cf. ‘Black Legend’ Article• Summarize Cerio’s reassessment of the

Black Legend in one sentence and then rank his evidence. What is his strongest evidence and weakest evidence and why?

• To what extent do the Spanish deserve the reputation as having a cruel empire in its American colonies?

• In criticizing the “Black Legend” do we fabricate a “White Legend” in its place?

• Spanish: • create a ‘New

Spain’ – transplant a civilization and reap economic benefits

• Portugese & Dutch: money-making enterprises• Africa and Asia

Goals of Empires:

• French: Northwest passage, fur, & Jesuits

• English: extract wealth & (religious) migrants create relatively independent communities

Goals of Empires:

Samuel de Champlain

Huron Tribe

“the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us;” (John Winthrop, 1630)

• Migrated for economic & religious reasons

White Europeans

• Manumission uncommon

• Less harsh than Brazil and Caribbean…?

African

• Alliances and separation

Native American

• Any non-white ancestry, no matter how small or distant, made a person non-white

Mixed Race

Thesis Olympics!