute, terminal lobe slightly larger than later-al lobes, broadly triangular-ovate, margin unevenly coarselysharply serrate, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Inflorescencesterminal or axillary, subracemes, 5�20-flowered, terminal ones8�13 cm, lateral ones shorter; rachis, pedicels, and abaxialsurface of calyx villous and with purplish red glandular hairs;bracts 0.8�1.2 cm, palmatipartite; lobes linear, villous, withglandular hairs. Pedicels unequal in length, longer ones to 2.5cm, shorter ones 5�6 mm. Flowers 1�2 cm in diam. Calyxtube cupular, ca. 5 mm; sepals erect in fruit, narrowly triangu-lar-lanceolate, 7�12 × 3�5 mm, apex long acuminate and deep-ly divided into 2 or 3 lanceolate lobes. Petals white, broadlyobovate, 6�7 mm, base barely clawed. Stamens ca. 5 mm; fila-ments linear. Pistils many, much longer than stamens; ovaryglabrous. Aggregate fruit red, subglobose, glabrous; pyrenesdistinctly rugose. Fl. May�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Sparse montane forests and thickets; 200�1200 m. Anhui,Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

189. Rubus treutleri J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 331. 1878.

滇西北悬钩子 dian xi bei xuan gou zi

Rubus arcuatus Kuntze; R. rosulans Kuntze; R. tonglooen-sis Kuntze.

Shrubs low, 0.5�1 m tall. Branches grayish brown, brownor blackish brown, villous, purplish red stipitate glandular, withsparse, needle-like prickles. Leaves simple; petiole 2.5�5.5 cm,with dense purplish red stipitate glands, long hairs, and sparse,needle-like prickles; stipules free, 1�1.5 cm, palmatipartitenearly to base; lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, villous, stipitate

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

glandular; blade suborbicular, 6�12 cm in diam., abaxiallydensely tomentose-villous when young, glabrate in age, sparse-ly stipitate glandular along veins, adaxially sparsely villous butmore densely so along veins, with sparse, stipitate glands alongveins, base deeply cordate, margin 3�5-lobed, terminal lobeslightly larger than lateral lobes, margin irregularly coarselyserrate, apex acute, lateral lobes obtuse, rarely acute. Inflores-cences terminal, subracemes, 3�4 cm or slightly longer, severalto more than 10-flowered, or flowers few in clusters in leafaxils; rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyx densely vil-lous, stipitate glandular; bracts 1�1.3 cm, palmatipartite; lobeslinear, villous, stipitate glandular. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Flowers1.5�2(�2.5) cm in diam. Calyx tube cupular, ca. 5 mm; sepalsnarrowly ovate or narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 0.8�1.5 cm × 5�7mm, apex acuminate, outer sepals leaflike, margin laciniate orpinnately divided into lanceolate lobes, inner sepals entire. Pet-als pink, suborbicular, 8�11 mm in diam., barely clawed. Sta-mens many, shorter than petals; filaments broad, flat. Pistilsnearly as long as stamens; ovary and style glabrous. Aggregatefruit red, globose, 8�10 mm in diam., enclosed in calyx; pyre-nes densely rugulose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

Forests, forest margins; 2300�3400 m. S Xizang (Yadong Xian),NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].

190. Rubus fanjingshanensis L. T. Lu ex Boufford et al., J.Arnold Arbor. 71: 123. 1990.

梵净山悬钩子 fan jing shan xuan gou zi

Shrubs trailing, small. Branchlets brown to brownish, darkbrown in age, terete, villous, with thin needle-like pricklesslightly dilated at base, with stalked glands. Leaves simple;petiole 4�8 mm, villous, with needle-like prickles, stipitateglandular; stipules free, 1.4�1.8 × 1�1.4 cm, both surfaces vil-lous, with glandular hairs, palmatipartite 1/3�1/2 to base; lobeslanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, 3�7 × 1.3�3 mm; blade orbi-cular or suborbicular, 7�11 × 6.5�11 cm, veins raised abaxially,abaxially pale, adaxially dark green, both surfaces appressedvillous, more densely so abaxially, veins glabrescent, sparselyhairy in age, abaxially with needle-like prickles, sometimeswith sparse, intermixed stalked glands, base deeply cordate,margin 5(�7)-lobed; lobes obtuse to rounded, terminal lobeslightly longer than or ca. as long as lateral lobes, margin irreg-ularly sharply serrate. Inflorescences not seen; infructescencesterminal, short racemes, 4�5 cm, or clusters in leaf axils; rachis,fruiting pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx villous, with nee-dle-like prickles, sometimes with sparse, intermixed stipitateglands; bracts similar to stipules, but smaller. Fruiting pedicel8�11 mm. Calyx tube cupular; sepals 5, broadly ovate-lanceo-late to oblong-ovate, 0.8�1.4 cm × 4�6 mm, outer sepals dis-sected apically; lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, 2�5 × 1�1.5mm, apex caudate. Stamens many, 3�4 mm; filaments some-what broadened basally; anthers globose or shortly oblong.Pistils numerous, glabrous; torus raised, long hairy. Aggregatefruit red, subglobose, 7�10 mm in diam., glabrous, with manyunited drupelets, crowned with persistent calyx; pyrenes sub-reniform, 1.5�2.5 × 1�1.8 mm, distinctly rugose. Fl. not seen,fr. Aug�Sep.

● Mountains; 2000�2300 m. NE Guizhou (Fanjing Shan, Jiang-kou Xian).

191. Rubus amphidasys Focke, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 396. 1900.

周毛悬钩子 zhou mao xuan gou zi

Rubus chaffanjonii H. Léveillé & Vaniot.

Shrubs trailing, small, 0.3�1 m tall. Branchlets reddishbrown, with dense reddish brown long stipitate glands, softbristles, and long yellowish hairs, usually unarmed. Leaves sim-ple; petiole 2�5.5 cm, with reddish brown long glandular hairs,soft bristles and yellowish villous; stipules free, 0.8�1.5 cm,deeply laciniate; lobes lanceolate or linear, with long glandularhairs, villous; blade broadly to narrowly ovate, 5�11 × 3.5�9cm, both surfaces villous, base cordate, margin 3�5-lobed, ter-minal lobe much larger and longer than lateral lobes, apexshortly acuminate, rarely acute, lateral lobes obtuse, unevenlysharply serrate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, subracemes,6�12 cm, 5�12-flowered, rarely flowers in clusters of 3�5; ra-chis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyx with dense reddishbrown long glandular hairs, soft bristles, and yellowish longhairs; bracts 6�9 mm, lobed; lobes linear or lanceolate, vil-lous, stipitate glandular. Pedicel 5�14 mm. Flowers 1�1.5 cm indiam. Calyx tube ca. 5 mm; sepals erect in fruit, narrowly lan-ceolate, 1�1.7 cm × 3�5 mm, apex caudate, outer sepals usually2- or 3-laciniate. Petals white, broadly ovate to oblong, 4�7 ×3�5 mm, base barely clawed, margin premorse or coarsely ser-rate. Stamens many; filaments broad, complanate. Pistils longerthan stamens; ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruit dark red, com-pressed globose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous, enclosed in persis-tent calyx; pyrenes rugose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

● Slopes, roadsides, shrub and bamboo thickets; 400�1600 m.Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi,Sichuan, Zhejiang.

192. Rubus ourosepalus Cardot, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 290.1914.

宝兴悬钩子 bao xing xuan gou zi

Shrubs lianoid, small, 0.4�1 m tall. Branchlets brown orreddish brown, with needle-like prickles, glandular hairs, andsparse, soft hairs. Leaves simple; petiole 2.5�5.5 cm, with nee-dle-like prickles, glandular hairs, and soft hairs; stipules free, 7�10 mm, palmatipartite nearly to base; lobes linear-lanceolate orlinear, with glandular hairs, intermixed with soft hairs; bladebroadly ovate, 5�11 × 3.5�8 cm, both surfaces glabrous or sub-glabrous, with sparse, needle-like prickles along veins, basecordate, margin undivided, rarely lobed, sharply serrate, withsparse, glandular hairs, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescencesterminal and axillary, 1-flowered or flowers in clusters of 2�4;bracts 5�8 mm, palmatipartite nearly to base; lobes linear orsubulate, soft hairy and stipitate glandular. Pedicel 2�4 cm, withneedle-like prickles, stipitate glandular and soft hairy. Flowers1�1.5 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially with needle-shaped prickles,stipitate glands, and soft hairs; tube pelviform; sepals erect infruit, triangular-lanceolate, 0.8�1.4 cm, margin entire, rarely 2-lobed, apex subulate-acuminate. Petals white, ovate, 5�8 × 4�5mm, base with claws nearly absent, apex acute. Stamens many,arranged in several whorls; filaments broad, flat. Pistils shorterthan stamens; apex of ovary and base of style thinly pubescentwhen young, gradually glabrescent. Aggregate fruit red, dry,

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

semiglobose, enclosed in persistent calyx; pyrenes rugose orsmooth. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Montane thickets; ca. 3000 m. C Sichuan (Baoxing Xian).

193. Rubus polyodontus Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 484.1933.

多齿悬钩子 duo chi xuan gou zi

Shrubs low, 20�40 cm tall. Branches grayish brown todark brown, creeping, rooting at nodes; branchlets sparsely vil-lous, with straight needle-like prickles. Leaves simple; petiole2�3(�5) cm, villous, with straight needle-like prickles; stipulesfree, to 8 mm, villous, deeply divided nearly to base; lobeslinear to linear-lanceolate; blade broadly ovate, 3�8 × 2.5�6 cm,

both surfaces sparsely villous, abaxially with sparse, needle-likeprickles along midvein, base cordate, margin undivided orslightly incised, unevenly serrate, apex obtuse, rarely acute. In-florescences terminal or axillary, 1-flowered or flowers inclusters of 3 or 4; bracts 5�7 mm, villous, deeply lobed; lobeslinear to linear-lanceolate. Pedicel 5�10 mm. Calyx to 1.2 cm,sparsely villous, with needle-like prickles; sepals broadly ovate,7�8 × 3�5 mm, margin tomentose, entire, apex caudate-acu-minate or with leaflike appendages. Petals rose, obovate, 5�6mm and ca. as broad, glabrous. Stamens ca. 30; filaments ca. 2mm. Pistils more than 10; ovary soft hairy apically. Aggregatefruit dry, consisting of few drupelets, enclosed in persistent ca-lyx; pyrenes smooth. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct.

● Bamboo thickets, forest margins; 2300�3200 m. NW Yunnan.

6. Rubus sect. Chamaebatus Focke, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 4: 145. 1874.

矮生莓组 ai sheng mei zu

Subshrubs or perennial creeping herbs, with creeping stems, with needle-like prickles or bristles. Leaves simple; stipules per-sistent, free at junction of stem and petiole, divided or undivided. Flowers bisexual, several in clusters or solitary. Aggregate fruit ad-nate to torus, falling away from base of torus at maturity, not hollow.

Five species (one endemic) in China.

1a. Stipules undivided, margin or apex toothed or entire; leaves orbicular-ovate or suborbicular, abaxially soft hairy.2a. Plants with soft hairs and needle-like prickles; petiole 5�10 cm; flowers to 3 cm in diam.; sepals leaflike,

outer sepals pinnately lobed or incised-serrate, inner sepals serrate or entire .................................................. 194. R. calycinus2b. Plants with soft hairs and reddish brown bristles; petiole 2�5 cm; flowers 1.5�2.3 cm in diam.; sepals

ovate-lanceolate, apex often shallowly laciniate, rarely undivided ........................................................... 195. R. pectinarioides1b. Stipules pectinately or pinnately laciniate; leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular.

3a. Leaves abaxially tomentose; stipules pectinately or palmately laciniate; stems, petioles, pedicel, and calyxtomentose and with sparse, needle-like prickles; sepals ovate or triangular-lanceolate, apex often laciniate ........ 196. R. rolfei

3b. Leaves abaxially villous; stipules pectinately parted or deeply digitately divided; stems, petioles and pedicelvillous and with soft bristles or villous and with sparse, needle-like prickles; abaxial surface of calyx denselyminute tomentose and bristly, or with sparse, glandular hairs; sepals lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, entireor with few serrations or deeply divided or incised.4a. Stipules pectinately parted; stems, petioles, and pedicels villous and with soft bristles; abaxial surface

of calyx densely minutely tomentose and bristly, or with sparse, glandular hairs; sepals lanceolate,margin entire ................................................................................................................................................ 197. R. pectinaris

4b. Stipules deeply digitately divided; stems, petioles, pedicel, and calyx villous and with sparse, needle-likeprickles; outer sepals broader, deeply divided or incised, inner sepals narrower, margin few-serrate orentire .......................................................................................................................................................... 198. R. pectinellus

194. Rubus calycinus Wallich ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.235. 1825.

齿萼悬钩子 chi e xuan gou zi

Dalibarda calycina (Wallich ex D. Don) Seringe.

Herbs creeping, 15�20 cm tall, main stems creeping, to 2�3 m long, rooting at nodes, with erect sparsely branched orunbranched laterals. Stems with sparse, needle-like prickles ornearly unarmed, with sparse hairs. Leaves simple; petiole 5�10cm, villous, with needle-like prickles; stipules ovate, rarelyobovate, 0.8�1.3 cm × 6�11 mm, margin shallowly coarselyserrate, rarely entire; blade orbicular-ovate or suborbicular, 2.5�6 cm in diam., both surfaces pilose when young, gradually gla-brescent, hairy only along veins in age, abaxially with needle-like prickles along veins, base deeply cordate, margin undulate

or shallowly 3�5-lobed, irregularly coarsely serrate, apex ob-tuse or rounded. Inflorescences usually terminal, 1- or 2-flow-ered; bracts ovate, 6�10 × 5�9 mm, coarsely serrate, very rarelyentire. Pedicel 3�5 cm, usually villous, with needle-like prick-les. Flowers to 3 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially with soft hairsand straight subulate prickles; tube broadly pelviform, 3.5�5mm in diam.; sepals leaflike, narrowly ovate to elliptic, 0.8�1.4cm × 6�11 mm, outer sepals broader, pinnately lobed or in-cised-serrate, inner sepals narrower, apex or margin coarselyincised-serrate, sometimes entire. Petals white, obovate to el-liptic, slightly shorter than sepals, adaxially puberulous, baseclawed. Stamens ca. 30�40, shorter than petals; filaments to 6mm; anthers ca. 1 mm. Pistils ca. 30�50(�70), slightly shorterthan stamens; ovary glabrous; styles to 5 mm, glabrous. Ag-gregate fruit red to dark red, globose, 0.9�1.4 cm in diam., con-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

sisting of few drupelets, enclosed in persistent calyx; pyrenes3�4 mm, rugulose. Fl. May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug.

Slopes, forests, forest margins; 1200�3000 m. Sichuan, S Xizang,Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Indonesia (Java), N Myanmar, Nepal, Sik-kim].

195. Rubus pectinarioides H. Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 47: 111. 1972.

匍匐悬钩子 pu fu xuan gou zi

Subshrubs creeping, (5�)10�20 cm tall. Stems prostrate,rooting at nodes, soft hairy, bristly, usually unarmed. Leavessimple; petiole 2�5 cm, with soft reddish brown bristles andhairs; stipules ovate to elliptic, free, 8�10 mm, hairy, marginentire or rarely apically with few serrations, apex obtuse oracute; blade orbicular-ovate or suborbicular, 2�4 × 1.5�5 cm,both surfaces pilose, gradually glabrescent, abaxially soft bristlyalong veins, base deeply cordate, margin undulate or 3�5-lobed,unevenly sharply serrate, apically obtuse or rounded. Inflores-cences usually terminal, 1-flowered or flowers in clusters of 2or 3; bracts usually 2, opposite at middle of pedicel, ovate toelliptic, 5�8 mm, hairy, margin entire or apically lobed. Pedicel3.5�6 cm, reddish brown bristly and soft hairy. Flowers 1.5�2.3cm in diam. Calyx abaxially with dense, reddish brown softbristles and hairs; tube cupular; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 0.8�1.3cm × 4�5 mm, margin entire or outer sepals apically lobed,apex caudate. Petals pink, suborbicular or broadly obovate, 0.8�1.4 cm × 7�10 mm, base clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens many,shorter than petals; filaments broad, flat. Pistils nearly equal tostamens in length; style and ovary glabrous. Aggregate fruitred, subglobose, 1�1.5 cm in diam., glabrous, enclosed in per-sistent calyx; pyrenes smooth. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Sep�Oct.

Forests on rocky slopes, rocky stream sides in mountains; 2800�3300 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Sikkim].

196. Rubus rolfei S. Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. 171. 1885.

高山悬钩子 gao shan xuan gou zi

Rubus calycinoides Hayata ex Koidzumi (1913), notKuntze (1879); R. calycinoides Hayata var. macrophyllus H. L.Li; R. elmeri Focke; R. hayatae-koidzumii Naruhashi; R. penta-lobus Hayata; R. rolfei var. lanatus Hayata.

Subshrubs low, with creeping stems and ascending leafyshoots. Stems prostrate, rooting at nodes, densely tomentose-villous, with sparse, small prickles, sometimes nearly unarmed,glabrate in age. Leaves simple; petiole nearly as long as leafblade, tomentose-villous, with sparse, needle-like prickles; stip-ules free, obovate to ± oblong, 7�12 mm, membranous, marginpectinately or palmately laciniate ca. 1/2 to middle at apex,abaxially hairy, adaxially glabrous; blade broadly ovate tosuborbicular, 2�6(�9) × 2�5.5(�9) cm, venation pedate, lateralveins 4 or 5 pairs, raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, lea-thery, abaxially brownish gray tomentose, with long hairs andsparse, needle-shaped prickles along veins, adaxially darkgreenish brown, usually sparsely hairy when young, later gla-brous, bullate between veins, base cordate, basal incision to 1cm deep, margin 3�5-lobed; lobes obtuse, unevenly crenate. In-florescences terminal and axillary, 1- or few flowered; rachisand pedicels densely tomentose-villous, with sparse, needle-like

prickles; bracts obovate to ±oblong, 8�10 mm, apex palmatelyor pectinately laciniate, hairy. Pedicel 5�9 mm. Flowers to 2 cmin diam. Calyx 1�1.5 cm, abaxially tomentose-villous; sepalsovate or triangular-lanceolate, 8�10 × 4�7 mm, apex laciniate;lobes linear-lanceolate. Petals white, suborbicular or obovate,7�10 × 6�8 mm, adaxially puberulous, base clawed. Stamensmany; filaments to 5 mm; anthers to 1 mm, with few long hairs,rarely glabrous. Pistils fewer than stamens, glabrous. Aggregatefruit yellow to orange or reddish, globose, 1�1.4 × ca. 1 cm,fleshy, with reddish persistent calyx; drupelets obliquely ellip-soid; pyrenes rugose; seeds reniform. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.2n = 28*, 42*.

Open places, mixed forests; 1300�3800 m. Taiwan [Philippines].

197. Rubus pectinaris Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 21.1910.

梳齿悬钩子 shu chi xuan gou zi

Rubus allophyllus Hemsley, p.p.

Shrubs creeping, 20�40 cm tall. Stems reddish brown topurplish brown, slender, soft hairy, sometimes sparsely softbristly. Leaves simple; petiole 3�6 cm, villous or with sparse,intermixed soft bristles; stipules free, broadly ovate, 5�10 × 4�8mm, sparsely soft hairy, pectinately lobed; lobes lanceolate;blade suborbicular, 3�6 × 3.5�6.5 cm, both surfaces villous,gradually glabrescent, with only sparse hairs along veins in age,base deeply cordate, margin 2- or 3-lobed, crenate or doublyserrate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal, 2�3 cm in diam.,1- or 2-flowered; bracts broadly ovate, 5�8 × 4�6 mm, sparselysoft hairy, pectinately lobed; lobes lanceolate. Pedicel 2�4 cm,villous, soft bristly or stipitate glandular. Calyx abaxially dense-ly minutely tomentose and with rigid bristles, sometimes withintermixed stipitate glands; sepals reflexed after anthesis, lan-ceolate, 1�1.4 cm × 3�4 mm, margin entire, apex long caudate.Petals white, oblong, slightly shorter than sepals, base longclawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals. Pistils slightlyshorter than or nearly as long as stamens, glabrous. Aggregatefruit with few drupelets. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Slopes, forests; 2000�3300 m. C Sichuan (Emei Shan).

198. Rubus pectinellus Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci.Saint-Pétersbourg, ser. 3, 17: 147. 1872.

黄泡 huang pao

Rubus pectinellus var. trilobus Koidzumi.

Herbs or subshrubs, 8�20(�30) cm tall. Stems creeping,brown or brownish, rooting at nodes, villous, ± prickly. Leavessimple; petiole 3�6 cm, villous, with needle-like prickles; stip-ules free, 6�9 mm, villous, deeply digitately lobed; lobes linear-lanceolate; blade suborbicular, 2.5�4.5 × 3�5(�7) cm, venationpedate, lateral veins (1 or)2 pairs, raised abaxially, both sur-faces pilose, abaxially with needle-like prickles along veins,base deeply cordate, margin sometimes undulate-lobed or 3-lobed, unevenly dentate or doubly serrate, apex obtuse. Inflo-rescences 1-flowered, rarely flowers 2 or 3 in axils of apicalleaves; bracts 5�8 mm, villous, palmately lobed; lobes linear-lanceolate. Pedicel 2�4 cm, villous, with needle-like prickles.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

Flowers to 2 cm in diam. Calyx 1.5�2 cm, abaxially villous andwith needle-like prickles; tube ovoid-globose; sepals ovate toovate-lanceolate, unequal in length, outer sepals broader, 0.9�1.3 cm × 6�9 mm, deeply divided or incised, inner sepals nar-rower, with few teeth or entire. Petals white, obovate or elliptic,0.8�1.2 cm × 6�8 mm, glabrous, base clawed. Stamens many,much shorter than petals. Pistils shorter than stamens; apex of

ovary and base of style slightly puberulous, glabrescent. Aggre-gate fruit red, globose, 1�1.5 cm in diam., glabrous, with re-flexed sepals; pyrenes nearly smooth or somewhat rugulose. Fl.May�Jun, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 42.

Montane forests and valleys, river banks; 700�3000 m. Fujian,Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang[Japan, Philippines].

7. Rubus sect. Cylactis Focke, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 4: 142. 1874.

匍匐莓组 pu fu mei zu

Herbs perennial, creeping, low or dwarf, unarmed, rarely with needle-like prickles. Leaves compound, 3�5-foliolate; stipulespersistent, free, at junction of stem and petiole, broad, occasionally narrow, undivided, rarely divided. Flowers bisexual, several inclusters or solitary. Aggregate fruit adnate to torus, falling away from base of torus at maturity, not hollow.

Nine species (two endemic) in China.

1a. Leaves simple, 3�5-lobed to -parted, cordate or reniform-cordate; stems, petioles, and pedicels soft hairy orsubglabrous, bristly; petals white ........................................................................................................................ 207. R. humulifolius

1b. Leaves compound, 3�5-foliolate; stems, petioles and pedicels villous, bristly, with glandular hairs or softhairy or with needle-like prickles or pubescent; petals white or purplish red.2a. Leaves 5-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate, lobed or parted; stipules entire.

3a. Leaflets lobed, incised, coarsely sharply serrate, or doubly serrate; sepals ovate-lanceolate; pistils4�6 ........................................................................................................................................................... 199. R. fragarioides

3b. Leaflets parted, deeply sharply serrate; sepals broadly ovate; pistils ca. 3 or ca. 24.4a. Pistils ca. 24; stamens ca. 30 in 2 whorls; petals entire or undulate .............................................. 200. R. potentilloides4b. Pistils ca. 3; stamens ca. 30 in 1 whorl; petals lobed or coarsely serrate .............................................. 201. R. clivicola

2b. Leaves 3-foliolate, undivided; stipules entire or divided.5a. Stipules pectinately divided, lobes lanceolate, shallowly 3�5-toothed; leaflets suborbicular; stems,

petioles, pedicels, and calyx villous, bristly, with glandular hairs; flowers white, solitary; pistils10�15 .................................................................................................................................................... 206. R. rubrisetulosus

5b. Stipules entire; leaflets suborbicular, broadly ovate to broadly obovate, rhombic, or ovate-rhombic;stems, petioles, and pedicel with soft hairs or needle-like prickles, or pubescent, or bristly.6a. Leaflets rhombic or ovate-rhombic to oblong-rhombic; stems, petioles, and pedicels with soft hairs

or needle-like prickles; flowers purplish red or white.7a. Leaflets rhombic to obovate-rhombic; stems, petioles, and pedicel pubescent; flowers 1 or 2,

purplish red; pistils ca. 20 ................................................................................................................. 202. R. arcticus7b. Leaflets ovate-rhombic to oblong-rhombic; stems, petioles, and pedicels sparsely pubescent

and with needle-like prickles, sometimes with sparse, intermixed glandular hairs; flowerswhite, several in clusters or corymbs; pistils 5 or 6 ........................................................................ 203. R. saxatilis

6b. Leaflets suborbicular, broadly ovate or broadly obovate; stems, petioles, and pedicels pubescent orbristly; flowers white.8a. Stems, petioles, and pedicels only pubescent; abaxial surface of calyx pubescent or sparsely

bristly; petals obovate-oblong to linear-oblong; pistils 4�20 ........................................................ 204. R. fockeanus8b. Stems, petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx villous and reddish brown bristly;

petals broadly obovate; pistils 25�70 or more ........................................................................... 205. R. nyalamensis

199. Rubus fragarioides Bertoloni, Mém. Reale Accad. Sci.Ist. Bologna 12: 236. 1861.

莓叶悬钩子 mei ye xuan gou zi

Herbs low, 6�16 cm tall. Stems greenish brown or brown-ish, woody, soft hairy. Leaves compound, 5- or 3-foliolate; peti-ole 3�9 cm, slightly soft hairy; leaflets very shortly petiolulateor subsessile; stipules free, ovate or elliptic, 7�10 × 5�7 mm,apex acute or ± obtuse; blade of leaflets obovate to subor-bicular, 2�5 × 1.5�3.5 cm, glabrous or soft hairy, base cuneate,margin usually lobed, incised or coarsely sharply serrate ordoubly serrate, apex acute or obtuse. Inflorescences usually ter-minal, 1�2 cm in diam.; flowering branchlets and pedicels soft

hairy. Pedicel 1�3(�5) cm. Calyx abaxially glabrous or softhairy; tube shallowly cupular; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 6�10 ×2�4 mm, margin entire, apex long acuminate to caudate. Petalswhite, obovate, 0.8�1.2 cm × 5�6 mm, apex acute. Stamensmany, erect, unequal in length, shorter than petals; filamentsdilated in basal part. Pistils 4�6, shorter than stamens; ovaryusually glabrous. Aggregate fruit 7�9 mm in diam., with severaldrupelets, persistent calyx lobes erect; drupelets to 4 mm; pyre-nes rugose. Fl. May�Jul, fr. Jul�Sep.

High mountains, grasslands, slopes, forests, forest margins; 3000�4200 m. W Sichuan, Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, N. Myan-mar, Nepal, Sikkim].

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

1a. Blade of leaflets and abaxial surface ofcalyx usually glabrous; floweringbranchlets and pedicels soft hairy......................................................... 199a. var. fragarioides

1b. Blade of leaflets and abaxial surfaceof calyx soft hairy; flowering branchletsand pedicels with soft hairs, with orwithout glandular hairs.2a. Flowering branchlets and pedicels

with soft hairs, without glandularhairs ........................................... 199b. var. pubescens

2b. Flowering branchlets, pedicels,or base of calyx with soft hairsand glandular hairs ................ 199c. var. adenophorus

199a. Rubus fragarioides var. fragarioides

莓叶悬钩子(原变种) mei ye xuan gou zi (yuan bian zhong)

Rubus arcticus Linnaeus var. fragarioides (Bertoloni)Focke.

Blade of leaflets and abaxial surface of calyx usually gla-brous. Flowering branchlets and pedicels soft hairy.

High mountains; 3000�4200 m. Xizang [Bhutan, NE India, NMyanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].

199b. Rubus fragarioides var. pubescens Franchet, Pl. Dela-vay. 203. 1890.

柔毛莓叶悬钩子 rou mao mei ye xuan gou zi

Blade of leaflets and abaxial surface of calyx soft hairy.Flowering branchlets and pedicels with soft hairs, without glan-dular hairs.

● Slopes, forests, forest margins; 3300�4000 m. S Xizang, NWYunnan.

199c. Rubus fragarioides var. adenophorus Franchet, Pl.Delavay. 203. 1890.

腺毛莓叶悬钩子 xian mao mei ye xuan gou zi

Rubus franchetianus H. Léveillé; R. yui E. Walker.

Blade of leaflets and abaxial surface of calyx soft hairy.Flowering branchlets, pedicels, or base of calyx with soft hairsand glandular hairs.

● Grasslands on slopes, forests; 3000�4000 m. W Sichuan, SE Xi-zang, NW Yunnan.

200. Rubus potentilloides W. E. Evans, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.Edinburgh 13: 179. 1921.

委陵悬钩子 wei ling xuan gou zi

Herbs perennial, dwarf, 3�8 cm tall. Stems prostrate, root-ing at nodes, slender, pubescent when young, glabrescent; flow-ering branchlets erect, pubescent. Leaves compound, 5-folio-late, rarely 3-foliolate; petiole 1�3 cm, pubescent, petiolule ofleaflets 2�4 mm; stipules free, broadly elliptic or suborbicular,3�4 mm, margin entire, apex obtuse; blade of leaflets subor-bicular, 3�8(�12) × 4�10 mm, both surfaces glabrous or pu-berulous, base cuneate, margin deeply divided nearly to mid-vein, with 3 distinct lobes; lobes sharply divided again, deeply

sharply serrate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences usually 1-flowered.Pedicel 6�12 mm, pubescent. Flowers 1.5�2 cm in diam.Calyx abaxially pubescent; sepals broadly ovate, rarely narrow-er, 4�5 × 2�3 mm, apex abruptly acuminate, with blackish tip.Petals white, broadly elliptic, 6�7 × 4�6 mm, margin entire orundulate, rarely lobed, apex obtuse or subtruncate. Stamens 30,in 2 whorls, outer sepals ca. 2 mm, inner sepals shorter; fila-ments broad, flat; anthers small. Pistils ca. 24; ovary glabrous;styles ca. 2 mm, slender; stigma truncate. Fruit unknown. Fl.Jun�Jul.

Mixed forests in high mountains; 2700�3500 m. NW Yunnan [NMyanmar].

201. Rubus clivicola E. Walker, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 32: 262.1942.

矮生悬钩子 ai sheng xuan gou zi

Herbs perennial, dwarf, 3�10(�12) cm tall. Stems brownor purplish brown, prostrate, slender, rooting at nodes, pubes-cent. Leaves compound, 5-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate; petiole1�2 cm, pubescent, petiolule of leaflets 2�5 mm; stipules free,ovate or suborbicular, 3�4 mm, puberulous, margin entire, apexobtuse; blade of leaflets obovate to suborbicular, 0.5�1.5 cm ×6�11 mm, both surfaces pilose when young, rarely with scat-tered brown glandular hairs abaxially, base cuneate, margindeeply 3-divided nearly to midvein, with 3 distinct lobes; lobessharply divided again into deep sharp incised teeth, apex ob-tuse. Inflorescences 1-flowered. Pedicel 1�2 cm, pubescent.Flowers 1�1.2 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially pubescent; sepalsbroadly ovate, 5�7 × 3�5 mm, apex shortly acuminate. Petalswhite, ovate to broadly elliptic, 6�8 × 4�5 mm, glabrous, mar-gin lobed or coarsely serrate. Stamens 30, 1-seriate, muchshorter than petals; filaments broad, complanate; anthers ovoid,small. Pistils ca. 3, ca. 2.5 mm; filaments slender; ovary gla-brous, smooth. Aggregate fruit glabrous when young. Fl. Jul�Aug, fr. Aug�Sep.

Rocky slopes, forests; 2800�4200 m. NW Yunnan [N Myanmar].

202. Rubus arcticus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 494. 1753.

北悬钩子 bei xuan gou zi

Herbs dwarf, 10�30 cm tall. Roots creeping, nearly woody.Stems greenish or greenish brown, slender, pilose, unbranchedor branched. Leaves compound, 3-foliolate; petiole longer, pi-lose, petiolule of terminal leaflet to 0.5 cm; lateral leaflets sub-sessile; stipules free, ovate or oblong, 5�7 × 3�5 mm, herba-ceous, pubescent, margin entire, apex acute or obtuse; blade ofleaflets rhombic to obovate-rhombic, terminal leaflet 3�5 cm,slightly longer than lateral leaflets, abaxially pilose, adaxiallysubglabrous, base narrowly cuneate, margin irregularly sharplyserrulate or doubly serrate, sometimes shallowly incised, apexacute or obtuse. Inflorescences usually terminal, 1�2 cm indiam., usually 1-flowered, sometimes flowers 1 or 2 in leafaxils, bisexual or incompletely unisexual. Pedicel 2�4 cm, pu-bescent. Calyx turbinate, abaxially pubescent; tube cupular; se-pals 5�10, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 5�8 × 2�3mm, apex acuminate. Petals purplish red, broadly obovate,rarely oblong or spatulate, 0.8�1.2 cm × 6�8 mm, base clawed,sometimes apically emarginate. Stamens erect, shorter than pet-als; filaments linear, inflated basally. Pistils 20, glabrous or pi-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

lose abaxially, shorter than stamens. Aggregate fruit dark red,semiglobose, not more than 1 cm in diam., with few drupelets,persistent sepals reflexed; pyrenes nearly smooth or slightly ru-gulose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 14.

Slopes, forests, ravines; ca. 1200 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning,Nei Mongol [Korea, Mongolia, Russia; N Europe].

203. Rubus saxatilis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 494. 1753.

石生悬钩子 shi sheng xuan gou zi

Cylactis saxatilis (Linnaeus) A. Löve.

Herbs 20�60 cm tall. Stems greenish brown, terete, slen-der; sterile stems creeping, with minute needle-like prickles,sparsely pubescent, sometimes with stalked glands. Leaves usu-ally compound and 3-foliolate, rarely simple and divided; peti-ole 2�3.5 cm, pilose, with minute needle-like prickles; lateralleaflets subsessile, petiolule of terminal leaflet 1�2 cm; stipulesfree, on flowering branches ovate or elliptic, 5�8 × 3�5 mm, oncreeping branches narrower, lanceolate or linear-oblong, pu-bescent, margin entire; blade of leaflets ovate-rhombic or ob-long-rhombic, terminal leaflet 5�7 cm, slightly longer than lat-eral leaflets, both surfaces pubescent, more densely so alongveins abaxially, base subcuneate or obliquely subcuneate, mar-gin often coarsely doubly serrate, rarely incised-serrate, lateralleaflets sometimes 2-lobed, apex acute. Inflorescences corymbsor flowers several in clusters; peduncles unequal in length,shorter ones ca. 5 mm, longer ones to 3 cm; bracts ovate or el-liptic, rarely linear-oblong, pubescent, margin entire. Pedicel 6�10 mm, pilose, with minute needle-like prickles, often withstalked glands. Flowers less than 1 cm in diam. Calyx turbinate,sometimes pelviform in fruit, abaxially pubescent; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5�7 × 1.5�2.5 mm, apex acuminate. Petals white,spatulate or oblong, 6�9 × 3�5 mm, glabrous, base clawed,erect. Stamens many, much shorter than petals; filaments erect,base inflated, apex subulate, incurved. Pistils 5 or 6, nearlyequaling stamens. Aggregate fruit red, globose, 1�1.5 cm indiam., glabrous, with larger drupelets; pyrenes oblong, alveo-late-pitted. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Jul�Aug. 2n = 28.

Stony soils, thickets, forests; below 3000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang,Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia; Eu-rope, North America].

204. Rubus fockeanus Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. 44(2): 206.1875.

凉山悬钩子 liang shan xuan gou zi

Rubus allophyllus Hemsley, p.p.; R. loropetalus Franchet;R. nutans Wallich var. fockeanus (Kurz) Kuntze; R. radicansFocke.

Herbs perennial, creeping, without prickles and glands,sometimes with intermixed small glandular hairs. Stems pros-trate, rooting at nodes, slender, pubescent. Leaves compound,3-foliolate; petiole 2�5 cm, pubescent, terminal leaflet shortlypetiolulate, lateral leaflets subsessile; stipules free, elliptic, 5�7× 3�5 mm, membranous, margin entire, rarely toothed, apex ±obtuse or shortly pointed; blade of leaflets suborbicular tobroadly obovate, 2.5�4 × 3.5�5 cm, abaxially pilose alongveins, adaxially pilose, base broadly cuneate to rounded, lateral

leaflets with oblique base, margin unevenly coarsely obtuselyserrate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal, to 2 cm in diam.,1- or 2-flowered; bracts elliptic, smaller than stipules, membra-nous, puberulous, margin entire or toothed. Pedicel 2�5 cm,pubescent, sometimes bristly. Calyx abaxially pubescent, orintermixed sparsely reddish brown bristly; sepals 5 or more,ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 7�10 × (2�)3�4 mm,undivided, rarely shallowly laciniate, apex long acuminate. Pet-als white, obovate-oblong to linear-oblong, 7�11 × 3�5 mm,base clawed. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filaments en-larged toward base. Pistils 4�20, shorter than stamens; ovaryglabrous or slightly puberulous; styles glabrous or basallyslightly pubescent. Aggregate fruit red, globose, glabrous,with few semiglobose drupelets; pyrenes rugose. Fl. May�Jun,fr. Jul�Aug.

Grassy slopes, forests; 2000�4000 m. Hubei, Sichuan, S Xizang,Yunnan [Bhutan, N Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].

205. Rubus nyalamensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu, Acta Phytotax.Sin. 18: 499. 1980.

聂拉木悬钩子 nie la mu xuan gou zi

Herbs perennial, low. Stems creeping, rooting at nodes,slender, with reddish brown soft bristles and soft hairs. Leavescompound, 3-foliolate; petiole 4�6 cm, petiolule of leaflets 2�5mm, villous, reddish brown bristly; stipules persistent, free,brown, ovate, membranous, soft hairy, margin entire or apicallyserrate, apex acute or obtuse; blade of leaflets broadly ovate tosuborbicular, 1�3 × 0.8�2.8 cm, both surfaces sparsely villous,abaxially with sparse bristles along veins, base cuneate, lateralleaflets with oblique base, margin doubly serrulate, sometimeslobed, apex obtuse. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, to 2 cmin diam., 2�4-flowered, rarely 1-flowered; bracts ovate, softhairy, margin entire or apically deeply divided-serrate. Pedicel1�4 cm, slender, villous, reddish brown bristly. Calyx abaxiallyvillous and reddish brown bristly; sepals triangular-ovate toovate-lanceolate, margin often laciniate, rarely entire, apexacute to acuminate. Petals white, broadly obovate, slightly long-er than sepals, base shortly clawed. Stamens many; filamentserect, much shorter than petals. Pistils ca. 25�70 or more; ovaryglabrous or pilose adaxially. Aggregate fruit red, globose, gla-brous, with many drupelets; pyrenes smooth. Fl. May�Jun, fr.Jul�Aug.

● Grasslands on slopes, forests, near water courses; 2000�3000 m.S Xizang.

206. Rubus rubrisetulosus Cardot, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 289.1914.

红刺悬钩子 hong ci xuan gou zi

Herbs perennial, dwarf, 10�20 cm tall. Stems brownish ordark purplish red, creeping, rooting at nodes, thinly villous, in-termixed bristly or stipitate glandular. Leaves compound, 3-foliolate; petiole 4�7 cm, slender, thinly villous, sparsely bristlyand stipitate glandular, petiolule of leaflets 2�5 mm; stipulesfree, ovate-oblong or obovate, 6�9 mm, basally attenuate, apexpectinately lobed; lobes lanceolate, sometimes with 3�5 shal-low teeth, thinly villous, stipitate glandular; blade of leafletssuborbicular, 2�3.5 cm in diam., both surfaces sparsely appress-

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

ed villous, base broadly cuneate to rounded, lateral leaflets withdistinctly oblique base, margin serrulate or doubly serrate, apexobtuse. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, 1.8�2.5 cm indiam., 1-flowered; bracts similar to stipules, 5�8 mm, palmatelylobed; lobes lanceolate or linear, villous, stipitate glandular.Pedicel 2�4 cm, slender, villous, with purplish red bristles andstipitate glands. Calyx abaxially densely and finely villous, pur-plish red bristly, with stalked glands; sepals narrowly ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 1�1.8 cm × 3�5(�6) mm,margin entire, apex long caudate. Petals white, obovate-oblongor oblong, 1�1.5 cm × 4�6 mm, base gradually attenuate intoclaw, apex obtuse. Stamens many, shorter than petals; filamentsslightly inflated. Pistils ca. 10�15, shorter than stamens, gla-brous. Aggregate fruit red, globose, to 1 cm in diam., glabrous;pyrenes prominently rugose. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep.

● Montane forests, ravines, waste fields; 2000�3500 m. Sichuan,Yunnan.

207. Rubus humulifolius C. A. Meyer, Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ.Reiches 57. 1848.

葎草叶悬钩子 lu cao ye xuan gou zi

Herbs perennial, dwarf, 10�30 cm tall. Rhizomes creeping,blackish brown, slender, much branched. Stems erect or as-cending, soft hairy, rarely glabrous, prickly-bristly. Leaves sim-ple; petiole 2�6 cm, pubescent or subglabrous, ± prickly-bristly;stipules often caducous, inconspicuous; blade cordate or reni-form-cordate, 4�8 × 3.5�9 cm, abaxially greenish, pubescent,with few bristles, adaxially green, bristly pilose at first, gla-brescent, base cordate, margin palmately 3�5-lobed; lobes ovateor suborbicular, apex obtuse or acute, irregularly doubly serrate.Inflorescences terminal, 1-flowered, rarely 2- or 3-flowered.Pedicel 1�2 cm, bristly. Calyx abaxially pubescent; sepals erector spreading, narrowly lanceolate, 7�9 mm, apex caudate. Pet-als white, lanceolate, longer than sepals, apex acuminate. Sta-mens many, much shorter than petals; filaments of outer sta-mens dilated. Aggregate fruit red at maturity, globose, ca. 1 cmin diam., glabrous; pyrenes foveolate. Fl. Jun�Jul, fr. Aug. 2n =14.

Coniferous forests, moist thickets. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mon-gol [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].

8. Rubus sect. Chamaemorus Focke, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 4: 142. 1874.

单性莓组 dan xian mei zu

Herbs perennial, dioecious, creeping, dwarf, unarmed. Leaves simple; stipules persistent, free, at junction of stem and petiole,broader, leaflike, undivided. Inflorescences 1-flowered. Aggregate fruit adnate to torus, falling away from base of torus at maturity,not hollow.

One species in China.

208. Rubus chamaemorus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 494. 1753.

兴安悬钩子 xing an xuan gou zi

Herbs perennial, dwarf, 5�30 cm tall, dioecious, with longbranched creeping rhizomes. Stems annual, somewhat woody,simple, erect, 30 cm tall, with few squamous leaves, pubescent,with intermixed sparse, short glandular hairs. Leaves simple;petiole 3�6(�9) cm, pubescent or with sparse, short glandularhairs when young; stipules free, leaflike, brownish, oblong, 5�10 × 4�7 mm, pubescent, with sparse, intermixed short glan-dular hairs when young, glabrescent; cauline leaf blade reni-form or orbicular, 4�9 cm in diam., abaxially pubescent, ± withintermixed short glandular hairs when young, adaxially sub-glabrous or slightly pilose, base cordate, margin 5�7-lobed;lobes obtuse, with uneven coarse sharp serrations. Inflores-cences terminal, 1-flowered. Pedicel 3.5�6 cm, pubescent, withsparse, intermixed short glandular hairs. Flowers unisexual, 2�3

cm in diam., usually staminate larger than pistillate, to 3 cm indiam. Calyx abaxially pubescent, sometimes with intermixedshort glandular hairs; tube 1.5�2 mm; sepals erect, spreading, 4or 5, oblong, 0.8�1.2 cm × 4�6 mm, apex obtuse or acute. Pet-als 4 or 5, white, obovate, 1.4�1.8 cm × 7�10 mm, apex retuse.Stamens shorter than petals; filaments long, linear, basallysomewhat broadened. Pistils abortive in staminate flowers; inpistillate flowers ca. 20; styles linear, long, but stamens notdeveloped or without anthers in pistillate flowers. Aggregatefruit orange-red or becoming yellowish brown, subglobose, ca.1 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes smooth or slightly rugulose.Fl. May�Jul, fr. Aug�Sep. 2n = 56.

Forests, mossy bogs, mossy tundra. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning.[Japan, Korea, Russia; C and N Europe, North America].

The edible fruit are harvested commercially and are used in pre-serves and juices.

The following taxa have been described from or reported for China, but we have seen no specimens and are therefore unable totreat them in this account. Further revision is necessary.

Rubus calophyllus C. B. Clarke (J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 19. 1889),described from India, reported for Xizang (�Tibet�): F. K. Ward6321.

Rubus chui Handel-Mazzetti (Oesterr. Bot. Z. 90: 121. 1941), describedfrom Sichuan: K. L. Chu 3019; K. L. Chu 3533.

Rubus hiemalis Focke (Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 105.1917, not Kuntze, 1879), described from Taiwan: O. Warburg10161.

Rubus nigricaulis Prochanov (Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. SadaRSFSR 5: 54. 1924), described from Yunnan: A. Henry s.n.

Rubus parapungens H. Hara (Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 58. 1971;R. horridulus J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 341. 1878, not P. J.Mueller, 1868; R. pungens Cambessèdes var. horridulus H. Hara):a specimen (at E, not seen) from SE Xizang has been identified asthis taxon (Eona Aitken, pers. comm.).

Rubus pekinensis Focke (Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 104.1917), described from Hebei: O. Warburg 6549.

Rubus rectangulifolius Kuntze (Meth. Sp.-Beschr. Rubus, 60, 78. 1879),described from China: G. Staunton s.n.

Rubus sinosudrei H. Léveillé (Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 24: 251.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.

1914), described from Guizhou: J. Esquirol 3506.Rubus sweginzowianus Sivers ex Focke (Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72):

188. 1911), described from Gansu: M. v. Sivers s.n.Rubus viburnifolius Franchet (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 1: 63. 1895,

not Focke, 1910, nor (Greene) Rydberg, 1913), described fromYunnan (�Tchen-fong-chan�): Delavay s.n.

Flora of China 9: 195�285. 2003.