28 11-00-185 Management in Turism

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UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCUREŞTIDEPARTAMENTUL DE ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNT LA DISTANŢĂ

CREDIS

ION IONESCU AUREL GHEORGHILAŞ

FACULTATEA DE GEOGRAFIE


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Acest material este destinat uzulului studenţilor Universităţii

din Bucureşti, forma de învăţământ la distanţă.Conţinutul cursului este proprietatea intelectuală aautorului/autorilor; designul, machetarea şi transpunerea înformat electronic aparţin Departamentului de Învăţământ laDistanţă al Universităţii din Bucureşti.

Universitatea din BucureştiEditura CREDISBd. Mihail Kogălniceanu, Nr. 36-46, Corp C, Etaj I, Sector 5

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INTRODUCERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CAPITOLUL I. DEZVOLTAREA MANAGEMENTULUI MODERN

1.1. Şcoli contempo!ne "e #$n"ie m!n!#ei!l% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &1.2. Concepte 'i "e(inii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )1.*. E(icien+! m!n!#ement,l,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1.. M!n!#ement,l (imei /ecol,l,i 00I 'i pincipiile m!n!#ement,l,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.5. C,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

CAPITOLUL II. UNC3IILE MANAGEMENTULUI

2.1. ,nc+i! "e o#!ni!e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2.2. ,nc+i! "e coo"on!e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.*. ,nc+i! "e pe4ii,ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.*.1. Pe4ii,ne! c! (,nc+ie !m!n!#ement,l,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.*.2. Po#no! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1 2.*.*. Pl!ni(ic!e! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2 2.*.. Po#!m!e! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *52.. ,nc+i! "e moti4!e 'i !nten!e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5 2..1. Moti4!e! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5 2..2. Anten!e! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *62.5. ,nc+i! "e contol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

CAPITOLUL III. PROCE7UL DECIZIONAL 8N MANAGEMENT

*.1. C!!ctei/ticile "eciiei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5*.2. Tipolo#ii !le "eciiilo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &*.*. Elemente !le poce/,l,i "eciion!l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6*.. Mo"ele "eciion!le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-*.5. Et!pele poce/,l,i "eciion!l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51*.&. !ctoii c!e in(l,en+e!% poce/,l "eciion!l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55*.. Pincip!lii p!'i 9n el!:o!e!"eciiilo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

*.). E(ic!cit!te! "eciiilo m!n!#ei!le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5)*.6. Decii! /t!te#ic% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

CAPITOLUL IV. CALITATEA DE MANAGER ŞI ACTIVIT;3ILE MANAGERIALE

.1. Con/i"e!+ii #ene!le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &2.2. Rol,ile 'i !ptit,"inile m!n!#e,l,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &2.*. Compot!ment,l< competen+! 'i !,toit!te! m!n!#e,l,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &.. Pe/on!lit!te! m!n!#e,l,i. Tip,i "e m!n!#ei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &5.5. 7til,i "e con",cee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &&.&. Acti4it%+i m!n!#ei!le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *.. 7t!te#ii m!n!#ei!le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CAPITOLUL V. METODE MODERNE DE CONDUCERE

5.1. M!n!#ement,l pin poiecte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )15.2. M!n!#ement,l pin e=cep+ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )5.*. M!n!#ement,l pin o:iecti4e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )6

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Copyright © DEPARTAMENT ID 2009


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5.. Meto"! "e con",cee pin 'e"in+% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625.5. Meto"! "e con",cee pin po",/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655.&. M!n!#ement,l pin "i!#no/tic!e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.. M!n!#ement,l pin"ele#!e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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5.). M!n!#ement,l pin t!:lo,l "e :o" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6)5.6. Meto"! "e con",cee pe :!% "e e,lt!te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665.1-. M!n!#ement,l :!!t pe moti4!+ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665.11. M!n!#ement,l :!!t pe !:oele "eciion!l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-

>I>LIOGRAIE 7ELECTIV; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-

ANE0E

1. Li/t! "oc,mentelo 9ntocmite "e po#!m,l

"iecto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-

62. 7!cinile con/ili,l,i con/,lt!ti4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-

*. Acti4it!te! "e pe/on!l< 9n4%+%m$nt< /!l!i!e< o#!ni!e 'i potec+i! m,ncii . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

. Li/t! "oc,mentelo 9ntocmit% "e comp!timent,l pe/on!l< 9n4%+%m$nt< /!l!i!e< o#!ni!e'i potec+i! m,ncii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

*5. Şe( comp!timent pe/on!l< 9n4%+%m$nt< /!l!i!e< o#!ni!e 'i potec+i! m,ncii . . . . . . . . . . 11

&. Acti4it!te! "e potocol< po:leme !"mini/t!ti4 ? #o/po"%e'ti< /ecet!i!t 'i potec+i!me"i,l,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5. Acti4it!te! @,i"ic% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

). Şe( cent, o(ici,B "e c!lc,l !ti:,+ii< competen+e< e/pon/!:ilit%+i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11)

6. Cont!ct,l "e m!n!#ement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116




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INTRODUCERE

L,c!e! "e (!+% 9'i pop,ne /% peinte no+i,ni #ene!le le#!te "e 'tiin+! con",ceii9ntepin"eii "e /e4icii< 9n #ene!l< 'i "e 9ntepin"ee! "e /e4icii t,i/tice< 9n /peci!l<

:!$n",/e pe teoiile !ct,!le 9n e4ol,+ie< "en,mite #eneic ? m!n!#ement. De/(%',!e!celo cinci teme #ene!le !cope% no+i,nile (,n"!ment!le< pincipiile 'i (,nc+iilem!n!#ement,l,i< 'colile e,opene 'i "in 9nte!#! l,me< pec,m 'i ,nele conti:,+ii om$ne'ti9n !ce/t "omeni,.

M!n!#e,l contempo!n 'i /til,l "e con",cee /,nt "e4olt!te 'i 9nc!"!te 9n ipo/t!eeco#no'ci:ile 9n me"i,l economic !ct,!l< c, o tecee i/toic% le#!t% "e cele "o,% concepte 'ic, 4i,!li!e! ,nei :o#!te tipolo#ii. In(om!+i! #ene!l% 9n 'tiin+! con",ceii e/te "e4olt!t%

9n mo" "eo/e:it pe tem! poce/,l,i "eciion!l l! ni4el,l (imei 'i pe peent!e! pincip!lelometo"e mo"ene "e con",cee.

L,c!e! /e con/tit,ie c! ,n #i" "e in(om!e 'i in/t,ie ! ne/peci!li'tilo 9n "omeni,!pel$n" l! ,n c!", #ene!l< "e/eoi p!tic,l!i!t< concept,!li!t 'i e=plicit!t "e no+i,ni c, ol!#% cic,l!+ie 9n nen,m%!tele "omenii !le /e4iciilo< 9n t,i/m 'i come+ ? implicit. Oc,le#ee "e /t,"ii "e c! 4! complet!< 9n 4iito,l !popi!t< "eme/,l in/t,cti4 ? e",c!ti4 'i"imen/i,nile etice !le poce/,l,i "e m!n!#ement.

Pincip!lii p!'i 9n l,!e! "eciiilo< moti4!e! c! (,nc+ie ! m!n!#ement,l,i 'i c! /,pot9n meto"ele mo"ene "e con",cee< p!tic,l!it%+ile c,lt,ii o#!ni!+ion!le !le 9ntepin"eii

c! (,n"!ment !l m!n!#ement,l,i /,/+in "ecii! /t!te#ic% 'i e(icien+! m!n!#ement,l,i ilelono!/te. I!t% n,m!i c$te4! #$n",i 'i c$+i4! p!'i e!li!te 9n !ct,!l,l #i" 9ntocmit c! oc,le#ee "e note "e c,/ 9nt,n "omeni, !t$t "e comple= 'i "in!mic.

A,toii

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CAPITOL IDE'VOLTAREA MANAGEMENTULUI MODERN

(.(. ŞCOLI CONTEMPORANE DE GÂNDIRE MANAGERIALĂ

M!n!#ement,l /e /it,e!% "e! l,n#,l peoc,p%ilo t!"i+ion!le ! 'tiin+ei o#!ni!+iilo< pecep,t% c! 'tiin+% ! :,nei #e/ti,ni< ! #e/ti,nii e(ic!ceF el 9'i (i=e!% o (in!lit!te e/en+i!l,tilit!% 'i cl! ope!+ion!l%. Am:i+i! /! e/te "e ! "e(ini cl! e#,lile< nomele< m!i m,lt<

peceptele c!e pemit o#!ni!+iilo /% !tin#% o:iecti4ele pe c!e 'i le!, pop,/ c, m!=im,m"e e(ic!cit!te. El /e "i/tin#e 9n/% "e /implele p!ctici empiice 'i "e pimele (om,l%i !le'tiin+ei o#!ni!+iilo pinto (om!li!e m!i !ccent,!t% "imen/i,ne! teoetic% 'iconcept,!l% e/te e/en+i!l% 9n m!n!#ement< c!e !e ten"in+! "e ! com:in! p!ctic! c, oepeent!e ! e!lit%+ii c!e /e 4e! 'tiin+i(ic%. E/te 4o:! "e ,n !n/!m:l, "e p!ctici...,n"e /e com:in! p!#m!ti/m,l 'i c,no!'tee! 'tiin+i(ic% H. P. NioceB. L! ni4el,l (imelo pi4!te< m!n!#ement,l ! c,no/c,t o ten"in+% !ccent,!t% "e "ep%'ie! c!"elo #e/ti,nii ope!+ion!le< (on"!t% pe o lo#ic! ! optimi%ii "e! l,n#,l !cti4it%+iicoti"iene< pent, ! /e implic! 9n !m:i+i! "e ! !tin#e ,n m!n!#ement /t!te#ic< ce inte#e!%9nto /t!te#ie #lo:!l% ,n !n/!m:l, "e 4!i!:ile poiectele con",ceii< me"i,l economic<

po/i:ilit%+ile 'i e/,/ele 9ntepin"eii< o:li#!+iile 'i pe/i,nile /oci!le< intene /i e=tene.

Ace!/t% #e/ti,ne /e (in!lie!% pint,n !n/!m:l, "e "eciii /t!te#ice c!e /,nt(olo/ite "e! l,n#,l poce",ii "e !plic!e. D! (im! pi4!t% n, e/te /in#,,l mo"elm!n!#ei!l po/i:ilF tot m!i m,lt /ecto,l nonpo(it e/te cit!t c! ,n e=empl, "e m!n!#ement"e /,cce/. Ace!/t% 4ii,ne 4! "e4eni tot m!i comple=% pin !/imil!e! conte=teloo#!ni!+ion!le m!n!#ement,l n, e/te "e (!pt "ec$t ,n !n/!m:l, "e e#,li (o!te #ene!lec!e /,nt /,/cepti:ile ! ,m! 4!i!nte "i(eite< 9n (,nc+ie "e o#!ni!+i! 9n c!,!. Teoi! n,mit! ! contin#en+ei 9nce!c% /%i i"enti(ice (omele /peci(ice "em!n!#ement< ce 4!i!% ",p% con(i#,!+i! me"i,l,i< n!t,! o#!ni!+iei 'i /t!te#iile ,m!te.A/t(el< ,n /i/tem mec!nic "e m!n!#ement< c!!ctei!t "e e#,li (om!le 'i o cent!li!e

p,tenic% >,n/ 'i 7t!lleB 4! (i m!i :ine !"!pt!t ,n,i me"i, /t!:il< 9n timp ce ,n /i/temo#!nic< 9n c!e e#,lile (om!le !, o impot!n+% m!i mic! i! "e/cent!li!e! e/te m!i

!ccent,!t%< coe/p,n"e m!i :ine ,n,i me"i, in/t!:il. M!n!#ement,l mo"en implic% ,n m!e n,m% "e !:ilit%+i 'i oient%i< "inte c!e m,lte

pe/,p,n !:ilit%+i le#!te "e /t!ti/tic%< ,tili!e! tenolo#iei in(om!+iei< cont!:ilit!te 'im!tem!tic%. M!n!#ement,l p,ne !ccent pe eol4!e! !+ion!l% ! po:lemelo 'i pe #$n"ie!lo#ic%. C,m m!n!#ement,l implic% 9n mo" nece/! o!meni< e/te "e o m!e impot!n+%"e+inee! "e !:ilit%+i intepe/on!le< !:ilit%+i "e ! l,c! c, in"i4iii< "! 'i c, ecipe "e l,c,.Pent, ! !4e! /,cce/< ,n m!n!#e te:,ie /% 9n"epline!/c% m!i m,lte ol,i 'i (,nc+ii. Domeni,l m!n!#ement,l,i /e inte/ecte!% c, ,n m!e n,m% "e "i/cipline 'tiin+e/oci!le< lo#ic%< (iloo(ie< m!tem!tic%< tenolo#ie in(om!tic%< el!+ii inten!+ion!le< lin#4i/tic%'i c,lt,%. Pent, ! (i :ine pe#%tit< 4iito,l m!n!#e !e ne4oie "e ,n :!#!@ :o#!t "ec,no'tin+e "in "omenii 4!i!te 'i "e !:ilit%+i c!e /% 9i pemit% /% 9n"epline!/c% o /eie "e

(,nc+iiF to!te !ce/te! 9l 4o !@,t! /% 9'i 9m:,n%t%+e!/c% "in p,nct "e 4e"ee c!lit!ti4 "eciiile 'i!:ilit%+ile.

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Oice /ociet!te /!, c,lt,% peint% "i4e/e (ome "e o#!ni!+ii /oci!le< politice /!,economice c!e nece/it% m!n!#ement 'i m!n!#ei. L! ni4el n!+ion!l< ol,l "e m!n!#ei 9l9n"epline/c pe'e"in+ii< e#ii< c!ncel!ii etc. 7ociolo#,l 'i economi/t,l #em!n M!= Je:e ! ,m%it e4ol,+i! o#!ni!+iilo "e l!con",cee! "e/potic% p$n% l! :ioc!+iile mo"ene. O#!ni!+iile< !"mini/t!te ini+i!l "e c%te

cl!/ele (!4oi!te< !i c%o mem:i /e :,c,!, "e le#%t,i (!mili!le !4!nt!@o!/e< !, !@,n/ /%(ie con",/e "e ,n #,p "e o!meni c!e /e :!e!% pe competen+ele lo 9n eol4!e! po:lemelo. M!@oit!te! o#!ni!+iilo occi"ent!le (,nc+ion!,< l! 9ncep,t,l /ecol,l,i !l 00le!< c! :ioc!+ii !+ion!le. No+i,nile e(eito!e l! m!n!#ement !, 9ncep,t /% /e "e4olte 'i!, "e4enit /,:iecte "e cecet!e !:i! 9n !nii 16--. Comple= 'i ,neoi "i4e#ent< !ct,l "e con",cee e/te "e(init "e e(ot,ile "ep,/e 9n

p!ctic! m!n!#ei!l% ! m!i m,lto "ecenii. Pe m%/,% ce con"i+iile economice 'i /oci!le /!,/cim:!t< /!, mo"i(ic!t 'i mo"!lit%+ile pin c!e m!n!#eii 9n+ele#e!, /% !@,te l! !tin#ee!o:iecti4elo o#!ni!+ion!le. Ce! m!i :,n% mo"!lit!te "e ! 9n+ele#e "e4olt!e! p!cticiim!n!#ei!le !ct,!le e/te !n!li!e! 'colilo "e #$n"ie m!n!#ei!l% !p%,te "e l! 9ncep,t,l/ecol,l,i tec,t.

Şco!l! !+ion!l% "e #$n"ie m!n!#ei!l% ! !p%,t 9n pimele "ecenii !le /ecol,l,i !l 00le! 'i ! (o/t con",/% "e (!nce,l Keni !ol c!e 9n 161& ! p,:lic!t M!n!#ement,l#ene!l 'i in",/ti!l. !ol pi4e! m!n!#ement,l c! pe ,n /i/tem !+ion!l 'i con/i"e! c% 9noice !(!cee e/te ne4oie c! !cti4it%+ile< (ie ele tenice< comeci!le< (in!nci!e< cont!:ile /!,le#!te "e /ec,it!te< /% (ie con",/e pe :!! ,no pincipii element!e !le m!n!#ement,l,i. 8n peent< "omeni,l m!n!#ement,l,i n, m!i e/te "omin!t "e o /in#,% 'co!l% "e#$n"ie m!n!#ei!l%. Peoc,p!e! !ct,!l% e/te !cee! "e ! ,ni(ic! 9nto pe/pecti4% coeent%"i4e/ele !ccente pe c!e /e !=e!% n,meo!/ele 'coli "e #$n"ie m!n!#ei!l% e=i/tente. A/t(el< no,! 'co!l% contin,% o p!te ! t!"i+iei "e/ci/e "e Keni !ol< pin impot!n+!!co"!t% (,nc+iilo m!n!#ement,l,i !cti4it%+i c! pl!ni(ic!e!< o#!ni!e!< 9n",m!e!<coo"on!e! 'i contol,l< c!e c!!cteie!% m,nc! ,n,i m!n!#e. 8n !ce!/t% 'co!l% "e#$n"ie e/te incl,/% 'i ne4oi! "e ! /t,"i! ol,ile m!n!#e,l,i. >!!t% pe /t,"iile l,i K!tone< !ce!/t% 'co!l% 9nce!c% /% incl,"% e,lt!telececet%ilo !ct,!le "in 'tiin+ele compot!ment!le< 'i ! "!t n!'tee ,nei "i/cipline n,mit%comportament organizaţional . Accent,l c!"e pe /til,l m!n!#ei!l< pe m!n!#ement,l

p!ticip!ti4< m,nc! 9n ecip%< "in!mic! #,p,l,i< compot!ment,l in"i4i",!l< moti4!e 'icom,nic!e< 'i /e con/i"e% c% e/te nece/!% inte#!e! 9nto !:o"!e coeent% ! ,n,i m!en,m% "e cecet%i. Şco!l! men+ion!t%< c!e ! !4,t ,n imp!ct p,tenic !/,p! m!n!#ement,l,i< /,/+ine c%m!n!#eii te:,ie /% pi4e!/c% o#!ni!+i! c! pe ,n /i/tem ,n /i/tem "e/ci/ c!einte!c+ione!% c, me"i,l 'i c!e e/te !lc%t,it "in /,:/i/teme intene le#!te 9nte ele

/,:/i/tem,l tenic< /,:/i/tem,l /oci!l 'i /,:/i/tem,l !"mini/t!ti4B. O /cim:!e /!, o"ee#l!e ! ,nei p%+i "in /i/tem !(ecte!% celel!lte p%+i. M!n!#eilo le e4ine ol,l "e !!co"! !ten+ie int%ilo "in me"i,l e=teio le#i< e#lement%i< !co",i c, /in"ic!tele<con"i+ii economice< o(et! "e (o+% "e m,nc% etcB< pec,m 'i ol,l "e ! c%,t! meto"e pin c!e/% in(l,en+ee me"i,l. Un! "inte cele m!i ecente ten"in+e 9n #$n"ie! m!n!#ei!l% e/te !cee! "e ! pi4io#!ni!+i! c! o c,lt,% /!, /,:c,lt,%. Ace/t c!", "e e(ein+% opee!% o "i/tinc+ie 9nte!/pect,l m!tei!l 'i !/pect,l im!tei!l !l c,lt,ii !/pect,l m!tei!l incl,"e (!ctoii (iicicl%"ii< !/pect< ecip!ment 'i tenolo#ieB< 9n timp ce !/pect,l im!tei!l incl,"e 4!loile<nomele< /im:ol,ile 'i /cop,ile c!e "e(ine/c mo",l 9n c!e o!menii ! te:,i /% t%i!/c% 'i/% /e compote coect 'i #e'it< impot!nt 'i neimpot!ntB 'i i"enti(ic% /cop,ile pe c!e

o!menii le con/i"e% moti4!nte pent, ! m,ncii. Ace!/t% 'co!l% !ccent,e!% nece/it!te!,tili%ii meto"elo c!ntit!ti4e 9n m!n!#ement< i"ee /,/+in,t% "e "e4olt!e! c!lc,l!to!elo 'i




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! ,no mo"ele m!tem!tice 'i /t!ti/tice comple=e. An,mite "omenii !le ,nei !(!ceicont!:ilit!te< (in!n+e< economieB /,nt !t$t "e comple=e 9nc$t n, pot (i /t%p$nite "ec$t pin,tili!e! "e mo"ele m!tem!tice. Pl!ni(ic!e!< pe4ii,ne! 'i l,!e! "e "eciii :!!te pe!n!li! !+ion!l% ! "!telo /,nt !/pecte impot!nte pent, !"ep+ii !ce/tei 'coli. 8n peio!"! 16&-16- !ccent,l c%"e! pe 9ncec!e! "e ! "e/copei ,n /til "e

m!n!#ement ,nic< ,ni4e/!l e(ic!ce. De e=empl,< Do,#l!/ McGe#o con/i"e! c% m!n!#eii pot (i cl!/i(ic!+i 9n (,nc+ie "e pecep+i! pe c!e o !, !/,p! o!menilo 'i "e compot!ment,l pec!e !ce!/t% pecep+ie 9l #enee!%. E=i/t% "eci "o,% tip,i "e m!n!#ei cei c, o pe/pecti4%ne#!ti4% !/,p! o!menilo Teoria X B 'i cei c, o pe/pecti4% optimi/t% Teoria Y B< !ce!/t% "in,m% teoie (iin" con/i"e!t% ! (i cel m!i poti4it mo" "e ! con",ce. Ren/i/ Liet 'i A:!!mM!/lo !, "e(init mo"!lit%+i ,ni4e/!le "e ! con",ce< 9n timp ce Joo"!"< >,n/ 'i 7t!le9n M!e! >it!nieB< L!ence /!, Lo/c l! K!4!"< 9n 7t!tele UniteB 9ncec!, /%"emon/tee c% /til,l "e m!n!#ement nece/! 9nto o#!ni!+ie e/te in(l,en+!t "e /!cinile 'itenolo#i! ,tili!te. De e=empl,< poce/ele tenolo#ice contin,e "e "imen/i,ni m!i< c,m !(i cele ,tili!te 9n !(in%iile "e petol< nece/it% ,n !lt tip "e m!n!#ement "ec$t cel ,tili!t 9n!teliee !,to "e mici "imen/i,ni. Tip,l "e m!n!#ement ,tili!t "epin"e "e n!t,! /!cinilo<

"e tip,l "e o!meni implic!+i< "e c!",l tempo!l 'i "e o:iecti4e. A:o"!e! /it,!+ion!l% /,/+ine c% n, e=i/t% ,n /til m!n!#ei!l ! c%,i e(icien+% /% (ie,ni4e/!l%< 'i c% e/te ne4oie c! to+i (!ctoii /% (ie !n!li!+i 9nto /it,!+ie "!t%< i! !poi (ie /% (ie!le!/% o pe/o!n% c, ,n /til c!e /% /e poti4e!/c% /it,!+iei< (ie /% (ie in/t,i+i o!menii "in

p,nct "e 4e"ee m!n!#ei!l !/t(el 9nc$t /% %/p,n"% cein+elo /it,!+iei e/pecti4e.

(.). CONCEPTE ŞI DEFINIRI

M!n!#ement,l e/te o (,nc+ie po(e/ion!l% c!e 9n/e!mn% ! con",ce< 9nt,n conte=t "!t<,n #,p "e pe/o!ne c!e !, "e !tin/ ,n o:iecti4 com,n< 9n con(omit!te c, (in!lit%+ileo#!ni!+iei "in c!e (!c p!te.

!B M!n!#ement,l e/te o me/eie "eci o !cti4it!te p!ctic! ce e#,pe!% ,n !n/!m:l, "ee=peien+e< c,no'tin+e tenice 'i el!+ion!le. N, e/te 4o:! !ici nici "e ,n poce/ !:/t!ct< nici"e teoie. Ace!/t! me/eie !e< 9n !pot c, !lte me/eii< "o,! c!!ctei/tici popii /e e=ecit! c, 'i !/,p! !lto pe/o!ne col!:o!toi< /,peioi ie!ici< cole#iB< ne(iin" "ecio me/eie /olit!%F

"!toit% !/pectelo /peci(ice e/te le#!t% "e p!ctic! popi,i/%< "e teen. :B Ace!/t! me/eie con/t! 9n ! con",ce. A con",ce te:,ie pecep,t c! ,n temen#eneic pent, ! "e/emn! "i(eite /til,i "e m!n!#ement c!e /,nt po/i:ile. Po!te /emni(ic! !"ii@!< ! com!n"!< ! coo"on!< ! (!ce /% p!ticipe< ! !nim!. Temen,l e+in,t n, e/teimpot!nt pent, momentF cee! ce conte!% e/te /en/,l ! !4e! e/pon/!:ilit!te! ,nei ecipec!e te:,ie /% !tin#% 9n com,n !n,mite o:iecti4e. cB Me/ei! 9n c!,% /e e=ecit% 9nt,n conte=t "!tF e/te 4o:! !ici "e me"i,l economic<

politic< /oci!l< tip,l "e c,lt,% "omin!nt< ment!lit%+ile< t!"i+iile ce "etemin% !p!i+i! ,nocon/t$n#ei opot,nit%+i /peci(ice. Ace/t conte=t e/te "!t. 7e po!te !c+ion! 9n i"ee! "e !1(!ce /% e4ol,ee< /% /e mo"i(ice< "! te:,ie +in,t 9ntot"e!,n! cont "e e=i/tent! l,i< i!

p!ctic! m!n!#ei!l% te:,ie /% /e !"!ptee 9n (,nc+ie "e e!lit!te! e=i/tent%. "B M!n!#ement,l pe/,p,ne toto"!t% ! con",ce ,n #,p "e o!meniF n, te:,ie "ecicon(,n"!t m!n!#ement,l c, /impl,l (!pt "e ! !4e! ,n #,p "e o!meni 9n /,:o"ine. eB M!n!#ement,l 4ie!% !tin#ee! 9n com,n ! ,no o:iecti4e con(ome c, (in!lit%+ileo#!ni!+iei. 8n !ce/t "omeni, /e 9nt$lne/c c$te4! elemente e/en+i!le !le m!n!#ement,l,i

p,:lic

pent, ! !tin#e ,n o:iecti4 te:,ie< 9n pim,l $n"< /% !i ,n,l. A'! c,m /p,ne! (ilo/o(,lcine 7,nT9 Cel ce n, !e o:iecti4e n, i/c% /% le !tin#%. Oi< 9nto o#!ni!+ie<

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o:iecti4ele n, /,nt 9ntot"e!,n! cl! "e(initeF ci! "!c% ele e=i/t! ,neoi l! ni4el,lo#!ni!+iei 9n !n/!m:l,< n, /,nt "i/poni:ile l! ni4el,l (iec%,i /,:!n/!m:l,. E/te "ecinece/! ,n e(ot "e ! e!li! !ce!/t% t!n/ciee. ,n !lt element "eo/e:it "e impot!nt /e e(e! l! /tim,l!e! !n/!m:l,l,i mem:ilo ecipei(!+% "e o:iecti4,l /t!:ilit< ci! "!c% !ce'ti! !, ini+i!l o:iecti4e pe/on!le "i4e#ente< ci!

op,/e.

Managementul – ştiinţă şi artă. Re,lt!tele o:+in,te "e o o#!ni!+ie "epin" "em!n!#e. M!n!#ement,l c! !cti4it!te "e con",cee ! ,n,i #,p "e pe/o!ne pent, !tin#ee!,n,i o:iecti4 com,n pe/,p,ne 'i /e :!e!% pe e=peien+! 'i t!lent,l m!n!#e,l,i. M,lt! 4eme /! con/i"e!t c% e(icient! 9n !cti4it!te! m!n!#ei!l% e/te "etemin!t% 9nmo" e=cl,/i4 "e c!lit%+ile pe/on!le !le !ce/t,i!< e=peien+! com:in!t% c, pe/pic!cit!te!<oi#in!lit!te!< ene#i!< p,tee! "e ! con4in#e pe ceil!l+i c, ,',in+%< 9nce"ee! 9n /ine De !icii"ee! c! m!n!#ement,l e/te o artă "eo!ece n, e=i/t% e+ete pe/t!:ilite pent, eol4!e!,no /it,!+ii "i(icile 9nto o#!ni!+ie< "e l,!e ! celo m!i poti4ite "eciii 9nt,n conte=tc!!ctei!t "e m,lte oi "e !m:i#,it!te.

P!ctic! ne !!t% c% e,'it! m!n!#ei!l% e/te /en/i:il 9m:,n%t%+it% !t,nci c$n" pec!lit%+ile pe/on!le /e #e(e!% 'i c,no'tin+e /peci(ice "e m!n!#ement. E4ol,+i! c,no'tin+elo

pi4ito!e l! m!n!#ement ne !!t% c% !ce/t "omeni, ! "o:$n"it !ti:,tele ,nei 'tiin+e<"eo!ece ne !(l%m 9n (!+! ,n,i cop /i/tem!ti!t "e c,no'tin+e< meto"e 'i tenici c!e ,tili!te9n !cti4it!te! p!ctic% conti:,ie l! ce'tee! e(icien+ei !cti4it%+ii ,nei o#!ni!+ii. M!n!#ement,l e(icient n, e/te o !t% /!, o 'tiin+%< ci !t% 'i 'tiin+%< "eo!ece pe/,p,ne,tili!e! c!lit%+ilo pe/on!le pent, ! !"!pt! c,no'tin+ele< meto"ele< tenicile /peci(ice l! ,nconte=t "etemin!t. 8n p!ctic! "e (iec!e i ! ,n,i m!n!#e /e 9nt$lne/c !t$t !/pectele !ti/ticem!i e4i"ente l! /til,l "e m!n!#ementB c$t /i cele 'tiin+i(ice 9n "omeni,l intepe/on!l<in(om!+ion!l< "eciion!lB. 7peci!li'tii !"mit c! t%/%t,i "e(initoii pent, m!n!#eiQ ",:l! po(e/ion!li!e c,no'tin+e "in "omeni,l potec+iei copil,l,i 'i c,no'tin+e /peci(ice"e m!n!#ement< 9n c!,l "iectoilo "e 'coli< "e e=empl,BFQ ce!ti4it!te! !cti4it%+ilo m!n!#ei!le< "eo!ece 9n !po=im!ti4 )- "in c!,i m!n!#e,l /econ(,nt% c, /it,!+ii noi. Ace/t l,c, e/te 9nc% ,n !#,ment 9n /pi@in,l i"eii c! m!n!#ement,l e/te !t% 'i 'tiin+%<9n c!e cele "o,! !/pecte n, /e e=cl,". At,nci c$n" /e complete!% 9n mo" !monio/"etemin! e4ol,+ii poiti4e l! ni4el,l ,nei o#!ni!+ii.

Conţinutul managementului . Din pe/pecti4! oiont,ilo pe c!e le !:o"e!%<m!n!#ement,l con+ine doua domenii

Q management strategic "omeni, "e !cti4it!te c!e poiecte!% 'i pe#%te'te e4ol,+i!o#!ni!+iei !c+i,ne pe temen me"i, 'i l,n#BFQ managementul operaţional "omeni, "e !cti4it!te c!e !/i#,! (,nc+ion!e!coti"i!n% ! o#!ni!+iei !c+i,ne pe temen /c,tB. A"e/$n",/e o!menilo< "! 9n !cee!'i m%/,% peoc,p$n",/e "e e/,/ele< meto"ele'i in/t,mentele "e l,c, c!e pot (i !nten!te pent, !tin#ee! o:iecti4elo o#!ni!+iei<m!n!#ement,l !e doua componente "i/tincte< "! ne"i/oci!:ile Managementul ResurselorUmane 'i Managementul Mijloacelor . Inte/ect$n" "omeniile 'i componentele< e,lt% cele patru zone !le m!n!#ement,l,i 1B Managementul strategic al resurselor umane< c!e 9n/e!mn% /tim,l!e! e(icien+ei

po(e/ion!le ! mem:ilo ecipei pin con",cee! poce/,l,i "e /cim:!e ! /e4ici,l,i<

"e4olt!e! ,nei politici "e com,nic!e inten%< #e/ti,ne! /t!te#ic% ! competen+eloF

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2B Managementul strategic al mijloacelor < e/pecti4 "e(inie! op+i,nilo /t!te#icele#!te "e /t,ct,! o#!ni!+iei< p!tenei< in/t,mente /t!te#ice "e !n!li% ! conte=t,l,i 'i "e

pl!ni(ic!e< etc.F *B Managementul operaţional al resurselor umane< c!e epeint% m!n!#ement,lel!+ion!l !nim!e! ecipelo< con",cee! e,ni,nilo "e l,c,< ne#ociee< #e/ti,ne!

timp,l,i< com,nic!e! coti"i!n!BF B Managementul operaţional al mijloacelor < c!e po!te (i "en,mit m!n!#ement,lin/t,ment!l 'i c!e /e e(e% l! "eciie< "ele#!e< "e/ciee! (,nc+iilo pent, (iec!ecomponent% ! /e4ici,l,i p,:lic< coo"on!e! poiectelo etc.

Concluzii . 8n concl,ie< oice m!n!#e te:,ie /% 9'i !/,me /!cini ope!+ion!le 'i/t!te#ice. 8n c!,l m!n!#eilo "e ni4el 1 e= 'e(i "e cente "e pl!/!ment< 'e(i "e /e4icii etc c!e con",c o ecip! 9n c!e n, m!i e=i/t% 'i !lte ni4ele intene "e con",ceeB /!cinile!ce/to! /,nt pepon"eent ope!+ion!le< pe c$n" 9n c!,l m!n!#eilo "e ni4el 2 !ceim!n!#ei c!e !, 9n /,:o"ine m!n!#ei "e ni4el,l 1 e/te c!,l "iectoilo "iec+iilo

@,"e+ene pent, potec+i! copil,l,iB "imen/i,ne! /t!te#ic! e/te nece/! /% (ie m,lt m!i

"e4olt!t%.

(.*. EFICIENŢA MANAGEMENTULUI

E4ol,+i!< po#e/ele (!ctoilo "e po",c+ie 'i< 9n /t$n/! le#%t,% c, !ce/te!< ! el!+iiloeconomice /! e(lect!t l! cont,!e! m!n!#ement,l,i c! o impot!nt% component% ! 'tiin+ei'i p!cticii /oci!le pec,m 'i 9n /emni(ic!ti4e po#e/e 9n "omeni,l e(icien+ei /oci!le. 8n !:o"!e! 'i e=ecit!e! m!n!#ement,l,i< e/en+i!l,l e/te o:+inee! ,nei e(icien+e c$tm!i i"ic!te< 9n pim,l $n" ! ,nei e(icien+e economice. M!n!#ement,l pe/,p,ne c!< pe :!!,no in(om!+ii< /% !"opte "eciiile ce /e imp,n< /% ini+iee !c+i,nile nece/!e pent,ope!+ion!li!e! !ce/to! 'i< 9n (in!l< /% /e o:+in% e,lt!tele "oite. C! !t!e< e=ecit!e!

(,nc+iilo m!n!#ement,l,i pe4ii,ne< o#!ni!e< coo"on!e< !nten!e 'i contole4!l,!e<e/te nece/! ! !4e! loc 9n con"i+iile !tin#eii ,no ni4el,i /,peio!e "e e(icien+%. Le#%t,! o#!nic% ce e=i/t% 9nte m!n!#ement 'i e(icien+! /oci!l economic% /em!ni(e/t% 9n e4ol,+i! /ociet%+ii< 9n ",:l, /en/ pe "eo p!te pin "eciii 'i !c+i,ni "e

pe4ii,ne< o#!ni!e< coo"on!e< !nten!e 'i contol< m!n!#ement,l in(l,en+$n" (el,l 'i"in!mic! e(icien+ei !t$t in /i/tem,l con",c%to< c$t 'i 9n cel con",/< i! pe "e !lt! p!te<e(icien+! n, e/te ,n /cop 9n /ine< ci o mo"!lit!te ,tili!t% 9n 9n"eplinie! o:iecti4elo< c,con/,m,i e",/e "e e/,/e. Elementele pe c!e /e (,n"!mente!% coe/pon"en+! "inte m!n!#ement 'i e(icien+% /ee(e% l! ,m%to!ele 1. E=ecit!e! m!n!#ement,l,i ! ,m%it< 9n to!te /i/temele /oci!l economice<9n"eplinie! c!ntit!ti4% 'i c!lit!ti4% ! ,no o:iecti4e /t!:ilite 'i (,n"!ment!te "e "eci"ent,lin"i4i",!l /!, "e #,p. C!lit!te! 'i e(ic!cit!te! m!n!#ement,l,i /! conceti!t "in !ce!/t%

pe/pecti4%< 9n (,n"!ment!e! i#,o!/! ! o:iecti4elo. Pe p!c,/,l "e,l%ii poce/,l,i "em!n!#ement< /e po!te inte4eni c, m%/,i pent, ! /top! /!, "imin,! ,nele con/,m,ii"ic!te (!+% "e pe4e"ei< cee! ce "enot% impot!n+! m!n!#ement,l,i 9n to!te (!ele !ce/t,i!

pe4iion!l%< ope!ti4% 'i po/tope!ti4%. Comen/,!e! pem!nent% ! e(ectelo 'i comp!!e!lo c, e(ot,ile "ep,/e pent, ! e4i"en+i! e(icien+! !cti4it%+ilo con",/e< #!",l "e 9n"eplinie! o:iecti4elo /t!:ilite epeint% o t%/%t,! "e(initoie ! ,n,i m!n!#ement e(ic!ce< "in!micF 2. E(ot,ile om,l,i iol!t /!, 9n #,p,i !, ,m%it< pe to!te teptele i/toice !le"e4olt%ii /ociet%+ii< o:+inee! ,n,i ni4el c$t m!i i"ic!t !l e,lt!telo< c!e /%i pemit%

/!ti/(!cee! nece/it%+ilo popii 'i "e4olt!e! /ociet%+ii. E(icien+! 'i ce'tee! /! !, con/tit,itmo:il,l pincip!l !l !cti4it%+ii "e con",cee< ci! "!c% 9n pimele /t!"ii !le e4ol,+iei

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/ociet%+ii con'tienti!e! lo e! ine=i/tent% /!, !4e! "imen/i,ni m,lt m!i e",/e (!+% "e et!p!!ct,!l%. P%t,n"ee! 9n onele m!i (ie:in+i !le ci4ili!+iei !te/t% concepee! 'iope!+ion!li!e! "e /t!te#ii "e "e4olt!e< o" !l ,n,i comple= poce/ "e m!n!#ement</t!te#ii ce ,m%e/c< "iect /!, ime"i!t< ce'tee! e(icientei economice. %% !"opt!e! ,no"eciii coe/p,n%to!e< (e!:ile< e(ot,ile ,m!ne n, 'i! (i #%/it o (in!lit!te< 9mpie"ic$n"

po#e/,l economic /i /oci!lF*. Pincip!lele elemente pin c!e m!n!#ement,l ! in(l,en+!t ni4el,l 'i "in!mic!e(icien+ei /e e#%/e/c 9n /,:/i/temele /!le o#!ni!toic< in(om!+ion!l< meto"olo#ic 'i"eciion!l 9n /p!tele c%o! /e !(l% 9ntot"e!,n! "eciiiF pin inteme"i,l lo om,l 'i!/t!:ilit o:iecti4e pe temen l,n#< me"i, 'i /c,t< 'i! (i=!t pincip!lele mo"!lit%+i "e e!li!e'i e/,/ele nece/!e< pec,m 'i e,lt!tele :ene(ice pent, el 'i /emenii l,i< o#!ni!+i 9n/t,ct,i /peci(ice (iec%ei et!pe "e "e4olt!e ! /ociet%+ii. ,nc+ion!lit!te! m!i /c%,t% !,nei! "in componentele m!@oe !le m!n!#ement,l,i !(ecte!%< m!i m,lt /!, m!i p,+in<e(icien+! m!n!#ement,l,i 9n !n/!m:l,l /!, 'i e(icien+! o:+in,t% 9n /i/temele con",/e. De !icinece/it!te! ,nei !:o"%i /i/temice ! coel!+iei "inte m!n!#ement 'i e(icien+%< 9n (!4o!e!/poiii !ce/tei! "in ,m%< con/i"e!t! "ept citei, (,n"!ment!l "e !peciee ! c!lit%+ii

m!n!#ement,l,i. Ampli(ic!e! e(icien+ei /oci!le "e l! ,n /i/tem economic l! !lt,l e/tecon/ecin+! (ie!/c% 'i ! ce'teii c!!cte,l,i 'tiin+i(ic !l m!n!#ement,l,i. Tecee! tept!t% "el! empii/m l! 'tiin+% 9n "omeni,l m!n!#ement,l,i /! m!ni(e/t!t 9n /po,i !le e(icien+ei 9nto!te /(eele /ociet%+ii< c, imp!ct poiti4 !/,p! "e4olt%ii !ce/t,i!. A:o"!e! coel!ti4! !m!n!#ement,l,i 'i e(icien+ei imp,ne elie(!e! 9n/%'i ! elementelo le#!te "e e(icient!m!n!#ement,l,i. E(icien+! m!n!#ement,l,i po!te (i !n!li!t%< 9n !ce/te con"i+ii< "in doua unghiuri S Po!te (i e4i"en+i!t% pin pi/m! e(icien+ei "omeni,l,i con",/ 9ntepin"ee<loc!lit!te< /t!t< etc. O asemenea viziune pe"omin!nt% 'i< 9n :,n% m%/,% @,/ti(ic!t%< 9nt,c$tc!lit!te! 'i e(ic!cit!te! m!n!#ement,l,i con"i+ione!% "eci/i4 m%ime! 'i c!lit!te!e,lt!telo o:+in,te 9n "omeniile con",/e. M!n!#ement,l n, e/te ,n /cop in /ine< ci ,nmi@loc "e ! (!cilit! pin inteme"i,l ,no "eciii coe/p,n%to!e "e pe4ii,ne< o#!ni!e<coo"on!e< !nten!e 'i contole4!l,!e 9n"eplinie! o:iecti4elo !/,m!te "e o o#!ni!e/ocioeconomic%< "e /ociet!te 9n !n/!m:l,l /%,. De'i (o!te #e, /!, ci! impo/i:il "ec,!nti(ic!t< tot,'i in(l,ent! m!n!#ement,l,i !/,p! ce'teii e(icien+ei /,:/i/temelo con",/ee/te /emni(ic!ti4%. Un m!n!#ement c!lit!ti4 /,peio e/te e(icient 9n m%/,! 9n c!e e/te c!p!:il /%"etemine o:+inee! ,no e,lt!te /,peio!e< c, ,n con/,m e",/ "e e/,/e. Din p,nct "e4e"ee m!tem!tic< "e4olt!e! economic% po!te (i e=pim!t% c! (,nc+ie "e (!ctoi economici

poten+i!li peB 'i "e e(ic!cit!te! con",ceii EcB< !/t(el D + f,-#E$/. 8nte e(ic!cit!te!con",ceii 'i e(icien+! !cti4it%+ilo con",/e E!B< !pot,ile 9nt$lnite /,nt "e (om!

Ec S E!< c$n" 9n /i/temele con",/e !p! ,nele "ee#l%i nepe4%,te< in"epen"ente "e/i/tem,l "e m!n!#ement "in inteio,l /!,FEc E!< /it,!+ie e=plic!t% pin "e/(%',!e! !cti4it%+ilo con",/e 'i "e con",cee c, !cee!'iinten/it!te ! e(ic!cit%+iiFEc E!< c$n" 9n /i/temele con",/e !p! /po,i "e e(icien+% in"epen"ente "e con",cee. S Pe de alta parte< e4!l,!e! e(icien+ei m!n!#ement,l,i /e e!lie!% pin elie(!e!e(ectelo 'i e(ot,ilo l! ni4el,l /i/tem,l,i "e m!n!#ement 9n !n/!m:l,l /%, oi l! ni4el,l

pincip!lelo componente !le !ce/t,i! /,:/i/tem,l o#!ni!toic< in(om!+ion!l< meto"olo#ic'i "eciion!l. E4ol,+i! /ociet%+ii omene'ti ! 9ne#i/t!t impot!nte /!lt,i 9n c!lit!te! 'ie(ic!cit!te! m!n!#ement,l,i micom!coeconomic 'i /oci!l e(lect!te 9n ce'tee! mo:ilit%+ii/t,ct,ilo o#!ni!toice< !+ion!li!e! /,:/i/temelo in(om!+ion!le< 9m:o#%+ie!

in/t,ment!,l,i "e con",cee pin concepee! 'i ,tili!e! "e noi /i/teme< meto"e 'i tenicim!n!#ei!le< ce'tee! #!",l,i "e (,n"!ment!e ! "eciiilo.

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(.0. MANAGEMENTUL FIRMEI SECOLULUI 11I 2PRINCIPIILE MANAGEMENTULUI

L,me! /ecol,l,i 00I 4! (i< c, cetit,"ine< o l,me ! /cim:%ii. 7cim:!e! /p,n/peci!li'tii e/te /in#,! con/t!nt%< /in#,! cetit,"ine ! !ce/t,i /ecol. R!pi"it!te!< po(,nime!< imp!ct,l /cim:%ii !/,p! (imelo loc,l 9n c!e l,me! 9'icon/,m% ce! m!i m!e p!te ! e(ot,ilo n, ne m!i l!/% timp /% ne pe#%tim pent, !ce!/t%

pe/pecti4%< ci ne imp,ne /% tecem ime"i!t l! !"!pt!e< pent, c%< /p,n !cee!'i /peci!li'ti<(im! /ec. 00I< c!e 9ncopoe!% "e@! elemente !le /cim:%ii n, m!i e/te "o! o

pe/pecti4%< ci o e!lit!te.

im!< cel,l! "e :!% ! ,nei economii< e/te ,n /i/tem < 'i n, ,n,l o!ec!e < ci ,n /i/temeconomico/oci!l "e/ci/< cel m!i comple= 'i m!i complic!t< 'i /,/! pincip!l! "e :,n,i</e4icii 'i :!ni c!e ne !/i#,! e=i/ten+!. Oi< e/te ,n l,c, !ic,no/c,t 'i e/pect!t< 'i !n,me<c% pincip!l! c!!ctei/tic% ! /i/tem,l,i e/te !,toe#l!e!< poce/,l "e impot!nt% c!"in!l%

pent, (im%< c!e< 9n linii #ene!le /e e!lie!% pin m!n!#ement. D!c% l! !ce/te con/i"e!+ii #ene!le "e /inte% m!i !"%,#%m opiniile ! "oi ep,t!+i/peci!li'ti 9n "omeni, 'i !n,me Ric!" !me M!n!#ement,l e/te ,n,l "inte (!ctoiie/en+i!li c!e e=plic! "e ce e/te o t!! :o#!t! /!, /%!c! F 'i Pete D,ce( M!n!#ement,le/te pincip!l! c!le "e ce'tee economic% ... .N, e=i/t% +%i :o#!te /!, /%!ce< ci +%i :inecon",/e 'i +%i po/t con",/e< !4em 9n im!#ine impot!n+! (,n"!ment!l! ! m!n!#ement,l,i. 7,:liniin" impot!nt! m!n!#ement,l,i< c! e/,/% ! "e4olt%ii< lite!t,! "e /peci!lit!te

e4i"en+i!% ol,l po#e/,l,i 9n con",cee< /t!:ilin" (!pt,l c% po#e/,l /oci!l e/te o (,nc+ie"epen"ent% "e m,nc%< pe#%tie! pe/on!l,l,i< (on",i 'i "ot%i< po#e/,l 9n con",cee 'i !l+i(!ctoi. Cele ! principii ale managementului en,n+!te "e !ol /,nt1. "iviziunea muncii. 7peci!li!e! !n#!@!+ilo m,ncitoi 'i mem:i !i con",ceiiB< 9n4e"ee! ce'teii e(icien+ei 'i 9m:,n%t%+iii e,lt!telo.2. #utoritate $i responsa%ilitate. Dept,l "e ! "! o"ine 'i p,tee! "e ! petin"e /,p,nee!.*. "isciplină. G!",l 9n c!e !n#!@!+ii /,nt /,p,'i< 9'i "!, /ilin+!< 9'i con/,m% ene#i! 'imo",l 9n c!e /e compot% /,nt in(l,en+!te "e cei c!e 9i con",c.. Unitatea decizională. Nici o pe/o!n% n, te:,ie /% !i:% m!i m,lt "e ,n 'e(.5. Unitatea direcţiei. O o#!ni!+ie te:,ie /% !i:% ,n /in#, pl!n "e !tin#ee ! o:iecti4elo"e4olt!e! pincipi,l,i ,nit%+ii "ecion!leB.&. &u%ordonarea intereselor individuale interesului general . Peoc,p!e! (!+% "e o#!ni!+iee/te m!i impot!nt% "ec$t peoc,p%ile in"i4i",!le.. Plata. A/i#,!e! compen/!+iilo coecte 'i /!ti/(%c%to!e pent, to+i<ecompen/!e! competen+ei.). 'entralizare. Con/oli"!e! (,nc+iilo m!n!#ei!le 9n !co" c, cic,m/t!n+ele "in me"i,l9ncon@,%to !l o#!ni!+iei.6. (erarhie. Liniile "e !,toit!te te:,ie /% (ie cl! "e(inite "in/pe 4$(,l c%te :!!o#!ni!+iei.1-. Ordine. O!menii 'i m!tei!lele te:,ie /% /e !(le 9n loc,l poti4it l! moment,l poti4it< i!

o!menii te:,ie /% oc,pe po/t,l c!e li /e poti4e'te cel m!i :ine.

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11. Echitate. Loi!lit!te! !n#!@!+ilo te:,ie /% (ie 9nc,!@!t% pin t!t!ment,l @,/t< coect 'i pin :,n%t!te.12. &ta%ilitate. P%%/ie! o#!ni!+iei "e c%te ,n n,m% m!e "e !n#!@!+i e/te "eopoti4%c!,! 'i e(ect,l ine(icienteiF o#!ni!+iile :,ne /,nt cele c!e !, con",cei /t!:ile.1*. (niţiativă. Nece/it!te! ce%ii ,n,i pl!n 'i !/i#,%ii /,cce/,l,i !ce/t,i! 'i o(eie!

opot,nit%+ii /,:o"on!+ilo "e !1 e!li!.1. Esprit de corps. Com,nic!e! o!l% te:,ie (olo/it% pent, ! !/i#,! coei,ne! ecipelo. Pincipiile l,i !ol !, (o/t< 9n mo" e4i"ent< ,tile 9n me"i,l in",/ti!l !l moment,l,ie/pecti4. 8n peent< 9n ci,"! (!pt,l,i c% ,nele "inte ele 9'i "o4e"e/c 9nc% !plic!:ilit!te!<m,lte p! "ep%'ite. Cecet%i m!i ecente !, "emon/t!t c% m!n!#ement,l epeint% m!i m,lt "ec$t

poce/,l !+ion!l "e ,m!e p!/ c, p!/ ! ,no pincipii< !'! c,m 9l "e/ci!, teoeticienii l,i l!9ncep,t. D. Ren/i/ Liet< (o/t "iecto !l Cent,l,i "e 7,p!4e#ee ! Cecet%ilo "e l!Uni4e/it!te! "in Mici#!n< ! !n!li!t timp "e 25 "e !ni pincipiile m!n!#ement,l,i 'i le!/inteti!t 9nt,n,l /in#,< pe c!e 1! n,mit pincipi,l el!+iilo "e /pi@in 'onducerea $ialte procese organizaţionale tre%uie să )ie capa%ile să asigure pro%a%ilitatea ma*imă ca+ ,n

toate interacţiunile $i relaţiile din cadrul organizaţiei+ )iecare mem%ru+ ,n lumina trecutului+valorilor+ dorinţelor $i a$teptărilor sale+ să considere e*perienţa ca )iind suportivă $i că

aceasta ,i va dezvolta $i menţine sentimentul valorii $i importanţei propriei persoane- R.LietB. Oient!e! m!n!#ement,l,i c! 'tiin+% ! (o/t m!i p,tenic "e(init% 9n 7t!tele Unite "ec%te e"eic T!lo< c,no/c,t c! p%inte !l m!n!#ement,l,i 'tiin+i(ic. T!lo ! /,:lini!tne4oi! o:/e4%ii pe c!le empiic% e=!min!e! ,no (enomene e!leB< ! !n!li%ii 'ie=peiment%ii 'i con/i"e! c% m!n!#e,l,i 9i e4ine ol,l "e ! "e/copei ce! m!i :,n%mo"!lit!te "e "e/(%',!e ! m,ncii /,: 9n",m!e! /!. A:o"!e! l,i T!lo ! (o/t !cee! "e ! !n!li! (iec!e po/t 9n 4e"ee! i"enti(ic%iielementelo /!, mi'c%ilo "i/tincte c!e !lc%t,ie/c m,nc! (iic%. Um%to!e! /!cin% e!!cee! "e ! o:/e4! mo",l 9n c!e !ce/te elemente p,te!, (i epoiect!te /!, mo"i(ic!te 9n !'!(el 9nc$t /% (ie "e(init% ce! m!i :,n% /!, m!i !pi"% meto"% "e ! m,nci. L! :!! !ce/tocecet%i /t%te! !ccent,l p,/ pe e(icien+%. O 4!i!nt% intee/!nt% ! t!loi/m,l,i e=i/t% 9nc%< 9n cecet!e! m!n!#ei!l%contempo!n%. A/t(el< 9n en,n+!e! teoiei /!le :!!te pe 9m:o#%+ie! po/t,ilo< e"eicKe:e# !n!lie!%< l! (el c! 'i T!lo< elementele "e :!% !le po/t,l,i. 8n/%< 9n timp ceT!lo "oe! /% (!c% m,nc! m!i /impl% m!i m,lt% m,nc% 'i m!i p,+in e(otB< Ke:e# ce"e!9n c!!cte,l "e po4oc!e !l !n,mito !/pecte !le po/t,l,i< c!p!:ile /% 9i moti4ee pem,ncitoi. An#!@!+ii c!e /imt c% po/t,l lo epeint% o po4oc!e /imt c% 9'i !",c 9n mo" e!lconti:,+i!< (!pt ce "etemin% ce'tee! 'i "e4olt!e! lo pe/on!l%. Ke:e# ! (o/t pinte

pimii c!e !, /,:lini!t c% e/te nece/! c! m!n!#eii /% !co"e !ten+ie con"i+iilo element!e"e m,nc%. Po(e/o,l Elton M!o "e l! K!4!" ! (o/t ,#!t /% e!liee o /eie "e /t,"ii pi4in"

po",cti4it!te! m,ncii l! ,in! Je/ten Electic "in K!tone< 9n Illinoi/. Re,lt!t,l/t,"iilo K!tone ! "!t n!'tee 'colii "e #$n"ie m!n!#ei!l% n,mit% 'co!l! el!+iilo,m!ne< c!e /,:lini!% impot!n+! pe c!e el!+i! "inte con",cee 'i m,ncitoi o !e pent,ce'tee! po",cti4it%+ii.

In4e/ti#!+i! ini+i!l% "e l! K!tone ! !n!li!t e,lt!t,l m,ncii !n#!@!+ilo 9n "i(eitecon"i+ii "e il,min!e. 8n !nii 2- l,min! electic% !:i! e! %/p$n"it%< i! comp!niile electice/,/+ine!, c% m,ncitoii pot po",ce m!i m,lt 9n con"i+iile 9m:,n%t%+iii il,min!t,l,i.Re,lt!t,l /t,"i,l,i l,i M!o ! !%t!t 9n/% c% po",cti4it!te! m,ncii ce'te! in"i(eent "e

inten/it!te! l,minii.

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An!li!e! !ce/t,i /t,"i, ini+i!l ! "!t n!'tee temen,l,i e(ect,l K!tone. Cei c!e !,!n!li!t /it,!+i! !, o:/e4!t c% moti4,l pent, c!e po",cti4it!te! ce'te! e! (!pt,l c%m,ncitoii /e /im+e!, p!te impot!nt% 9n e=peiment ei m,nce!, m!i m,lt "!toit% (!pt,l,ic% 'ti!, c% /,nt o:/e4!+i 'i c% e,lt!t,l e=peiment,l,i "epin"e! "e ei. De l! "e/copeie!!ce/tei e!c+ii to+i cei c!e e(ect,e!% cecet%i :!!te pe e=peimente 9nce!c% /% e4ite

!p!i+i! e(ect,l,i K!tone. 7! ce,t "e !/emene! c% po",cti4it!te! ce'te! "!toit% (!pt,l,i c%< pe peio!"!"e/(%',%ii e=peiment,l,i< /til,l m!n!#ei!l /! /cim:!t cei "in con",cee !co"!, o m!im!e !ten+ie m,ncitoilo. 7,peio,l ie!ic ! (o/t "e !/emene! o:/e4!t 'i /! /t!:ilit c% (!pt,l c% !"opt! ,n!n,mit compot!ment (!+% "e mem:ii #,p,l,i e=peiment!l ! con",/ l! "e4olt!e!/piit,l,i "e ecip%. I!t% c$te4! o:/e4!+ii !le /t,"i,l,i1. Şe(,l o:/e4!to,l 'e(B e! pe/on!l intee/!t "e e,'itele (iec%ei pe/o!ne.2. E! m$n", "e cee! ce (%ce! 9ne#i/t!e! pe(om!n+elo #,p,l,iB.*. A !@,t!t #,p,l /% 9'i /t!:ile!/c% popiile con"i+ii "e l,c,.. A !co"!t (ee":!c pi4in" pe(om!n+ele !(i'$n",le l! 4e"ee.

5. G,p,l e! m$n", "e e,'ite 'i e! /!ti/(%c,t "e intee/,l pe c!e cei "in !(!% 9l m!ni(e/t!,(!+% "e e!li%ile mem:ilo l,i.&. Mem:ii #,p,l,i n, /im+e!, c% !, (o/t pe/!+i "e /cim:!e.. 8n!inte "e ope!e! ,nei /cim:%i< mem:ii #,p,l,i e!, con/,lt!+i.). 8n c!",l #,p,l,i /! "e4olt!t ,n /entiment "e 9nce"ee 'i c!n"o!e.

(.3. CULTURA ORGANI'AŢIONALĂ 4 FUNDAMENT AL MANAGEMENTULUI

C,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% c,pin"e ,n !n/!m:l, "e 4!loi mo!le< pincipii< nome</im:ol,i 'i it,i c!e'i t!n/mit 'i impim% me/!@,l !/,p! compot!ment,l,i !n#!@!+ilo< c,

implic!+ii "iecte !/,p! e(icien+ei< e(ic!cit%+ii 'i im!#inii 9ntepin"eii. P. Moin con/i"e% c,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% ,n /,:/i/tem !l 9ntepin"eii< c!e pinmeto"ele teoiei /i/temelo< po!te (i "i!#no/tic!t%< mo"el!t%< implement!t% 'i monitoi!t%.C,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% epeint% o !lten!ti4% pent, tenicile "e m!n!#ement !+ion!le<c!e n, #%/e/c tot"e!,n! /ol,+iile cele m!i !"ec4!te po:lemelo comple=e !le o#!ni!+iei 'ime"i,l,i< mo"elele !+ion!le "e(!4oie!% 4!loile 'i implicit c,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l%< 9nte/t!te#i! "e "e4olt!e< c,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% 'i pe(om!n+ele e!li!te "e 9ntepin"ee4ei (i#. 1B e=i/t$n" o coel!+ie "iect% 'i e4i"ent%.

1

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7i/temem!n!#ei!le

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7cim:%i(iice

Poten+i!l,l,m!n

C,lt,!o#!ni!+iei

Compot!ment,l pe/on!l,l,i

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i#. 1. Rel!+i! 7t!te#ie C,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% Pe(om!n+%




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C,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% c! o (ontie% ! !+ion!lit%+ii e/te ce!t% c! ,n %/p,n/ l!"eme/,ile o#!ni!+iei 9n /cop,l e",ceii in/,(icien+ei c!p!cit%+ii co#niti4e ! in"i4iilo<teoie c!e #!!nte!% 9ntepin"eii o !n,mit% /t!:ilit!te 'i 9i pemite o !"!pt!:ilit!te l!mo"i(ic%ile "in me"i,l inten 'i e=ten. C,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% 4ei (i#. 2B e/te "etemin!t% "e tei c!te#oii "e (!ctoi )actori centrali< /,nt "etemin!+i "e e/,/ele ,m!ne !le o#!ni!+iei< (iin" epeent!+i "eW po(il,l 'i pe/on!lit!te! con",c%toiloF

W it,ile 'i /im:ol,ile /peci(ice in/tit,+ieiFW com,nic!+i!. )actori manageriali c!e /,nt #ene!+i "e meto"ele 'i in/t,mentele "e l,c, m!n!#ei!leW /t!te#i!FW /t,ct,ile 'i poce",ileFW /i/temele "e con",cee. )actori de mediu< #ene!+i "e /t!e! o#!ni!+iei 'i ! me"i,l,i e=teio. O /c,t% peent!e !!ce/to (!ctoi ele4% "imen/i,ne! 'i impot!n+! lo 9n m!n!#ement,l /t!te#ic 'i conti:,+i!l! 4!lo!e! e,lt!telo o:+in,te 9n ,m! "eme/,ilo e(ect,!te.

i#. 2. !ctoii "etemin!n+i 9n c,lt,! o#!ni!+iei

A. Pro)ilul $i personalitatea conducătorului. M!n!#eii "e l! oice ni4el< pincompot!ment,l lo< e=pe/ie ! pe/on!lit%+ii 'i ! pe#%tiii< #enee!% 'i imp,n ,n tip 'i ,n!n,mit #!" "e c,lt,%. Ment!lit!te!< i"e!l,ile< 4!loile !ccept!te< nomele "e mo!l%9n/,'ite< compot!ment,l etic< pecep+i! 4iito,l,i< ei/ten+! l! /cim:%i< !,toit!te! 'i(emit!te!< 9n /piit,l p!ticip!ti4< !/,m!e! i/c,ilo epeint% (ome "e e=pe/ie "! 'i/imptome pent, "etemin!e! ni4el,l,i "e c,lt,% o#!ni!+ion!l%F

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B. Riturile $i sim%olurile. Et!pele !n#!@%ii< compot!ment,l ilnic !l !n#!@!+ilo<it,!l,ile in/tit,+ion!li!te< /im:ol,ile "e(initoii pent, im!#ine! 9ntepin"eii con/tit,ie o

:!% impot!nt% 'i o:li#!toie 9n con/t,c+i! 'i c,lti4!e! c,lt,ii o#!ni!+ion!leF C. 'omunicaţia. 7i/tem,l pin c!e in(om!+iile intene 'i e=tene /,nt ecep+ion!te<

pel,c!te< e4!l,!te 'i 4!loi(ic!te< con/t,c+i! e+elelo ie!ice< cec,ile "e c!lit!te<

meto"ele "e /tim,l!e ! i"eilo 'i ! ino4%ii< epeint% !c+i,ni "! 'i citeii pin c!e /e pot"e(ini li:et!te! "e !c+i,ne 'i "eciie< o"ine!< p!ticip!e! 4ol,nt!% 'i col!:o!e! 9no#!ni!+ie. D. &trategiile. El!:o!e! 'i implement!e! ,nei /t!te#i pe/,p,ne no,t!te< ino4!e<i/c< pe#%tie< pe(ec+ion!e< pe/e4een+%. Doc,mentele /t!te#iei te:,ie /% "e(ine!/c% 'i/cim:%ile /peci(ice l! ni4el,l e/,/elo ,m!ne pin /i/tem,l "e nome 'i 4!loi !ccept!te 'i9n/,'ite "e !n#!@!+i c!e 4o !/i#,! e,'it! !c+i,nilo ce pe(i#,e!% e!li!e! o:iecti4,l,i. E. &tructuri $i proceduri. iloo(i! "e o#!ni!e< /t,ct,ile (,nc+ion!le 'i "oc,mentele"e l,c, /peci(ice< competen+ele 'i ni4elele "e c,no'tin+e< #!",l "e "e/cent!li!e< "ele#!e!"e !,toit!te ele4% !tit,"ine! (!+% "e 4i!+! coti"i!n% "! 'i (!+% "e ni4el,l "e implic!e 9n!/i#,!e! peenit%+ii 9ntepin"eii.

F. Metodele de conducere. N!t,!< m%ime! 'i con+in,t,l /i/temelo "e pl!ni(ic!e< :,#et!e< /!l!i!e< contol< etc< pec,m 'i tenicile "e con",cee epeint% (!ctoi#ene!toi "e c,lt,% c!e /,/+in e=i/ten+! 'i "e4olt!e! o#!ni!+iei. G. .actorii de mediu. C,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% n, e/te "etemin!t% 9n tot!lit!te nici "eme"i,l n!+ion!l /!, /ociet!l 'i nici "e me"i,l economic !l o#!ni!+iei< i! 9ntepin"eile/,:/ci, l! !n,mite 4!loi "omin!nte "in me"i,l c!e le 9ncon@o!%< (%% ! ope! /cim:%im!@oe 9n popi! c,lt,%. 8n !t!e con"i+ii< mo"i(ic%ile economice< /oci!le< tenice 'iecolo#ice "in me"i,l 9ncon@,%to te:,ie l,!te 9n con/i"e!e 'i #%/it% politic! ce! m!i

popice pent, !"!pt!e! (imei l! noile con"i+ii. C, cetit,"ine< c,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% e/te (om!t% "in e4i"en+e 9mp%t%'ite c!e"iec+ione!% compot!ment,l in"i4iilo 9n o#!ni!+ie< c,lt,% c!e /e poiecte!% 'i /econ/t,ie'te pint,n poce/ /i/temic< oient!t /pe e",c!e! 'i (om!e! contin,% ! 9nte#,l,i

pe/on!l !n#!@!t< 9n "oin+! "e ! eol4! "o,% "inte cele m!i impot!nte po:leme !leo#!ni!+iei !"!pt!e! l! me"i, 'i inte#!e! in"i4i",l,i.

2i#. *. Inte4en +iile 9n c,lt,! o#!ni1!+ion!l%

Oice 9ntepin"ee c!e (,nc+ione!% !e o c,lt,% o#!ni!+ion!l% /peci(ic%< 9n/% te:,ie

!n!li!t "!c% !ce!/t! con/tit,ie ,n /pi@in e!l 9n e!li!e! e(icien+ei 'i e(ic!cit%+ii< p!!metii (,n"!ment!li !i m!n!#ement,l,i 'i !i o#!ni!+iei. Deme/,l !e c! /,pot o

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!n!li% p!!lel% ce /e e!lie!% 9nte /t!te#i! pop,/% 'i c,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% c!p!:il% /% o/,/+in%< e,lt!tele o:+in,te imp,n$n" c!te#oii "e inte4en+ii "i(een+i!te. D!c% c,lt,!o#!ni!+iei coe/p,n"e o:iecti4elo /t!te#ice /t!:ilite pin politicile "e 4iito< o 9nte+inee 'i/tim,l!e ! c,lt,ii e=i/tente 4ei (i#. *B /e "o4e"e'te ! (i !c+i,ne! nece/!% 'i /,(icient%F"!c% c,lt,! "e 9ntepin"ee n, m!i coe/p,n"e /t!te#iei pop,/e< pin meto"e 'i tenici

/peci(ice /e 4o e(ect,! mo"i(ic%i< /e 4o coect! !n,mite elemente 'i epee c,lt,!le pent,coel!e! c, noile cein+eF "!c% 9ntepin"ee! e/te no,%< !4em '!n/! /% n, #%/im nimicele4!nt 9n m!teie "e c,lt,% o#!ni!+ion!l%< c,lt,! te:,ie ce!t% 'i "e4olt!t% pinto /eie"e !c+i,ni et!pi!te< 9n c!e /e /t!:ile/c ipoteele (,n"!ment!le< 4!loile (,n"!ment!le<4!loile 9mp%t%'ite< nomele< e#,lile 'i compot!mentele in"i4iilo.

Cultura managerială – suport al managementului strategic. 8n no+i,ne! "e c,lt,% m!n!#ei!l% /,nt c,pin/e c,no'tin+ele tenice< economice</oci!le< in(om!+ion!le pec,m 'i !:ilit%+ile "e con",cee c!e (!cilite!% 9n+ele#ee! ,no/it,!+ii "e (!pt 'i cee!% pemi/ele !nticip%ii "e4olt%ilo ,lteio!e !le 9ntepin"eii. Ni4el,l c,lt,ii m!n!#ei!le c!!cteie!% 9n :,n% p!te con",c%to,l 'i 9i /,/+ine

!c+i,nile ,lteio!e. Pent, M. Go"et c,lt,! m!n!#ei!l% e/te (oc!li!t% 9n tei poli "e!cti4it%+i 'i con/tit,ie ,n (!cto "etemin!nt 9n m!n!#ement,l /t!te#ic Anticip!e! pe/,p,ne !cti4it%+i pin c!e /e c,le# 'i /e (ilte!% in(om!+iile. Ce!e!,n,i /i/tem in(om!+ion!l c!p!:il /% pe4!"% 4iito!ele /cim:%i "in me"i, con",ce l! o/it,!+ie (!4o!:il% c!!ctei!t% pin !/i#,!e! ,nei m!@e "e timp /,pliment!e c!e po!te (i!loc!t% !n!liei 'i i"enti(ic%ii /ol,+iilo e(iciente. Ac+i,ne! epeint% 9n c,lt,! m!n!#ei!l% !cti4it%+ile "e implement!e< "e p,nee 9n

p!ctic% ! /ol,+iei /t!te#ice !le/e< el,"$n" :ioc!+i! /!, /t,ct,ile (,nc+ion!le #e'itcon/t,ite. Lip/! ,no le#%t,i (,nc+ion!le coe/p,n%to!e c!e /% e4ite :loc!@,l /ociolo#ic<imo:ili/m,l /!, miopi! l! ten"in+ele 4iito,l,i< pot /% 9nt$ie !c+i,ne! /t!te#ic% /!, ci! /%o !n,lee. Moti4!e! mo:ili!e! t,t,o !ctoilo pe/,p,ne !c+i,ni pin c!e pe/o!neleimplic!te 9n "e,l!e! /t!te#iei /% (ie in(om!te< i! "!c% n, /e po!te o:+ine !po:!e! 'i

p!ticip!e! 4ol,nt!% ! !ce/to!< e/te nece/! c! /% /e !/i#,e ne,t!lit!te! lo< e4it$n",/e/t%ile 'i /it,!+iile c!e ! con",ce l! m!i pe@,"icii. 8n m!n!#ement,l /t!te#ic to+i poliic,lt,ii m!n!#ei!le /,nt l! (el "e impot!n+i< lip/! ,n,i! peiclit$n" e=i/ten+! ,nei e!lec,lt,i o#!ni!+ion!le 'i implicit '!n/ele "e e,'it% 9n "eme/,l /t!te#ic. An!li! /t!te#ic% ! competen+elo o#!ni!+ion!le po!te (i e!li!t% "into pe/pecti4%m,lt m!i l!#% "ec$t ce! o(eit% "e !po!tele (in!nci!e o:li#!toii< "e in(om!+iile (,ni!te

p%+ilo "e intee/e implic!te 9nto !(!cee /!, "e conto!lele "e ,tin% !le !cti4it%+ilo< l!#!plic!te 9n (imele "in +!! no!/t%.

Pemi/ele "e l! c!e !m plec!t 9n cont,!e! i"entit%+ii (imei /e e#%/e/c 9n'alitate o:iecti4,l e/te /!ti/(!cee!< l! cel m!i 9n!lt /t!n"!"< ! ne4oilo clien+ilo. Responsa%ilitate !/,m!e! %/p,n"eii (iec%,i mem:, pent, !tin#ee! e,lt!t,l,i optim. Reciprocitate ,n :ene(ici, ecipoc e/te :ene(ici,l 9mp%+it. E)icienţa (olo/ie! p$n% l! ep,i!e ! oic%ei e/,/e< "e ! n, pie"e nimic 'i "e ! (!ce "o!cee! ce /e (!ce :ine.

/i%ertate ne4oi! "e li:et!te pent, ! coi ,n 4iito. E/te ne4oie "e po(it c! (im! /% %m$n%li:e%. Ce!e! mo"!lit%+ilo "e po(it e o cein+% ! li:et%+ii "e !c+i,ne< c%ci pemite (imei /%'i contolee "e/tin,l. im! /e e4i"en+i!% pin 9mp%t%'ie! ,nei c,lt,ii popii< ce cee!% ,n me"i,(!mili!l< ,n m!n!#ement 4iion! 'i e/pon/!:il< ce /e :!e!% pe com,nic!e "e/ci/% 'i

"iect%< e/pect< 9nce"ee< inte#it!te 'i one/tit!te.

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V!loile 'i !tit,"ine! (imei< !l%t,i "e po(e/ion!li/m,l celo ce (ome!% ecip!epeint% cel m!i pe+io/ c!pit!l "e c!e "i/p,ne< cl%"in" !/t(el 9nce"ee! 'i loi!lit!te!

:ene(ici!ilo< c!e e4in n, o "!t% 'i !t!# 'i pe !l+ii. !im! 'i /,cce/,l ,nei comp!nii /e cl%"e/c c, t!lent< !ptit,"ini< e(ot,i 'i "etemin!e.Conti:,+i! (iec%,i om e/te pent, (im% ,n in#e"ient nece/! me/,l,i 9n!inte !l !(!ceii.

De !cee! #i@! pimo"i!l% ! (imei e/te !cee! "e ! ce! o ecip% (om!t% "in o!meni c!e 'ti,! 9m:in! n, "o! c,no'tin+ele< e(ot,l 'i /im+,l e/pon/!:ilit%+ii< ci /% !",c% !l%t,i "e !ce/te!coope!e! 'i ent,i!/m,l ce$n" !n#!@!+ilo /% l,cee c, minte!< c, inim! /i c, m$inilelo< !/t(el 9nc$t /% !tin#% /cop,l ! pe/t! ,n /e4ici, m!i :,n< l! ,n pe+ competiti4< c!e /!

po!t% (i ,til ,n,i n,m% m!i m!e "e clien+i. De !cee!< !t$t pent, (im%< 9n /ine< c$t /i pent,clien+ii ei< p!cticile "e !n#!@!e /,nt !/t(el concep,te 9nc$t /% !/i#,e ec,t!e! "e o!menic!e !, "oin+! "e ! e,'i.. O(eie! con"i+iilo pent, e,'it% ",ce l! n!'tee! /,cce/,l,i. Re/,/ele ,m!ne /,nt /in#,ele e/,/e c!p!:ile /% po",c% 'i /% epo",c% to!tecelel!lte e/,/e !(l!te l! "i/poi+i! ,nei (imei. Pin ,m!e< /,cce/,l /i #!",l lo "ecompetiti4it!te< po#e/,l !ce/to!< "epin" tot m!i m,lt "e c!lit!te! e/,/elo ,m!ne< o!meniicon/tit,in" :,n,l cel m!i "e pe+ !l ,nei (ime .

Mo"el,l cont!ct,l,i "e me"iee ! (o+ei "e m,nc! pe c!e (im! 9l pop,ne p!teneilo/%i e/te ,n,l concep,t ",p% pincipi,l (!ipl!. 8n !ce!/t% pe/pecti4%< pin cl!,ele in/e!te9n el< /! n, /e !:!t% "e l! nici ,n,l "in pincipiile "e etic! 9n "omeni,< 9n con"i+iile ce%ii,n,i :ene(ici, ecipoc. O o#!ni!+ie implic! e(ot,l com:in!t !l ,no in"i4ii. O ce'tee ! #!",l,i "e c,lt,%o#!ni!+ion!l% 9n c!",l (imei pe/,p,ne "eci< o /cim:!e "e compot!ment l! ni4elin"i4i",!l. 8n (in!l< cee! ce conte!% e/te om,l. Nici o !(!cee< nici ,n po",c%to< nici oin/tit,+ie n, 4! !4e! /,cce/ (%% implic!e! tot!l% ! celo "in inteio. At,nci c$n"< 9n c!",l,nei ecipe< /e !@,n#e l! !moni!e! !pot,ilo (iec%,i mem:,< /e !@,n#e l! ,n e,lt!t.Re,lt!t,l (in!l !l !c+i,nilo ecipei "e4ine !/t(el /,peio /,mei !pot,ilo in"i4i",!le. E/te<

po!te< ce! m!i in"ic!t! meto"! "e ! !@,n#e /! o:+inem cee! ce n,mim 4!lo!epl,/ 'i<implicit< po(itpl,/. Poce/,l "e !n#!@!e !l /!l!i!+ilo te:,ie /% (ie o /,cce/i,ne meto"ic% "e e4enimente.Ace/t poce/ 9ncepe ",p% "etemin!e! nece/it%+ii c! ,n /!l!i!t /% oc,pe ,n !n,mit po/t 'i /e(in!lie!% c, !le#ee! c!n"i"!t,l,i c!e /!ti/(!ce cein+ele po/t,l,i e/pecti4< 9mp%t%'in"

pincipiile 'i 4!loile o#!ni!+iei e/pecti4e. O#!ni!+i! e/te !lc%t,it% "in #,p,i "e o!meni< i! coo"on!e! 'i "iec+ion!e!!ce/to! /pe !tin#ee! o:iecti4elo (i=!te con/tit,ie o p!te 9n/emn!t% ! m!n!#ement,l,i.7,cce/,l (imei "epin"e "e m,l+i (!ctoi< "! n, m!i p,+in impot!nt e/te imp!ct,lle!"e/ip,l,i. Le!"e/ip,l po!te (i 9n+ele/ c! ,n !ti:,t !l ,nei poi+ii ie!ice 9no#!ni!+ie< o c!!ctei/tic% ! ,nei pe/o!ne< ,n poce/ "e mo:ili!e 'i !nten!e !

pe/on!l,l,i 9nto !n,mit% "iec+ie< o c!p!cit!te "e mo:ili!e /!, o c!te#oie "ecompot!ment.

Cultura organizaţională în cadrul firmei Concept 4i, "i/p,t!t 'i 9nc%c!t "e m,ltiple /emni(ic!+ii< c,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% !emeit,l "e ! !",ce 9n !ten+i! m!n!#ement,l,i o#!ni!+iei impot!n+! (!cto,l,i ,m!n 'i !(enomenelo i"entit!e 9n c!",l 9ntepin"eilo. L!n/!t pe l! 9ncep,t,l !nilo )- 9n 7t!teleUnite< c,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l% 'i< 9n #ene!l< c,lt,!li/m,l ! c,no/c,t o e=p!n/i,ne !pi"%<!/t%i con/tit,in" n,cle,l teoetic !l ,nei noi 'coli 9n 'tiin+! m!n!#ement,l,i 'co!l!m!n!#ement,l,i c,lt,!l. Din !ce/t moment< lite!t,! "e m!n!#ement ! 9ncep,t /%

pop,l!iee (!pt,l c% e=celen+! ,nei o#!ni!+ii e/te "!t% "e mo",ile com,ne pin c!e

mem:ii ei !, 9n4%+!t /% #$n"e!/c%< /% /imt% 'i /% !c+ionee.

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C,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l%< epeint% ,n comple= "e compot!mente< p!ctici 'i /i/teme "e4!loi c!e !/i#,% 'i #,4ene!% coei,ne! mem:ilo /%i. >!ele c,lt,ii o#!ni!+ion!le/t!, 9n c,lt,! n!+ion!l% pent, c% e#,lile< nomele< 4!loile e#%/ite 9nto (im% 9'i !,/o#inte! 9n e#,lile< nomele 'i 4!loile pomo4!te l! ni4el,l c,lt,ii n!+ion!le. C,lt,!o#!ni!+ion!l!< !'!"!< n, /e con(,n"% c, 4ii,ne!< mi/i,ne! /!, /t!te#i! o#!ni!+iei.

C,lt,! o#!ni!+ion!l! 4ie!% c$te4! elemente con/tit,ti4e e#,lile "e compot!ment


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Compot!mentele 'i !tit,"inile /,nt "i(icil "e /cim:!t cee! ce 9n/e!mn% c%"imen/i,nile c,lt,ii /,nt in4!i!:ile pe o peio!"% 9n"el,n#!t% "e timp. P!ctic! m!n!#ei!l%!!t% c% o#!ni!+iile /e 9mpoti4e/c /cim:%ii pin (o+% ! nomelo< ! o:i'n,in+elo 'i pini#i"it!te! /t,ct,ilo< cee! ce con",ce l! ,n p,tenic et!" (!+% "e noile con"i+ii "e pe pi!+%. Nomele imp,/e "e c,lt,! (imei /t!:ile/c cee! ce e/te "ei!:il /!, in"ei!:il<

compot!mentele !"ec4!te /!, ne"oite 9nto (im%< 9n lip/! !ce/to! (iin" #!4 !(ect!t%(,nc+ion!e! optim! ! (imei. Pe "e !lt% p!te< nomele peint% "e!4!nt!@,l c% (!4oie!%!p!i+i! ,no !tit,"ini eto#!"e< "e e/pin#ee ! no,l,i< ! ino4!+iei< c, e(ecte ne#!ti4e 9n

pl!n,l e(icien+ei economice.

CAPITOL IIFUNCŢIILE MANAGEMENTULUI

Poce/,l "e m!n!#ement /e "e/(%'o!% contin,, 'i ne9nte,pt 9n c!",l o#!ni!+iilo< el"e:,te!% o "!t! c, /t!:ilie! o:iecti4elo "e e!li!t< contin,% c, el!:o!e! "eciiilo 'i

t!/!e! /!cinilo 'i /e 9nceie o "!t! c, e!li!e! !ce/to /!cini 'i< pin ele< ! o:iecti4elo.Poce/,l "e m!n!#ement !e ,n c!!cte ciclic c,pin$n" ,n comple= "e !cti4it%+i /peci(ice"e/(%',!te "e c%te m!n!#ei. Pent, ! (!cilit! !c+i,ne! "e t!n/p,nee 9n p!ctic% ! !ce/to!cti4it%+i "i4e/i(ic!te ! (o/t nece/!! o"on!e! !ce/to! 'i #,p!e! lo in (,nc+ii !ti:,te "em!n!#ement< !ce/te! epeent$n" e/en+! m!n!#ement,l,i. Cel c!e ! i"enti(ic!t 'i !n!li!t poce/ele "e m!n!#ement pent, pim! "!t! ! (o/tKen !ol< 9n c!",l lo "e(inin" cinci (,nc+ii pincip!le pe4ii,ne!< o#!ni!e!<com!n"!< coo"on!e! 'i contol,l. Din p,nct "e 4e"ee teoetic (,nc+i! "e m!n!#ementc,pin"e m!i m,lte elemente c!e 9i "etemin! (om! "e m!ni(e/t!e. Ace/te elemente /,ntW #,p,l "e !cti4it%+i inte#!teFW n!t,! !/em%n%to!e 'i inte"epen"en+! !ce/to !cti4it%+iF

W impot!n+! !cti4it%+ilo 9n !n/!m:l,l poce/,l,i "e m!n!#ementFW epetiti4it!te! !c+i,nii "e/(%',!t% 9n c!",l (iec%ei !cti4it%+i. 8n (,nc+ie "e !ce/te elemente 'i :ine9n+ele/ "e con+in,t,l poce/,l,i "e m!n!#ement

p,tem #,p! !cti4it%+ile "e m!n!#ement 9n ,m%to!ele (,nc+ii "e pe4ii,ne< "e o#!ni!e<"e coo"on!e< "e moti4!e !nten!e 'i "e e4!l,!e contol.

).(. FUNCŢIA DE ORGANI'ARE

8n lite!t,! om$n% "e /peci!lit!te /,nt (om,l!te m!i m,lte !ccep+i,ni le#!te "econ+in,t,l !ce/tei (,nc+ii "e o#!ni!e. A/t(el Coneli, R,//, o "e(ine! c! tot!lit!te!elementelo componente 'i ! el!+iilo "inte !ce/te!< /t,ct,!te 9nt,n !n,mit c!",

o#!ni!toic 9n c!e /e e!lie!% poce/ele "e con",cee ! !cti4it%+ilo o#!ni!+iei"e/(%',!te 9n 4e"ee! !tin#eii o:iecti4elo (i=!te. O !lt% !ccep+i,ne e/te ce! ! l,i O4i"i, Nicole/c,< c!e con/i"e% (,nc+i! "e o#!ni!ec! !n/!m:l,l poce/elo "e m!n!#ement pin inteme"i,l c%o! /e /t!:ile/c 'i /e "elimite!%

poce/ele "e m,nc% (iic% 'i intelect,!l% 'i componentele lo pec,m 'i #,p!e! !ce/to! pe po/t,i< (om!+ii "e l,c, 'i !ti:,ie! lo pe/on!l,l,i< coe/p,n%to !n,mito citeiieconomice< tenice 'i /oci!le 9n 4e"ee! e!li%ii o:iecti4elo pe4iion!te. Ameic!nii Ken Mint:e# 'i Ro:et Xeite con/i"e!, c% (,nc+i! "e o#!ni!e

pe/,p,ne !loc!e! 'i "i/ti:,ie! e/,/elo ,m!ne 'i m!tei!le 9n com:in!+iile cele m!i poti4ite pent, implement!e! pl!n,l,i. O#!ni!e! con/tit,ie ,n mi@loc pent, e!li!e! o:iecti4elo< "eci con+in,t,l 'i mo",l

"e m!ni(e/t!e /,nt con"i+ion!te "e c!!ctei/ticile /i/tem,l,i "e o:iecti4e !l (imei. De !icie,lt% nece/it!te! 'i impot!n+! pent, o#!ni!to "e ! "i/p,ne "e "e/ciei c$t m!i lo#ice<

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cl!e !le o:iecti4elo< i! pin inteme"i,l !ce/to! ",c$n" l! e!li!e! lo. D!c% ponim "e l! pemi/! c% o:iecti4,l pincip!l< (,n"!ment!l !l oic%ei (ime 9n economi! "e pi!+% e/teo:+inee! ,n,i po(it m!=im< !t,nci 9n+ele#em nece/it!te! /,:o"on%ii oient%ii t,t,oe/,/elo ,m!ne< in(om!+ion!le< meto"olo#ice !le o#!ni!+iei pent, !tin#ee! l,i. 8n !ce/t conte=t /e "oe'te /,:liniee! i"eii c% 9n economi! om$ne!/c% e/te nece/!%

impim!e! ,nei noi optici 9n poiect!e! /i/tem,l,i "e o:iecti4e 9n /en/,l /it,%ii m!=imi%ii po(it,l,i 9n cent,l !ce/t,i /i/tem 'i plec$n" "e !ici 9nto !:o"!e pi!mi"!l% /% /e !/i#,e(,n"!ment!e! "e o:iecti4e pent, to!te componentele o#!ni!toice !le ,nit%+ii. In/,(icient! (,n"!ment!e ! /i/tem,l,i "e o:iecti4e !l o#!ni!+iei cee!% "i(ic,lt%+i 9n

poce/,l "e "elimit!e ! poce/elo "e m,nc% c!e /e "e/(%'o!% 9n c!",l !ce/tei!. 8n le#%t,% c, p!tic,l!it!te! men+ion!t% /e con/t!t% o /t,ct,!e necoe/p,n%to!e !

pe/on!l,l,i "e con",cee 'i "e e=ec,+ie pe po/t,i 'i (,nc+ii. 7e +ine m!i p,+in /e!m! "e pe#%tie< "e e,lt!tele m,ncii 9n poce/,l "e #,p!e ! !n#!@!+ilo pe po/t,i 'i (,nc+ii. De !/emene! /e con/t!t% in/,(icient! coel!e ! /!cinilo< competen+elo 'ie/pon/!:ilit%+ilo pe pe/o!ne peci!te 9n "oc,mentele /t,ct,ii c, /!cinile< competen+ele'i e/pon/!:ilit%+ile e!le pe c!e le !e (iec!e /!l!i!t l! loc,l "e m,nc%. In/,(icient! !"!pt!e

! con+in,t,l,i "oc,mentelo "e (om!li!e ! /t,ct,ii l! cein+ele imp,/e "e poce/ele "ee/t,ct,!e 'i pi4!ti!e c!e !, loc 9n c!",l (imelo e/te ,n !lt !/pect p!tic,l!. Peoc,p%ile e",/e pent, (olo/ie! timp,l,i "e m,nc%< pent, o nom!ecoe/p,n%to!e ! !ce/t,i! con",c l! (ec4entele 9nte,pei c!e !p! 9n "i4e/ele (!e !le

poce/elo "e po",c+ie /!, l! pel,n#ii ne@,/ti(ic!te !le !ce/to!. 7e con/t!t% "e !/emene! ,n #!" e",/ "e ecepti4it!te ! m!n!#eilo 'i e=ec,t!n+ilo(!+% "e poten+i!lele /cim:%i c!e /,nt !:/ol,t nece/!e pent, o#!ni!e! e(icient% !!cti4it%+ii. 8n con"i+iile pi4!ti%ii 'i e/t,ct,%ii e/te nece/! ,n e(ot "e !"!pt!e l! /cim:!e<l! no,. 8n !ce/t /en/ /e con/t!t% o in/,(icient% c,no!'tee "e c%te m!n!#ei ! meto"elo 'itenicilo c!e /% pemit% o "imen/ion!e @,"icio!/% ! /,p!(e+elo "e po",c+ie 'i o4!loi(ic!e coe/p,n%to!e ! /p!+iilo "i/poni:ile. Poce/,l "e etenolo#i!e /,/+in,t "e #,4en ! "ecl!n'!t po:leme 9n /en/,l c% o /eie"e m!'ini< ,til!@e 'i in/t!l!+ii c!e !, int!t 9n "i(eite /ociet%+i n, /e pot !"!pt! /!, /e potinte#!< "! !, celt,ieli m!i< l! ecip!mentele "e@! e=i/tente. A/t(el 9n ,nele (ime !, !p%,te!le po:leme "e o#!ni!e ! !cti4it%+ilo 9n !ct,!lele con"i+ii. Impot!n+! !ce/tei (,nc+ii "ec,#e "in con+in,t,l ei< 'i !n,me "in nece/it!te! /t!:iliiimo",l,i 9n c!e o!menii l,ce!% 9mpe,n% 9n c!",l o#!ni!+iei pent, e!li!e!o:iecti4elo !ce/tei!< peci!e! conti:,+iei (iec%,i! 'i "etemin!e! c%ilo "e !ti:,ie 'i#,p!e ! l,c%ilo< /!cinilo pe po/t,i< comp!timente< (om!+ii "e l,c,. A/t(el /e "e/pin" "o,% /,:"i4ii,ni !le o#!ni%ii

W o#!ni!e! "e !n/!m:l, ! /ociet%+ii comeci!le 'i e#iei !,tonome conceti!te 9n /t!:ilie!/t,ct,ii o#!ni!toice 'i ! /i/tem,l,i in(om!+ion!lW o#!ni!e! pincipi!lelo (,nc+ii !le 9ntepin"eii cecet!e! "e4olt!e!< po",c+i!comeci!l%< (in!nci!cont!:il% 'i "e pe/on!l< m,lt m!i e=tin/% "ec$t pim!< "!c% l,%m 9ncon/i"e!e /peci(ic,l poce/elo "e e=ec,+ie 'i "e m!n!#ement !/,p! o#!ni%ii< c! "e!lt(el 'i 4ol,m,l !peci!:il "e m,nc% pe c!e 9l implic%. O !lt% p!tic,l!it!te ! !ce/tei (,nc+ii e/te #!",l e",/ "e coel!e 9nte "etemin!e!nece/!,l,i "e pe/on!l 'i pl!n,l "e m,nc% 9nte !cti4it%+ile "e !po4iion!e< po",c+ie 'i4$n!e c, con/ecin+e "inte cele m!i ne(!4o!:ile !/,p! co/t,ilo 'i implicit !/,p!e,lt!telo (in!nci!e (in!le. Po:lemele o#!ni!toice c, c!e /e con(,nt% 9ntepin"eile mici 'i mi@locii /,nt

(,n"!ment!l "i(eite "e cele c, c!e /e con(,nt% cele m!i. Peno/e 1656B ! /,:lini!t c%"i(een+ele "inte /t,ct,! 9ntepin"eilo mici 'i m!i /,nt !t$t "e e4i"ente 9nc$t e #e, /%

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4ei c% !ce/te! /,nt "o,% /pecii !le !cel,i!'i #en ... n, po+i "e(ini o omi"% 'i !poi /% (olo/e'ti!cee!'i "e(ini+ie pent, ,n (l,t,e.

Pent, 9ntepin"eile "e "imen/i,ni mici e=i/ten+! ,nei /t,ct,i (om!le n, e ne!p%!tnece/!%. Ci! 9n !ce/te con"i+ii e nece/! c! (iec!e /!l!i!t /% !i:% :ine "elimit!te /!cinile/!le 9n 9ntepin"ee. A:/en+! ,nei /t,ct,i o#!ni!toice comple=e pemite o l,!e !pi"% !

"eciiei 'i e!li!e! "e com,nic!+ii e(ecti4e l! ni4el,l #,p,l,i "e m,nc%< pec,m 'i 9nte!ce/t! 'i m!n!#ement. O "!t% c, ce'tee! 9ntepin"eii !p!e nece/it!te! e=i/ten+ei o#!ni%ii (om!le. 9n!ce/t poce/< 9ntepin"ee! po!te c,no!'te ,m%to!ele et!pe o#!ni!toice Lon#enece 'iMooe< 1661BW 9ntepin"ee! po!te (i comp,/% "into /in#,% pe/o!n%FW 9ntepin%to,l e=ecit% coo"on!e! !cti4it%+ilo l,c%toilo c!e e!lie!% !cti4it%+ile "e

:!% !le 9ntepin"eiiFW !p!e ,n ni4el inteme"i! ie!icFW et!p! o#!ni%ii (om!le (om!li!e! m!n!#ement,l,i implic% "e/ciee! po/t,ilo<e!li!e! o#!ni#!mei< (,n"!ment!e! poce",ilo "e contol< el!:o!e! po#!melo "e

!c+i,ne. 8n #ene!l< 9n c!",l 9ntepin"eilo m!i /e m!ni(e/t% ,n poce/ "e e",cee !/t,ct,ilo o#!ni!toice :ioc!tice 9n (!4o!e! "e/cent!li%ii< "e concepee ! ,no/t,ct,i o#!ni!toice /,ple< o#!nice< p,+in (om!li!te< 9n c!e coope!e!< con/,lt!e! !, oimpot!n+% "eo/e:it%. 8ntepin"eile mici !(l!te 9n et!p! "e ce'tee /e !(l% 9n plin poce/ "eci/t!li!e ! popiilo /t,ct,i o#!ni!toice< c!e c!,t% /% %/p,n"% (le=i:ilit%+ii 'i"in!mi/m,l,i< c!!ctei/tice 9ntepin"eilo mici 'i mi@locii. 8n "e(inie! o#!ni%ii c! !ti:,t !l m!n!#ement,l,i e=i/t% p,ncte "e 4e"ee "i(eite. Dee=empl,< 9n 4eme ce ci:eneticienii 4%" o#!ni!e! c! pe o !cti4it!te ce /e "e/(%'o!% 9n!(!! poce/,l,i "e con",cee< K. !ol /p,ne! ! o#!ni! 9ntepin"ee! 9n/e!mn% ! o!po4iion! c, tot cei e/te nece/! pent, :,n! ei (,nc+ion!e m!teii pime< ,til!@e< :!ni<

pe/on!l. C! o e(lect!e ! p,nct,l,i "e 4e"ee poti4it c%,i! o#!ni!e! epeint% ,n poce/ "em,nc% pin inteme"i,l c%,i! /e cee!% !t$t /i/tem,l< c$t 'i /t,ct,! /!< /e !(im%O#!ni!e!< c! (,nc+ie ! con",ceii< po!te (i "e(init% c! o !cti4it!te "e/(%',!t% "e o!meni 9n4e"ee! ce%ii /t%ii "e o"on!e ! o:iecti4,l,i< pec,m 'i ! el!+iilo "inte o!meni. 8n opini! l,i O. Nicole/c,< o#!ni!e! "e/emne!% !n/!m:l,l poce/elo pininteme"i,l c%o! /e /t!:ile/c 'i "elimite!% poce/ele "e m,nc% (iic% 'i intelect,!l% 'icomponentele !ce/to! con/,m,i< mi'c%i< timpi< ope!+ii< l,c%i< /!cini etcB< pec,m 'i#,p!e! lo pe po/t,i (om!+ii "e m,nc%< comp!timente 'i !ti:,ie! lo pe/on!l,l,i<coe/p,n%to !n,mito citeii economice< tenice 'i /oci!le< 9n 4e"ee! e!li%ii 9n c$t m!i

:,ne con"i+ii ! o:iecti4elo pl!ni(ic!te. Re,lt% "e !ici c% !ti:,t,l o#!ni%ii 4ie!%W El!:o!e! /t,ct,ii o#!ni!toiceFW 8ntocmie! ,no (l,=,i inten!+ion!le !+ion!leFW Utili!e! complet% !t$t ! c!p!cit%+ii "e m,nc!< c$t 'i ! celol!lte e/,/eFWDe(inie! ,no le#%t,i e(iciente 9nte comp!timente 'i ! ,n,i /i/tem "e el!+ii 9nte9ntepin"ee 'i me"i,l /%, !m:i!ntFW A/i#,!e! ,n,i #!" !+ion!l "e "ele#!e ! competen+elo "e eol4!e ! /!cinilo. D!c% pl!ni(ic!e! e/te /peci(ic% 9n pincip!l ni4el,ilo ie!ice /,peio!e< o#!ni!e!/e e#%/e'te l! to!te ni4el,ile "e con",cee Din !ce/t p,nct "e 4e"ee< p,tem /ep!! "o,!ni4el,i pincip!le l! c!e /e e!lie!% o#!ni!e!

organizarea de ansam%lu< e/pecti4 el!:o!e! /t,ct,ii o#!ni!toice 'i ! /i/tem,l,iin(om!+ion!l !l 9ntepin"eii. O#!ni!e!< "in !ce/t p,nct "e 4e"ee< e/te e=ecit!t% "e

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con",cee! /,peio!% ! 9ntepin"eii 'i e/te o pemi/% (,n"!ment!l% ! 9n/e'i e(icien+ei poce/,l,i "e con",cee 9n !n/!m:l,l l,i. organizarea compartimentală !e "ept o:iecti4 pincip!l !",cee! (iec%,icomp!timent "e m,nc%< pin mo:ili!e! t,t,o e/,/elo "e c!e "i/p,ne< 9n /t!e "e !e!li! o:iecti4ele ce i!, (o/t /t!:ilite pin pl!n,ile c,ente 'i po#!mele "e e=ec,+ie.

An!li! /i/tem!tic% ! 9ntepin"eilo 'i< 9n mo" "eo/e:it< ! /i/tem,l,i "e con",ceeele4% (,nc+iile m,ltiple 'i tot m!i impot!nte pe c!e le !e /t,ct,! o#!ni!toic% 9n c!lit!te"e /,:/i/tem o#!ni!toic pincip!l. Pin /t,ct,% o#!ni!toic% 9n+ele#em !n/!m:l,l pe/o!nelo 'i comp!timentelo9ntepin"eii< pec,m 'i !l el!+iilo "inte ele< pl!/!te 9nto con(i#,!+ie coeent% c!e!/i#,% pemi/ele o#!ni!toice !le !tin#eii o:iecti4elo pl!ni(ic!te. De e#,l% /t,ct,! o#!ni!toic% e/te comp,/% "in W &tructura de producţie< "e(init% c! tot!lit!te! c!"elo "e con",cee 'i !comp!timentelo "in c!",l 9ntepin"eilo 9n c!e /e po",c :,n,i 'i /e4iciiF W &tructura )uncţională< con/tit,it%< "in tot!lit!te! c!"elo "e con",cee 'i !comp!timentelo 9n c!e /e "e/(%'o!% !cti4it%+i c, c!!cte (,nc+ion!l< "e pe#%tie 'i l,!e !

"eciiilo 9nto o#!ni!+ie.

Pincip!lele tip,i "e /t,ct,i o#!ni!toice /e #,pe!% pe "o,% citeii. (. D,p% criteriul mor)ologic< c!e !tic,le!% componentele /t,ct,ii /t,ct,! ie!ic%< /peci(ic% 9ntepin"eilo c!e "e/(%'o!% o !cti4it!te c, o e",/%comple=it!te 'i c!!ctei!t% pint,n n,m% e",/ "e comp!timente c, 4oc!+ie !po!pee=cl,/i4 ope!+ion!l%< !i c%o 'e(i e=ecit% to!te /!cinile "e con",cee< (%% !@,to,l ,nocomp!timente (,nc+ion!leF /t,ct,! (,nc+ion!l%< c!e epeint% o /ol,+ie "e t!nit /pe tip,l (olo/it 9n peentF /t,ct,! ie!ic (,nc+ion!l%< (olo/it% 9n peent "e c%te (imele "e t!lie mi@locie 'i m!e<c, o !cti4it!te e=tem "e comple=% 'i ci! "e o :,n% p!te "in cele miciF ). D,p% citei,l specializării activităţilor /t,ct,! !ntepenoi!l%< 9n c!e< 9n mo" /imil! /t,ct,ii ie!ice< p!ton,l 9'i con",ce"iect 9ntepin"ee!. Alte c!!ctei/tici !le ,nei !/t(el "e /t,ct,i /,nt po!te !p%e! ,n,l /!,"oi !"@,nc+i !i m!n!#e,l,i #ene!l c!e !/i#,% con",cee! ,no "ep!t!mente 9n (,nc+ie "e"omeni,l 9n c!e 9'i "e/(%'o!% !cti4it!te! 9ntepin"ee! e/pecti4%. /t,ct,! (,nc+ion!l% e/te !"opt!t! "e ce! m!i m!e p!te "in 9ntepin"eile c!e'i"e/(%'o!% !cti4it!te! 9n /ecto,l te+i!. 8nto !/t(el "e /t,ct,% !p!< !l%t,i "ecomp!timentele ope!+ion!le< comp!timente (,nc+ion!le c!e !cope% (,nc+iile 9ntepin"eii. /t,ct,! m!tice!l%< c!e com:in%< 9n c!",l ,nei /t,ct,i (,nc+ion!le popi,i/e<citeiile "e /peci!li!e ! !cti4it%+ii men+ion!te m!i /,/.

O !:o"!e comple=% ! /t,ct,ii o#!ni!toice imp,ne i"enti(ic!e! 'i "e(inie! principalelor ei componenteY (,nc+i! e/te "e(init% "ept tot!lit!te! /!cinilo< 9n #ene!l omo#ene "in p,nct "e 4e"ee!t$t !l n!t,ii c$t /i !l comple=it%+ii lo< pe c!e le !e "e 9n"eplinit ,n !n#!@!t. Po!te (i "e con",cee< c, !ccent pe competen+e 'i e/pon/!:ilit%+i< "e e=ec,+ie< c,competen+e 'i %/p,n"ei limit!te l! !cti4it!te! popie.Y nom! ele con",cee /!, pon"ee! ie!ic% epeint% n,m%,l "e pe/o!ne con",/enemi@locit "e ,n c!", "e con",ceeFY comp!timent,l epeint% tot!lit!te! !n#!@!+ilo /,:o"on!+i !cel,i!'i c!",< "econ",cee 'i c!e e=ec,t! pem!nent m,nci peci/ "etemin!te< omo#ene /!,

complement!e< ",p% c,m ,me!% W comp!timente ope!+ion!le c!e po",c 'i 4$n" :,n,i 'i pe/te!% /e4icii.<

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W comp!timente (,nc+ion!le 9n c!e /e pe#%te/c "eciiile ce ,me!% /% (ie !"opt!te l!ni4el,ile me"ii 'i /,peio!e "e con",cee< 9n to!te "omeniile "e !cti4it!te "ino#!ni!+ieF

Y ni4el,ile ie!ice /,nt poi+iile /,cce/i4e pe c!e le !, c!"ele "e con",cee 'i /!,comp!timentele coo"on!te "e ele (!+% "e !",n!e! #ene!l% ! !c+ion!iloF

Y el!+iile o#!ni!+ion!le epeint% tot!lit!te! cont!ctelo ce !, loc 9n poce/,l m,ncii 9nte/,:"i4ii,nile /t,ct,ii o#!ni!toice< pin inteme"i,l c%o! /e e!lie!% m!i !le/t!n/(e,l "e in(om!+ii< c,m /,nt W el!+ii "e autoritate c!e con"i+ione!% :,n! "e/(%',!e ! !cti4it%+ii 'i /e

9mp!t 9n el!+ii ie!ice< (,nc+ion!le 'i "e /t!t m!@o< W el!+ii "e cooperare c!e /e /t!:ile/c 9nte po/t,i /it,!te pe !cel!'i ni4el ie!ic< "!

!p!+in$n" ,no comp!timente "i(eiteF W el!+ii "e control c!e /e n!/c 9nte comp!timentele /peci!li!te "e contol 'i celel!lte

comp!timente "in c!",l 9ntepin"eiiF W el!+ii spontane c!e /,nt o con/ecin+% ! e=i/ten+ei< 9n o#!ni!+ie< ! /t,ct,ii

in(om!te c!e 9n/o+e'te 9ntot"e!,n! /t,ct,! (om!l%.

Pent, ! /e p,te! peci! mo",l "e o#!ni!e 'i (,nc+ion!e ! (imei pin inteme"i,l,nei epeent%i "et!li!te ! /t,ct,ii o#!ni!toice /e ,tilie!% Regulamentul deOrganizare $i .uncţionare a ,ntreprinderii ROB. Ace/t! c,pin"e ,m%to!ele p%+i

pincip!le "i/poi+ii #ene!le 9n c!e /e pecie!% !ct,l "e 9n(iin+!e< 9ne#i/t!t l! Re#i/t,lCome+,l,i< "omeniile "e !cti4it!te< /t!t,t,l @,i"ic !l 9ntepin"eii etcF /t,ct,! 9ntepin"eii e(lect% 9n tot!lit!te comp!timentele 'i el!+iile "inte ele<,nit%+ile ope!ti4e "e to!te tip,ile< incl,/i4 o#!ni#!mele !ce/to!F !ti:,+iile comp!timentelo 'i c!"elo "e con",cee epeint%< "e !/emene!< ocomponent% impot!nt% ! RO,l,i. 7,nt tec,te !ici componen+! "i(eitelo o#!ne "econ",cee< mo",l lo "e (,nc+ion!e< !ti:,+iile< e/pon/!:ilit%+ile< competen+ele'i limitele lo< /it,!+iile in c%te e/te po/i:il% "ele#!e! "e !,toit!te etcF "i/poi+ii (in!le< 9n c!e /e (!c peci%i pi4in" o:li#!ti4it!te! !plic%ii R-,l,i< mo"!lit%+ile "e complet!e /!, mo"i(ic!e ! !ce/t,i!.

Pincip!lele mi@lo!ce "e peent!e ! /t,ct,ii o#!ni!toice /,nt o#!ni#!mele.olo/ite pent, c,no!'tee! 'i !n!li! /t,ct,ilo< /,nt< "e (!pt< o epeent!e concent!t% 'iil,/t!t% ! /t,ct,ilo pin inteme"i,l c%/,+elo "ept,n#i,l!e c!e 4i,!lie!% po/t,ile"e con",cee 'i comp!timenteleB 'i !l liniilo "e "i(eite (ome. Un ol "eo/e:it 9n poce/,l "e o#!ni!e ! !cti4it%+ii 9nto 9ntepin"ee 9l !e )i$a

postului. E! c,pin"e "e e#,l% con"i+iile pe c!e te:,ie /% le 9n"epline!/c% oc,p!nt,l po/t,l,i e/pecti4< el!+iile pe c!e le !e oc,p!nt,l po/t,l,i e/pecti4 c, !lte comp!timente/!, (,nc+ii "in c!",l 9ntepin"eii men+ion$n",/e c,i 9i e/te /,:o"on!t 'i pe cine/,:o"one!%< c, ce comp!timente /!, po/t,i col!:oe!% pent, 9n"eplinie! pincip!lelol,i /!cini< limitele "e competen+% !le oc,p!nt,l,i po/t,l,i< men+ion$n",/e "eciiile ce int%9n /!cin! !n#!@!t,l,i< pec,m 'i %/p,n"ee! /! (!+% "e #!",l "e 9n"eplinie ! !ti:,+iilo.

).). FUNCŢIA DE COORDONARE

,nc+i! "e coo"on!e con/t% 9n !n/!m:l,l poce/elo "e m,nc% pin c!e /e!monie!% "eciiile 'i !c+i,nile pe/on!l,l,i o#!ni!+iei 'i !le /,:/i/temelo /!le< 9n c!",l

pe4ii,nilo 'i /i/tem,l,i o#!ni!toic /t!:ilite !nteio. C, !lte c,4inte< coo"on!e! e/te oo#!ni!e 9n "in!mic%< ! c%ei nece/it!te e,lt%< 9n pincip!l< "in

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Coo"on!e! !cti4it%+ilo "into ,nit!te economic% /e e!lie!% /,: "o,% (ome :il!te!l%< e=ecit!t% 9nte ,n 'e( 'i ,n /,:o"on!t< 'i m,ltil!te!l%< m!ni(e/t!t% 9nte ,n 'e( 'im!i m,l+i /,:o"on!+i. Coo"on!e! :il!te!l%< pin mo",l "iect 9n c!e /e e!lie!%< peint% !4!nt!@,le4it%ii !p!i+iei (ilt!@,l,i 'i ! "i/to/i,nii in(om!+iilo< i! m!n!#e,l !e po/i:ilit!te! /%

c,no!/c% ime"i!t e!c+i! cel,i pe c!e 9l coo"one!%. De!4!nt!@,l con/t% 9n !cee! c%#enee!% ,n con/,m m!e "e timp "in p!te! m!n!#eilo< c! ,m!e ! coo"on%ii (iec%,i/,:o"on!t. Coo"on!e! m,ltil!te!l% /e e!lie!%< m!i !le/< pin inteme"i,l ,no e,ni,ni 9n!cel!'i timp< e!li$n",/e ,n poce/ "e com,nic!e c, m!i m,l+i /,:o"on!+i< cee! ce (!ce /%/e e4ite "e!4!nt!@,l pimei mo"!lit%+i "e e!li!e ! coo"on%ii. iin" 4o:! "e ,n /i/tem "e el!+ii 9nte cel c!e coo"one!% 'i /,:o"on!+ii /%i< "eci9nte o!meni< c!lit!te! e!li%ilo 9n !ce/t "omeni,< e(ectele o:+in,te< 4o "epin"e "et%/%t,ile m!n!#eilo 'i clim!t,l "e m,nc% ce!t 9nte componen+ii colecti4,l,i pe c!e1con",ce. D!t (iin" (!pt,l c%< e=ecit!e! (,nc+iei "e coo"on!e implic% 'i (!cto,l timp<moment,l 9n c!e /e e!lie!% po!te /% in(l,en+ee poiti4 /!, n, "e/(%',!e! ,no !cti4it%+i<

e4it$n",/e /!, n, io/ie! "e e(ot,i 'i "e timp< 9n !ce/t /en/< po!te /% !c+ionee 'i ini+i!ti4!<9n limitele e/pon/!:ilit%+ilo /!le< m!ni(e/t!t% "e c%te cel c!e /e !(l% 9n el!+ii "e coo"on!ec, ,n m!n!#e. 7,nt "e/i#,< elemente c!e +in "e o !n,mit% /,ple+e 'i (le=i:ilit!te 9n mo",l"e !c+i,ne ! componen+ilo "in ,nit!te. Coo"on!e! e/te /t$n/ le#!t% 'i "e /til,l "e m!n!#ement !plic!t< "e o !n,mit% li:et!te"e !c+i,ne !ti:,it% /,:o"on!+ilo< !/t(el 9nc$t /%'i m!ni(e/te po/i:ilit%+ile ce!ti4e< m%in"ope!ti4it!te! 9n "e/(%',!e! !c+i,nilo.

Coordonarea întreprinderilor mici şi mijlocii 8n $n",l (,nc+iilo m!n!#ei!le< coo"on!e! e/te (o!te peent% 9n con",cee!9ntepin"eilo mici 'i mi@locii< e=ecit!t% ci! m!i m,lt "ec$t pe4ii,ne! 'i o#!ni!e! Din

p,nct "e 4e"ee in/t,ment!l /e ,tilie!% m,lt m!i p,+in t!:lo,ile "e :o"< #!(icele "e l,c,/!, /cemele "e coo"on!e ! !c+i,nilo. De !/emene!< 'e"in+! m,lt ,tili!t% 9n9ntepin"eile m!iB e/te ,tili!t% 9nto m!i mic% m%/,%. Pe"omin%< 9n /cim: coo"on!e!

pin "i/c,+ii :il!te!le c, !n#!@!+ii. De !ici /e "e/pin"e concl,i! c% o :,n% coo"on!e 9nto9ntepin"ee mic% "epin"e (o!te m,lt "e c!lit!te! com,nic%ii. 8n #ene!l< !:ilit!te! "e !com,nic! cl! e/te c,ci!l% pent, ,n :,n m!n!#ement. Mo",l 9n c!e 9ntepin%to,l !le#e /% peinte in(om!+i! e/te l! (el "e impot!nt c!in(om!+i! 9n /ine. Di(eitele /it,!+ii 'i o:iecti4e nece/it% !:o"%i "i(eiteF "e e=empl,< /e

po!te !pel! l! /c,te 'e"in+e< 9nt$lnii :il!te!le 'i ci! l! em!il< !ce/t! "in ,m% (o!te,tili!t 9n peent c! mi@loc "e com,nic!e.

W Şe"in+ele. 7,nt m!i p,+in ,tili!te "eo!ece com,nic!e! :il!te!l% e/te m!i l!9n"em$n%. 8n pl,/< /e 'tie c% "o,% "in tei 'e"in+e e',e!% 9n !tin#ee! o:iecti4elo pent, c!e/!, "e/(%',!t 'i pe/te 5- "in timp,l con/,m!t 9n 'e"in+e e/te i/ipit. Ace/te min,/,i pot

po4eni "in (!pt,l c% 9nto 9ntepin"ee mic% n, e=i/t%< "e e#,l%< pe/o!ne /peci!li!te 9no#!ni!e! ,nei 'e"in+e e(iciente. C! !t!e< /e po!te c! o:iecti4ele /% n, (ie cl! i"enti(ic!te<

pl!ni(ic!e! /% (ie "eo#!ni!t%< /% lip/e!/c% (ie contol,l< (ie poce",ile /!, !ce/te! /% (ieine(icienteB< /% n, (ie "e/pin/e concl,iile :,ne /!, !ce/te! /% n, (ie p,/e 9n p!ctic%. Con/ecin+! e/te c% 9ntepin%to,l m!n!#e< !(l!t 9nto pem!nent% ci% "e timp< /%n, m!i "oe!/c% /% ec,#% l! 'e"in+e pent, ! coo"on! !cti4it!te! 9ntepin"eii /!le. E/te e/en+i!l c% moti4,l pent, c!e /e +ine o 'e"in+% /% (ie cl! /t!:ilit. D!c% 'e"in+! n,

e/te cel m!i e(icient mo" "e com,nic!e< !t,nci n, te:,ie con4oc!t%. 8n pl,/< 9ntepin%to,lte:,ie /% (ie /i#, c%

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Y o:iecti4ele /,nt e!li/te< cent!te pe po:leme 'i m%/,!:ileFY ,tilie!% ,n lim:!@ poiti4< c,m ! (i /% "e4olt%m< /% "eci"em< ecom!n" ecom!n"%m 'i m!i p,+in 4!i!ntele 4!#i pec,m /% "i/c,t%m< /% e=plo%mFY 'e"in+! e/te :ine con",/%FY 'e"in+! /e +ine 9n loc,l poti4it c! m%ime< e/,/e< po/i:ile pet,:%i etcBF

Y 'e"in+! 9ncepe 'i /e temin% l! timpFY /e ,m%e'te o"ine! "e iFY /e "eci" !c+i,nile "e 9ntepin/ 'i /e c!"e "e !co" !/,p! poce",ilo "e ,m!t. W 9nt$lniile :il!te!le pot (i poti4ite pent, e=plic!e! ini+i!ti4elo loc!le 'i "e"e4olt!e 'i /% implice o!menii 9n e4enimentele ce ,me!% /% /e po",c%. De !/emene!<o(e% opot,nit!te! c! !n#!@!+ii /%'i e=pime peoc,p%ile< /% (!c% /,#e/tii 'i /% p,n%9nte:%i. Pincip!lele !4!nt!@e !le 9nt$lniilo :il!te!le /,nt !cele! c%Y pot (i !@,/t!te 9n (,nc+ie "e ne4oile in"i4i",!leFY !, ,n imp!ct ime"i!t< !/i#,$n" ,n %/p,n/ 'i o /cim:!e !pi"%FY /,nt c, "o,% /en/,iF

Y pot "i/ip! ne9n+ele#eileFY pot /poi !n#!@!ment,l !n#!@!+ilo. Poten+i!lele "e!4!nt!@e !le 9nt$lniilo :il!te!le /,nt !cele! c%Y pot con",ce l! /,p!!ccent,!e! ,no po:leme loc!le /!, c!e n, meit% !ten+ieFY /,nt con/,m!to!e "e timpFY pot con",ce l! o !n,mit% o !n,mit% incon/i/ten+% "!c% e=i/t% (!4oiti/me /!, con(licte

pe/on!le.

W Em!il,l. Po't! electonic% epeint% ,n mi@loc poti4it "e com,nic!e !pi"% !no,t%+ilo< con/t!nt 'i /im,lt!n ,n,i n,m% m!e "e o!meni. Po!te epeent! ,n mo"coe/p,n%to "e ! (,ni! "!te into",cti4e !le ,nei noi ini+i!ti4e /!, !le ,n,i no, po#!mc!e /% (ie ,lteio "e4olt!te 9nto 'e"in+%.

Pincip!lele !4!nt!@e !le em!il,l,i /,nt !cele! c%Y e/te !pi"FY pemite cont!ct!e! c, ,',in+% ! o!menilo oi,n"e /! !(l!FY pemite o:+inee! ,n,i (ee":!c !po!pe in/t!nt!ne,. De/i#,< c! /%'i !tin#% /cop,l< (iec!e te:,ie /% !cce/ee ,n comp,te 'i /% !i:% ,nminim "e pe#%tie pent, !/t! 'i< "e !/emene!< /% /e e4ite /,p!9nc%c!e! /i/tem,l,i.

).*. FUNCŢIA DE PREVI'IUNE

).*.(. Pr#!7un#5 $5 fun$8# 5 95n56#9#n%u:u Acti4it!te! m!n!#ei!l! pe/,p,ne pe/pecti4!F e! 4ie!% 4iito,l< cee! ce 9n/e!mn%timp. Doin+! om,l,i 9n #ene!l< ! con",c%to,l,i 9n /peci!l< "e ! "e/ci(! t!inele !/c,n/e !le4iito,l,i ! "e4enit o nece/it!te "e to!te ilele. ,n"!ment !l poce/,l,i m!n!#ei!l<

pe4ii,ne! i"enti(ic!< cont,e!% 'i /t!:ile'te ce ,me!% /% /e (!c%. Pe4ii,ne! /! n%/c,t 'i /! "e4olt!t 9n timp "in nece/it!te! /poiii c!p!cit%+ii "e!"!pt!e ! om,l,i l! m,t!+iile inte4enite 9n me"i,l e=ten< 9n /cop,l !/i#,%ii /,p!4ie+,iii'i/!, ce'teii /!le. Ace/te m,t!+ii !",c c, ele noi i/c,i 'i/!, opot,nit%+i c!e1 pot pl!/!9n on! ce'teii< /t!#n%ii /!, ci! ! 9ncet%ii e=i/tentei. Pe4e"ee! /!, pe4ii,ne! c,m ! "e(inito K. !ol 9n/e!mn% ! /on"! 4iito,l 'i !

9ntocmi< pe !ce!/t% :!%< ,n po#!m "e !c+i,ni. Pe4ii,ne! e/te temen,l cel m!i

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coe/p,n%to /piit,l,i lim:ii om!neF in"i(eent "e oiont,l "e timp< /en/,l e/te cel "e ! pi4i 9n!inte. Pe4ii,ne! con/t% 9n !n/!m:l,l poce/elo pin inteme"i,l c%o! /e "etemin% 4iito,lo#!ni!+iei economice< ! componentelo /!le< /e (om,le!% mo"!lit%+ile "e !c+i,ne 4e"ee!e!li%ii !ce/to!< 'i /e !loc% e/,/ele nece/!e.

C! pim! (,nc+ie m!n!#ei!l!< pe4ii,ne! ,m%e'te /% !/i#,e !co"!e! po/i:ilit%+ilo 4iito,l,i l! e!lit%+ile peent,l,i 'i tec,t,l,i ei. 8n !ce/t /cop< e/te cem!t% /%mi@loce!/c% le#%t,% "e (on" "inte incetit,"ine 'i po/i:ilit%+i 'i /% p,n% "e !co" peent,lc, 4iito,l. De/i#,< 4iito,l n, e/te pecepti:il c! peent,l. El n! (o/t nicio"!t%< 'i c, !t$t m!i

p,+in n, e/te 9n ilele no!/te< o",l !'tept%ii p!/i4e 'i nici !l p,ei 9nt$mpl%i. N, n,m!i4iito,l e/te "iect le#!t "e peent< "! el!+i! e/te 4!l!:il% 'i in /en/ in4e/. Peent,l /e"e4%l,ie 9n !"e4%!tele l,i /emni(ic!+ii 'i "imen/i,ni n,m!i poiect!t 9n 4iito. Pent, c%<cee! ce "% /en/ 'i oient!e< cee! ce "iec+ione!% ot%$to !cti4it!te! "in peent< /,nttocm!i @!lo!nele poiect!te 9n 4iito< o:iecti4e pe c!e ni le (i=%m 'i /pe c!e tin"em c,

pe/e4een+%.

C! "omeni, !l incetit,"inii< 4iito,l te:,ie #$n"it !4$n",/e 9n 4e"ee ,m%to!ele!/pecteY c,no!'tee! !po(,n"!t% ! e!lit%+iiFY e=i/tent! ,no "!te cete< /,(icient "e 9n"el,n#!te c! 9ntin"eeFY elimin!e! "!telo c, c!!cte !cci"ent!l /!, con@,nct,!l< c, po:!:ilit!te mic! "e !p!i+ieFY oient!e! /pe !c+i,ne! "e o#!ni!e ! peent,l,i pe noi coo"on!te "e e4ol,+ieFY (olo/ie! concomitent% ! m!i m,lto meto"e "e pe4ii,neFY i"enti(ic!e! (!ctoilo "etemin!n+i ! !n!li! 9n !"$ncimeBFY con/i"e!e! !/pectelo c!ntit!ti4e 'i c!lit!ti4eFY pioit!te! !co"!t% temen,l,i l,n# (!+% "e temen,l me"i, 'i /c,t ! pi4i "ep!teBFY 4ii,ne conte=t,!l%< /i/temic% ! pi4i c,pin%toBFY concent!e !/,p! con"i+iei ,m!ne ! #$n"i l! omB. Pe4ii,ne! con/tit,ie ce! m!i impot!nt% (,nc+ie< pin e=ecit!e! c%ei! /e !nticipe!%e4ol,+i! con"i+iilo /ociet%+ii< pec,m 'i /t!e!< compot!e! 'i (,nc+ion!e! !ce/tei!.E=ecit!e! (,nc+iei te:,ie /% !/i#,e i"enti(ic!e! ten"in+elo e=i/tente< pe(i#,!e!

poce/elo 'i (enomenelo ce 4o !4e! loc< /t!:ilie! o:iecti4elo "e e!li!t 'i e/,/elenece/!e. In"i(eent "e no+i,nile c!e /e (olo/e/c pe4ii,ne< po#no%< pl!ni(ic!e< po#!m!e<

pe"ic+ie< poiec+ie< po/pecti4%< po#no/tic% etc.B p,tem t!#e ,m%to!e! concl,ie pe4ii,ne! 9n/e!mn% /t%p$nie! e(icient% ! comple=it%+ii poce/elo 'i (enomenelo< 9n mo"o:iecti4< pec,m 'i e!li!e! ,nei (i'e ! /t%ii "e (,nc+ion!lit!te pe :!! c%ei! 4iito,l

"e4ine contol!:il. 8n !c+i,nile economice (!ctoii !le!toi /,nt n,meo'i. 7cop,l pe4ii,nii e/te /%limitee ne/i#,!n+!< /% limitee !p!i+i! (!ctoilo nepe4%,+i. Ne/i#,!n+! 9n !cti4it!te 'i<9n"eo/e:i 9n !ct,l "eciion!l e/te ,m!e! "e cele m!i m,lte oi ! lip/ei "e in(om!+ii.E=peien+! "emon/te!% c% nicio"!t% n, /e po!te !/i#,! c!ntit!te! "e in(om!+ii nece/!% 'i<c, !t$t m!i p,+in c!lit!te! "oit!. 7i/tem,l in(om!+ion!l e/te /,p,/ ,no #ele 9ncec%i"eo!ece /cim:%ile /,nt e=tem "e !pi"e 'i /,4in pe m,ltiple pl!n,i< i! po/i:ilit%+ile "e!c+i,ne /,nt n,meo!/e. 8n !/emene! 9mpe@,%i pe4ii,ne! !e ,n m!e ol< !@,t!n",1 pecon",c%to /% n, (ie /,pin/ nepe#%tit< /% #$n"e!/c% cont!m%/,i pent, oice 4!i!nt%4eo/imil%. in!l,l !cti4it%+ii "e pe4ii,ne /e concetie!% 9n /t!:ilie! pioit%+ilo. A 'ti ce

te:,ie /% (!ci m!i 9nt$i< ce /e cee !c,m< e/te e/en+i!l 9n !cti4it!te! m!n!#ei!l% l! oice ni4el. Priorităţile pot (i "etemin!te "e

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Y ,#en+% timp,l 9n c!e te:,ie "!t %/p,n/,lFY 9nt$iet!te 9n c!",l ,no !c+i,ni le#!te lo#ic 9nt,n l!n+ contin,,FY ten"in+! "e 4!i!+ie cele c, 4!i!+ie !pi"% (!+% "e cele c, 4!i!+ie lent%< !4$n" 9n 4e"ee 'i4ol,m,l "e 4!i!+ieFY impot!n+! 9n c!",l ,n,i 'i l,n# "e !c+i,ni impot!n+! /,:iecti4% n, te:,ie /% "ictee.

Trăsăturile ce c!!cteie!% (,nc+i! "e pe4ii,ne /,ntY pece"e celel!lte (,nc+ii< (!pt impot!nt "e e+in,tFY p,ne 9n e4i"en+% nece/it!te! p!ctic%ii ,n,i m!n!#ement pe4iion!lFY pin e=ecit!e! ei /e !nticipe!% e4ol,+i! con"i+iilo 9n c!e /e 4! !(l! economi!< pec,m 'i/t!e!< compot!e! 'i (,nc+ion!e! !ce/tei!FY i"enti(ic% ten"in+ele e=i/tenteFY pe(i#,e!% poce/ele 'i (enomenele ce 4o !4e! loc 9n 4iito pec,m 'i e/,/ele nece/!eFY e!lie!% o p,nte 9nte cee! ce e/te peentB 'i ce 4! (i< ,n"e /e 4e! ! /e !@,n#e 4iitoBFY e/te /t$n/ le#!t% "e "eciie 'i contol etc. M!n!#ement,l economiei ! pe/,p,/ 9ntot"e!,n! /piit "e pe4e"ee. 8n !ct,!l!con@,nct,% (enomenele economice !, "e4enit !t$t "e comple=e 9nc$t ecl!m% n, n,m!i ,n

/impl, /imt !l pe/pecti4ei ci o !cti4it!te "e pe4ii,ne !mpl%< pe/e4eent%< 'tiin+i(ico#!ni!t% 'i "e/(%',!t%.

Structura viitorului . Viito,l pent, o#!ni!+i! economic% /e peint% /,: (om! ,n,ie4!nt!i< (o!te l!# "e po/i:ilit%+i. Ace/te! 9ntemein",/e pe pl,!li/m,l po/i:ilit%+ilo #,p!te9n @,,l ,nei ten"in+e (!c timitee c%te 4iitoi !lten!ti4i< 4iitoi po/i:ili. iec!e 9n/!< /e

peint% c! ,n /i/tem c, "in!mic% popie 9n inteio,l c%,i! oice /t!e po/i:il% epeint% ,n p,nct #ene!to "e !l+i 4iitoi. E/te !/t(el 4o:! "e o e4ol,+ie !:oe/cent%< (iec!e /i/tem "e!ce/t tip c,pin$n" elemente "etemin!te "e le#it%+i 'i elemente c!e /e pete!% l! o e4ol,+iecontol!t%. O #,p!e ! 4iitoilo e/te ,m%

28 11-00-185 Management in Turism

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