Name: ____________________________________World HistoryIslam- Changing the Post-Classical Era

Standard 4.0 3.5 3.0 Not a 3.0 yet

55- 60 points

50- 54.5 points

40- 49 points

Note Packet and Graphic Organizer _____/10 pointsWritten essay _____/ 40 points4.0 Option- _____/10 points

Context Lecture

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Label the following places on the Map

Mecca

Medina

Baghdad

Ghana and Mali

Swahili civilization

Malacca

Part I- The Prophet Muhammad and The Beginning of Islam

World Definition Historical Significance PictureRevelation

Kaaba

Pilgrimage

The Prophet Muhammad and the Origins of Islam- https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-prophet-muhammad-and-the-origins-of-islam

Early LifeMuhammad was born into the most powerful tribe in Mecca, the Quraish, around 570 A.D. The power of the Quraish derived from their role as successful merchants. Several trade routes intersected at Mecca, allowing the Quraish to control trade along the west coast of Arabia, north to Syria, and south to Yemen.Mecca was home to two widely venerated polytheistic cults whose gods were thought to protect its lucrative trade. After working for several years as a merchant, Muhammad was hired by Khadija, a wealthy widow, to ensure the safe passage of her caravans to Syria. They eventually married.

Divine RevelationsWhen he was roughly forty, Muhammad began having visions and hearing voices. Searching for clarity, he would sometimes meditate at Mount Hira, near Mecca. On one of these occasions, the Archangel Gabriel (Jibra'il in Arabic) appeared to him and instructed him to recite "in the name of [your] lord." This was the first of many revelations that became the basis of the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam. These early revelations pointed to the existence of a single God, contradicting the polytheistic beliefs of the pre-Islamic Arabian Peninsula.

Initially overwhelmed by the significance of what was being revealed to him, Muhammad found unflinching support in his wife and slowly began to attract followers. His strong monotheistic message angered many of the Meccan merchants. They were afraid that trade, which they believed was protected by the pagan gods, would suffer. From that point forward, Muhammad was ostracized in Mecca. For a time, the influence and status of his wife and his uncle, Abu Talib, the chief of the clan, protected Muhammad from persecution. After they died, however, Muhammad's situation in Mecca became dire.

Now watch and take notes from the video from Mr. Wood’s Website The Life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W10-chDZ0y0

- 27:35- 42:4027:33- 29:55- Describe the Prophet Muhammad’s experience at the hill of Jabal al-Nour in 610 CE.

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Turn and Talk- Why do you think the voice told Muhammad to “read (Iqra)?”

29:55-30:25 - What are these people doing? Why? Where do you think this is?

32:00 – 34:25 What was Muhammad’s reaction to hearing what he believed was God’s revelation at the cave at Hira at Jabel al-Nour? (Khadija- Muhammad’s wife) What happened after he first heard the message from God?

34:25- 35:25 What happened with Muhammad’s revelations? What is Muhammad’s role in the Qur’an?

35:25-36:25 What is the significance of Muhammad not knowing how to read and write?

38:45- 40:35 How did Islam spread from Muhammad to other converts and grow? Who were these people and what did they believe?

41:20- 42:40- What does Islam mean and what is a Muslim?

42:40 – 43:40 - Why did the Quraish go against Muhammad? What was his response?

43:40- 44:55- What happened to Muhammad’s followers in Mecca?

Introduction to Islam- https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/cultures-religions-ap-arthistory/a/introduction-to-islam-2Muhammad's divine recitations form the Qur'an and are organized into books (surahs) and verses (ayat). Because these revelations focused on a form of monotheism considered threatening to Mecca's ruling tribe (the Quraysh), which Muhammad was a part of, the early Muslims faced significant persecution. Eventually in 622, Muhammad and his followers fled Mecca for the city of Yathrib,

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which is known as Medina today, where his community was welcomed. This event is known as the Hijra, or emigration. 622, the year of the Hijra (A.H.), marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar, which is still in use today.

The Hijra- https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-prophet-muhammad-and-the-origins-of-islamEmigration became the only hope for Muhammad and his followers' survival. In 622, they headed to Medina, another oasis town, where they were promised freedom to practice their religion. The move from Mecca to Medina is known as the hijra—the flight—and marks year 1 of the Islamic, or hijri, calendar.

Spreading the Message of IslamIn Medina, Muhammad continued to receive divine revelations and built an ever-expanding community around the new faith. The conflict with the Quraish continued, but after several years of violent clashes, Mecca surrendered. Muhammad and his followers soon returned and took over the city, destroying all its pagan idols and spreading their belief in one God.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/cultures-religions-ap-arthistory/a/introduction-to-islam-2Between 625-630 C.E., there were a series of battles fought between the Meccans and Muhammad and the new Muslim community. Eventually, Muhammad was victorious and reentered Mecca in 630.One of Muhammad's first actions was to purge the Kaaba of all of its idols (before this, the Kaaba was a major site of pilgrimage for the polytheistic religious traditions of the Arabian Peninsula and contained numerous idols of pagan gods). The Kaaba is believed to have been built by Abraham (or Ibrahim as he is known in Arabic) and his son, Ishmael. The Arabs claim descent from Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar. The Kaaba then became the most important center for pilgrimage in Islam.In 632, Muhammad died in Medina. Muslims believe that he was the final in a line of prophets, which included Moses, Abraham, and Jesus.

Take notes on Mr. Wood’s Lecture on the Qur’an and the Five Pillars of Islam

Part II- Islam spreads to in the Middle East and Africa

World Definition Historical Significance Picture

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Caliphate

Dar al-Islam

Early Islamic World- .https://www.ducksters.com/history/islam/The Early Islamic World was a period of rapid expansion for both the Islamic Empire and the religion of Islam. While Europe was languishing in the dark ages, the Middle East was experiencing a time of economic prosperity and scientific advancement. In this section, we cover the Islamic Empire from the start of Islam (610 CE) to the fall of the Ottoman Empire (1924). Islam The religion of Islam was founded in 610 CE by the Prophet Muhammad in the city of Mecca (modern day Saudi Arabia). The religion soon spread throughout the region and had a major impact on the culture of the Middle East and North Africa throughout the Middle Ages.

Caliphate

After Muhammad died, the Islamic government was called the "Caliphate" and was ruled by a "Caliph." The first four Caliphs were all taught Islam by Muhammad and were called the "Rightly Guided" Caliphs. They were followed by the first Islamic dynasty called the Umayyad Caliphate. In 750 CE, the Abbasid Caliphate took control and ruled for 500 years. The Islamic Golden Age took place during the Abbasid Caliphate. Expanse of the Empire The Islamic Empire expanded throughout the Middle Ages to become one of the largest empires in the history of the world. It controlled the Middle East, northern Africa, the Iberian peninsula (Spain), and parts of Asia into India. Islamic Golden Age The Islamic Golden Age was a period when science, culture, technology, education, and the arts flourished throughout the Islamic Empire. This period lasted from around 790 CE to 1258 CE. The cultural center during this time was the city of Baghdad which also served as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. 

THE ISLAMIC STATES A.distinctive feature of the post classical period is the rapid rise of Islamic civilization, or the Dar al-Islam. A unified civilization seemed an unlikely prospect for the area in which Islam was born. The nomads of the Arabian peninsula (Bedouins) were polytheistic and organized by powerful tribal identities. Conversion to the monotheistic teachings of Muhammad meant that these issues were less likely to hinder cooperation between tribes. One’s ancestral bloodline—once the unifying bond within a tribe—gave way to a new loyalty based on a common faith in one god that brought individuals together regardless of their tribe. As a result, Islam facilitated the rise of empires in areas once characterized by bands of feuding nomadic tribes.Soon after the death of Mohammed a dispute erupted over who should be the leader of this new religion. Since the idea of another prophet was inconceivable, a "deputy" or Caliph was chosen to lead the Muslim community. Disagreement over the qualifications of the Caliph led to the split of Muslims into Shia and Sunni factions. Nevertheless, the Caliph--a leader who presides over the political, religious and military affairs of the Dar al-Islam--became a central feature of Islamic civilization for the majority of Muslims. By bringing these separate components of civilization under a single leader, the Caliphate (the office of the Caliph) had a unifying effect on Islamic civilization.

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The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) pushed the boundaries of Islam far outside the Arabian peninsula. Umayyad armies conquered the Middle East, spread across North Africa, and into Iberia. Their conquests in Europe were limited to Spain by the Battle of Tours (732) in which the Franks routed the Muslim armies and turned them back across the Pyrenees Mountains. Under the Umayyads the Dar al-Islam was dominated by Arab military elites, and their preferential treatment of Arab Muslims brought them into conflict with the growing non-Arab population of Islamic civilization. [8]

In 750 the Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasids and a new Caliphate was established. Under the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) a wider variety of cultural influences made their way into Islamic civilization, the most prominent of which was Persian. From the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, the Caliph ruled with absolute authority which he claimed to have received directly from God.[9] Rather than depend on a Arab military aristocracy like the Umayyads, the Abbasids used a salaried bureaucracy; bureaucrats could be promoted or dismissed at the whim of the caliph. They ended the racial policies of the Umayyads; Arabs were no longer favored in the administration of the caliphate and the Arab militias were replaced by a professional Abbasid army of paid soldiers. The nature of the caliph itself was dramatically transformed during the reign of the Abbasids. Rather than the "warrior" caliph of the Umayyads, the Abbasid Caliph lived in splendor and surrounded himself with wealth and elaborate ceremonies. He was an absolute ruler presiding over a centralized bureaucratic state and supported by military force. [10]

Islamic Advancements in Baghdad" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8Q15dK4tuo

3:30 - 5:00 Describe what the city of Baghdad was like in the Post-Classical era

5:00- 9:40 - What made Baghdad the “Jewel of the World?” Describe what was the House of Wisdom and the educational advances that were made there.

9:40 – 13:15 - What new contributions did Muslims make from places like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad?

13:15- 15:05 Explain how paper was important and used in the Muslim world.

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Life in the East

According to the historian Will Durant, the Muslim East flourished from 700 to 1200 A.D./C.E. They led the world in power, order, extent of government, refinement of manner, standards of living, humane legislation and religious tolerance, literature, scholarship, science, medicine and philosophy. They showed mercy to those they defeated and were seldom guilty of brutality. The world of Islam at the onset of the Crusades represented a civilization much more advanced than its Western counterpart. Many Muslims were concentrated in cities unrivaled in their day in both size and splendor. The cities throughout the region were laid out along the same design with a mosque and markets in the center of the town. In the principal cities, the ruler’s palace was surrounded by ramparts and crowned by a citadel. These cities were centers for trade. Most of the Muslims were Arabs. "East Meets West: Effects of the Crusades." Ohio Department of Education, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013.

The blending of Islam- https://www.eachoneteachone.org.uk/the-spread-of-islam-in-africa/

Africa was the first continent, outside of Arabia that Islam spread to in the early 7th centurywhen Muhammad advised a number of his early disciples, who were facing persecution by the pre-Islamic inhabitants of the Mecca, to seek refuge across the Red Sea in Axum. In the Muslim tradition, this event is known as the first Hijra or migration.Trading has a big part to play in the spread of Islam. Pastoral North Africans called Berbers had long traded with West Africans. The Berbers offered salt in exchange for West African gold. That may seem like a bad deal until you consider that without salt, we die.

The Berbers were early converts to Islam and Islam spread along those pre-existing trade routes between North and West Africa. The first converts in Mali were traders who benefited from having a religious as well as a commercial connection to their trading partners in the North and the rest of the Mediterranean. Then the kings followed the traders possibly because sharing the religion of more established kingdoms in the north and east would give them prestige not to mention access to scholars and administrators who would help them cement their power.Islam became the religion of the elites in West Africa which meant that Muslim kings were trying to extend their power over largely non-Muslim populations which worshipped traditional African gods and spirits.To appear more acceptable and less foreign, these African Muslim kings would often blend traditional religion with Islam like for instance, giving women more equality than was seen in Islam’s birthplace.

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The first kings we have a record of adopting Islam were from Ghana which is recorded as the first empire in West Africa. Historians believe that a group of people called the Soninke founded Ghana as early as the year 300 and it thrived until around 1200. Ghana became known for its rich culture, wealth, organisation, and power.As with all empires and also everything else, Ghana rose and then fell and it was replaced by Mali. The kings of Mali especially Mansa Musa, but also Musa’s brother and successor, Mansa Suleyman, tried to increase the knowledge and practice of Islam in their territory.Mansa Musa brought back from a pilgrimage to Mecca the architect al-Sahili, who is often credited with the creation of the Sudano-Sahelian building style. Mansa Suleyman followed his path and encouraged the building of mosques, as well as the development of Islamic learning.

Islam in East AfricaOn the other side of Africa, there was an alternative model of civilizational development. The eastern coast of Africa saw the rise of Swahili Civilisation which was not an empire or a kingdom but a collection of city states like Zanzibar and Mombasa and Mogadishu. All of which formed a network of trade ports. Each of these cities was autonomously ruled usually, but not always, by a king.There were three things that linked these city states so that we can consider them a common culture: language, trade and religion. The Swahili language is part of a language group called Bantu and its original speakers were from West Africa. Their migration to East Africa changed, not only the linguistic traditions of Africa but everything else because they brought with them ironwork and agriculture. Until then, most of the people living in the East had been hunter-gatherers or herders but once introduced, agriculture took hold.

Swahili cities trade had been going on since the first century CE but Swahili Civilisation didn’t begin its rapid development until the 8th century when Arab traders arrived seeking goods that they could trade on the vast Indian Ocean network.Just like in West Africa these merchants brought Islam with them which, which was adopted by the elites who wanted religious as well as commercial connections to the rest of the Mediterranean world.In many of the Swahili states these Muslim communities started out quite small but at their height between the 13th and 16th century, most of the cities boasted large mosques like one in Kilwa.Although the majority of Muslims in Africa are Sunni or Sufi, the complexity of Islam in Africa is revealed in the various schools of thought, traditions, and voices that constantly contend for dominance in many African countries. Islam in Africa is not static and is constantly being reshaped by prevalent social, economic and political conditions.

Take notes here on Mr. Wood’s Lecture on Islam in West Africa

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Overview Look at the entire visual image- write 1-2 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Why was this made?

Why did this matter in its time period?

Title Write the title or make one up that goes with the imagine

I can connect

Connect what you see here with:

1. What you learned from the packet (notes, lecture video) with at least 1-2 details

Context Look at the context of the Era from lecture of the beginning of the packet

What is the era, include name and years?

What did people do in this era?

How does this picture fit into the context?

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